Why can quantum mechanics become the support of modern physics?

Because classical physics can't be applied to the microscopic field, quantum mechanics was developed to describe the microscopic field.

There are many ideas to subvert the tradition.

I'll tell you roughly what I know.

At first, Planck put forward the energy quantization hypothesis when explaining blackbody radiation. In classical physics, energy values are continuous, while many microscopic systems are discrete. Like at the atomic level.

Probability distribution, in quantum mechanics, a particle exists in a state, and many physical quantities in a state often have no definite values, but a series of possible values. For example, electrons at a certain energy level have no fixed position at this time, and different points have different probability densities. There is no fixed kinetic energy and momentum, but the possible value of momentum in probability distribution. This is unimaginable in Newtonian mechanics.

Uncertainty principle, independent physical quantities in classical theory are mutually limited in quantum mechanics. For example, in classical physics, momentum and coordinates are irrelevant, that is, any momentum and any coordinates can be arbitrarily combined into a state. But if the probability distribution of momentum in quantum mechanics is known, the coordinates are also determined at the same time. And come to the conclusion that you can never get a value of particle momentum and coordinates at the same time.

Homogeneity, such as two electrons put together, so they can't be distinguished from each other. We don't distinguish between electron a and electron B.