Community Home-based Pension Model in China

First, the traditional home-based pension

The traditional concepts formed by the Chinese nation for thousands of years are "raising children to prevent old age", "having more children is more blessed" and "the rich and the poor are not as good as their own". There are five men and two women who have accumulated virtue in their previous lives. Retire in the family you are used to and enjoy the family happiness of your children and grandchildren. Go out with familiar neighbors, exchange greetings and chat. Familiar with the environment, it is not wrong to close your eyes, and you can still smell the smoke in the kitchen when you go home. If I can have a child's "hundred days of filial piety before going to bed", I will be satisfied. In addition, the traditional home-based care for the elderly is carried out on the original platform of the family, and the cost of providing for the elderly is relatively low.

Nowadays, the family size is developing towards miniaturization, and the number of children is decreasing. In addition, the separation of the elderly from their children and the emergence of more and more only children make it more difficult for children to support the elderly. As far as children are concerned, with the development of economy, various employment pressures and social competition make many children devote most of their time to their own careers, which correspondingly reduces the care time with the elderly, and also makes many people fall into the role conflict between career people and filial children. This poses a severe challenge to the traditional home-based care for the elderly.

Second, the old-age service institutions.

1, Social Welfare Institute

Social welfare homes are mainly invested by the government, providing information resources and policy support. At the same time, raise social funds, build and improve relevant facilities, adopt urban "three noes" old people, orphans and disabled children, and abandon babies, and implement the working principle of raising, treating and educating simultaneously to protect the legitimate rights and interests of vulnerable groups and maintain social stability. Its pension function is minimal.

2. Nursing home

Nursing homes are developed on the basis of rural five guarantees. During the period of agricultural cooperation from 65438 to 0956, agricultural production cooperatives provided food, clothing, food, medical care and burial (for children and education) for the widowed, widowed, widowed and widowed people who lacked the ability to work and had no support for their lives, referred to as "five guarantees" for short. During the period of people's commune from 65438 to 0958, the five-guarantee households were provided with centralized support, and a number of nursing homes were established all over the country. Since 1978, with the implementation of rural contract responsibility system and the development of collective economy, nursing homes have been further consolidated and developed. Later, some city streets also set up nursing homes.

3. hostels for the elderly

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, China began to build apartments for the elderly in Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Dalian and Yantai. The apartment for the aged refers to the old-age residence which not only embodies the home-based care for the aged, but also enjoys various services provided by the society, and belongs to the category of institutional care for the aged.

4. Social private pension institutions

First, private hostels for the elderly.

The Policy Office of China Research Center on Aging conducted a survey of more than 600 middle-aged and elderly people aged over 50 in Beijing/KLOC-0. It was found that more than 1000 people wanted to live in apartments for the elderly, and some apartments for the elderly were still overcrowded, so apartments for the elderly became more and more popular among the elderly. With the rapid development of China's economy, the number of middle class is increasing. After 2009, many apartments for the elderly are no longer independent charities or welfare institutions, but have become a demand. Some people even start booking apartments for the elderly before retirement. This provides an opportunity for the birth of private apartments for the elderly. Some wealthy businessmen, real estate developers, public and private hospitals, etc. With the support of imperfect policies, apartments for the elderly with the characteristics of "welfare and market management" have been built in succession, and various forms of apartments for the elderly founded by individuals, society or enterprises have appeared in various places. In large and medium-sized cities across the country, apartments for the elderly have become very common, with low, medium and high-grade apartments. It fills the shortage of state-run apartments for the elderly.

Second, private nursing homes.

Some people who get rich first in rural areas take the initiative to contribute to social welfare. Individuals contribute to the construction of nursing homes, and the poor elderly who are helpless, sick, widowed and unable to enter the township nursing homes are adopted free of charge. It fills the shortage of rural pension institutions in rural areas, especially in economically underdeveloped areas.

Third, community home-based care for the aged.

At present, China's national conditions are that once people get old, they will have a mentality of returning to their roots. When they are in a strange environment, they will easily feel lost, disappointed and lonely. Home-based care for the elderly can be integrated with the surrounding environment, continue the previous social network and make the elderly psychologically healthier. At present, the miniaturization of families, the increasing trend of empty-nest families and elderly people living alone, and the weakening of family pension function have made family pension into a dead end. The trend of diversification in modern society has increased the expectation of the elderly for providing for the aged, and the traditional institutional pension service model can no longer meet the high-level demand of the elderly for quality of life. The home care service system, which takes community villages and neighborhood committees as the core, relies on community home care, and combines socialized professional services with non-professional services, has become a new mode of providing for the aged.

The first is to set up a mutual aid group for the elderly and organize the elderly in the community to carry out mutual aid activities. Some elderly people who are willing to contribute voluntarily vacate their houses, give full play to their special skills to help the elderly, and provide domestic, entertainment, sports, medical and other help to each other.

The second is to establish and improve the community welfare service network for the elderly, such as community health stations, nurseries, nursing homes, foster care centers and cultural activity centers. , and the community elderly welfare service network construction into the community construction. Establish a social care system for empty nesters and widowers, provide on-site services for the elderly with mobility difficulties, and organize volunteers to care for the elderly and provide daily services. The "Starlight Plan" implemented by the Ministry of Civil Affairs is an effective form to promote community welfare construction. The community-centered service system for the elderly has gradually embarked on the road of socialization and industrialization.

In rural areas, family pension is still the main body, but in recent years, the function of rural family pension is also weakening, and the function of social pension is constantly strengthening. Conditional nursing homes will be built into comprehensive and multifunctional rural social pension service centers, further improve the social relief and five-guarantee system, and advocate mutual assistance among villagers. Educate young people to honor the elderly and strengthen the concept of legal system. So that the lonely elderly in rural areas can live a five-guarantee life with food, clothing, shelter, medical care and burial, and the poor elderly can get help through the minimum living security line.

However, as a new mode of providing for the aged, community home-based care for the aged is still in its infancy, and there are still many aspects that need the joint efforts of the whole society. China has a vast territory and a dense population, and the situation is different. It is still necessary to seek truth from facts, adjust measures to local conditions, make concerted efforts, and do a good job in the emerging cause of community home-based care for the elderly.