There have been two major reforms in Japanese history, one of which was initiated by using the system of the Tang Dynasty. What is the name of this reform?

1, content:

(1) abolished the private territory and people of the royal family and all nobles, and regarded the land and people of the whole country as the commons and citizens of the emperor (country).

(2) Formulating the law of accepting agricultural land. The state gives citizens a Kubunden class every six years and returns it after death. Those who receive land have to bear the burden of renting mediocre people, renting land and paying rice. This is a corvee, and each person can exchange ten days of silks a year. It can also be transferred as a tribute and paid for various local products, usually silk cloth.

(3) Reform the official system, establish centralized state institutions, and the state will appoint and remove officials at all levels and abolish the hereditary system. The central government has two officials and eight provinces, which are divided into ministries and commissions, and local administrative organizations such as states (provinces), counties, counties (townships). The the State Council and county departments are appointed by the central government, and the ministers are local chiefs.

2. Nature: It is the reform from slavery to feudalism.

3. Importance:

(1) The innovation made most people get rid of the direct possession of big noble, and they became citizens (good citizens) of the country together with the former freemen. Citizens have got rid of the organizational form of clan groups or ministries, and directly belong to the country with households as the unit. The farmland-forbidden system is to cultivate households in Kubanden, and farmers bear relatively fixed taxes and labor, which improves their status and increases their enthusiasm for production. However, the land is state-owned and centralized.

(2) Although innovation is a top-down political reform, it is of epoch-making significance. It marks the basic end of Japanese slavery and the beginning of the formation of feudal relations of production, and also marks the transition of Japan from ancient slavery to medieval feudalism.

Second, Meiji Restoration.

Meiji Restoration was a political revolution in Japanese history. It overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate, returned the main government to the emperor, carried out great political, economic and social reforms, and promoted Japan's modernization and westernization. The main leaders of Meiji Restoration were some young warriors who tried to build a country that could keep pace with the West under the slogan of "Rich Qiang Bing". 187 1 year, abolish feudal counties and eliminate all feudal regimes. In the same year, a new standing army was established. 1873 implemented the national compulsory military service system and reformed the agricultural tax. In addition, the currency was unified. In the mid-1970s of 19, these reforms were opposed by two sides: on the one hand, frustrated soldiers rallied farmers who were dissatisfied with agricultural policies to revolt many times; On the other hand, civil rights theorists influenced by western liberalism demand constitutionalism and parliament, and everything is decided by public opinion. Under the pressure of all parties, the Meiji government implemented the cabinet system in 1885, and began to formulate the constitution the following year. 1889 formally promulgated the constitution, 1890 convened the first parliament. At the same time of political reform, economic and social reforms are also going on. The main goal of Meiji government is to realize industrialization. Military industry and transportation have made great progress. The first railway was built in 1872 and the new bank was established in 1882. In order to meet the needs of modernization, a large number of western science and technology were introduced. By the beginning of the 20th century, the goal of Meiji Restoration had been basically accomplished, and Japan was advancing on the road of modernization as an industrial country.

2. The specific process of Meiji Restoration:

Local governors (Changzhou, Tosa, Satsuma, etc. People with reform ideas began to form a military alliance to resist the crusade of the shogunate, and tried to contact the emperor to seek the "justice" of the shogunate's actions. 1867, the newly appointed Meiji Emperor sent a secret imperial edict to the shogunate.

1868 At the end of the year, Emperor Meiji issued "Restoration of Imperial Power", announcing the abolition of the shogunate and ordering the shogunate general Tokugawa Yoshinobu to "resign and take over the land" and return all power to the Emperor. At the same time, the rebels formed a new government to confront the edo shogunate. In order to transfer contradictions, Tokugawa Yoshinobu pretended to return the political power to the emperor, but refused to exchange military power and land. The rebels are unwilling to achieve such a result. When they learned that Tokugawa Yoshinobu had sent troops from Osaka, the new government took Samoyed and Changzhou Francisco's troops as the main force and launched a fierce battle near Kyoto. After three days of fighting, the new government won a great victory. Soon, the new government sent crusaders to attack Edo, the last stronghold of the Tokugawa shogunate.

The Tokugawa shogunate finally surrendered to the city. However, in the northeast of Japan, the "Aoyu Fanyue Alliance" headed by Hui Jinfan continues to oppose the new government. Due to the uprising of local farmers, the new government forces are progressing smoothly. 1868165438+10 month, Northeast Rebellion Assessment. The shogunate governor Matsumoto Takeshi led eight warships and shogunate remnants to Hokkaido, and established "Xiayi * * * and Guo" in 1869 65438+ 10. In June of the same year, under the attack of the new government forces, Sakamoto Wuyang surrendered. The civil war known as "Chen Wu War" ended, because 1868 is the Lunar New Year.

4. The specific measures of Meiji Restoration:

Subsequently, the new government moved its capital to Tokyo (Old Edo), established the Meiji government, and promulgated a series of bourgeois reform measures:

First, in June of 1869, the Meiji government enforced the policy of "withdrawing citizenship", divided Japan into three prefectures and 72 counties, and established a centralized political system.

Second, reform the identity system, abolish the identity system of "scholars, farmers and businessmen" in the traditional era, and rename officials, ministers and other nobles as "China people" and samurai below their names as "gentry"; In order to reduce the financial burden related to "returning the edition", the feudal salary was abolished.

Third, we advocate learning from western social culture and habits and developing modern education.

Fourth, introduce modern western industries; Reform the land system, abolish the original land policy, allow land sales and implement a new local tax policy; Abolish the checkpoints set by governors, abolish the guild system and monopoly organizations in the industrial and commercial circles, and promote the development of capitalist industry and commerce.

5. The historical significance of Meiji Restoration:

After the Meiji Restoration, Japan, which became rich and strong, used its strong national strength to gradually abolish the unequal treaties signed with western countries, restored national sovereignty and got rid of the crisis of becoming a colony. 1895 and 1904 defeated the former Qing dynasty and Russia in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War respectively, and became the Asian hegemon. However, its reform left many problems, such as excessive power of the emperor and serious land annexation, which interacted with some social problems that Japan could not solve in the future, and made Japan embark on the road of aggression and expansion.