Fundamentals of Economics Part I Economics Part IV Income Distribution System and Income Distribution Policy

1、? The role of government in the process of income distribution

? In the socialist market economy, the distribution process of personal income includes primary distribution and redistribution. The initial distribution is carried out in the micro field and realized in the market. The income distributed for the first time is generally expressed as interest, profit, land rent or rent and wages or salaries.

? In fact, the first three items are the income brought by factors of production (interest or profit brought by capital, rent brought by land and houses, etc.). ), and wages or salaries are the income brought by labor. Distribution according to work and distribution according to production factors are two basic ways of income distribution in socialist market economy. In the field of micro-distribution, personal income distribution is also dominated by these two ways.

? The adjustment of personal income by the state or government should be mainly carried out in the macro field. The state should not interfere too much in the distribution of micro-fields, because the main distribution methods in micro-fields-distribution according to work and distribution according to production factors-need to be priced through the market, which is something that the market can do well. Government intervention may lead to the distortion of production factor prices, thus affecting the effective allocation of resources.

? In the socialist market economy, the state should focus on the adjustment of personal income. )。

? A. Micro field B. Macro field C. Material production field D. Non-material production field

? Answer: b

2. The adjustment mode of personal income distribution and the meaning of per capita disposable income.

? Regulation mode: the state adopts taxation and transfer payment; Social groups or collective organizations accept individual donations or individual donations and then distribute them to individuals in some way.

? Meaning: After personal income is redistributed or adjusted, it is the disposable income of residents. Generally, it includes consumption and savings, as well as investment in producers.

3. The basic content of the personal income distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting.

? distribute to each according to his work

? It is a way of income distribution associated with socialist public ownership. The premise of implementing distribution according to work is socialist public ownership of the means of production, and the material condition is that the development level of social productive forces is relatively low. The direct reasons are the existence of the old social division of labor, the existence of labor differences and the nature of labor to make a living.

? The realization characteristics of distribution according to work in socialist market economy: distribution according to work usually shows distribution according to labor contribution and takes the form of monetization; The main body of distribution according to work is not the state, but the enterprise, which is only realized within the scope of the enterprise in the public ownership economy, and the income depends on the operating conditions of the enterprise. These characteristics determine that the equality of equal pay for equal work cannot be realized in the whole society, but only in a publicly owned enterprise.

? Example: multiple choices. In the socialist market economy, distribution according to work has the following properties and characteristics. )。

? A. It is usually manifested in the form of distribution according to labor contribution and monetization.

? B the subject of distribution according to work is not the state, but the enterprise.

? C distribution according to work is not realized in the whole society, but in private ownership, public ownership and mixed ownership enterprises.

? D distribution according to work fundamentally denies the possibility that some people possess the surplus labor of others by virtue of the ownership of the means of production.

? Answer: abd

4. The meaning and mode of distribution according to factors of production and other modes of distribution.

? Distribution according to production factors

? Distribution according to production factors refers to distribution according to the contribution of various production factors such as capital, land and labor in the production process. It is an objective requirement of market economy and an effective way to effectively use resources and improve the efficiency of resource allocation. It is based on the recognition of the ownership of production factors and the clear definition of property rights.

? Other distribution modes

? Distribution according to individual assets, distribution according to needs and welfare distribution all play the role of socialist market economy to varying degrees.

? The diversity of residents' income sources and forms is the inevitable product of the primary stage of socialism and market economy, and it is a necessary prerequisite for improving economic efficiency, but it is also an important reason for personal income inequality.

5, the meaning of efficiency and fairness

? Efficiency and fairness are two major goals pursued by society. Efficiency is related to a country's economic growth, and social equity is related to social stability.

? Efficiency: refers to the effectiveness of resource utilization. From a macro perspective, it refers to the efficiency of resource allocation, that is, the rational distribution of economic resources in the whole society and the state that social production meets market demand; Microscopically, it refers to the efficiency of economic activities, including labor productivity and the use efficiency of various production factors.

? Fairness: including three aspects, 1, fair opportunity; 2. The rules of income distribution are fair; 3. The result of income distribution is fair. Fairness of opportunity and fairness of rules are the basis of fairness of distribution results.

? Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve

?

? As shown in the figure, the oce line is a Lorenz curve, and the closer it is to the straight line oae, the lower the inequality it represents; The closer to the polyline ode, the higher the degree of inequality.

? Gini coefficient g = m/(m+n). Where m stands for shaded oaec area and n stands for oced area. The smaller the Gini coefficient, the smaller the shadow area, indicating that the income distribution is more equal; The closer the Gini coefficient is to 1, that is, the larger the shadow area, indicating the greater the degree of income distribution inequality.

6. Give priority to efficiency, taking into account the significance and content of the principle of fair distribution.

? Abstract: The basic distribution system in the primary stage of socialism is based on distribution according to work, and various distribution modes coexist. The general principle of distribution is to give priority to efficiency and give consideration to fairness.

? Significance: It is conducive to optimizing resource allocation, promoting economic growth and maintaining social stability. This is the general principle of income distribution in China at the present stage, a correct choice based on China's national conditions, and also determined by the essential attribute of socialism.

? Content: To implement the principle of giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness, we can have different emphases in different fields, different distribution links and different distribution mechanisms. Generally speaking, we should pay more attention to efficiency in micro-distribution and initial distribution, and pay more attention to fairness in macro-distribution and redistribution. It is also necessary to provide corresponding mechanisms and institutional guarantees.

? Example: single choice