Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional festivals - What is the humanistic tradition of China culture?
What is the humanistic tradition of China culture?
In ancient times, the word "humanity" was not used much, but the words "people" and "literature" were used a lot. We should pay special attention to the word "Wen". Compared with businessmen, Zhou people paid more attention to "literature", and compared with martial arts bachelor, Confucius paid attention to cultivating bachelor of arts, which made the "scholar" class "culture" turn again The study of Confucianism is also the study of humanities, and the teaching of Confucianism is also the teaching of humanities. It has long been divorced from religion, rational, people-oriented, attaches importance to history and literature, and has a strong sense of humanism and humanitarianism. In the shadow of humanities, as mentioned above, not only theology and natural sciences are underdeveloped, but even social sciences are wrapped in humanities, and there is no independent and rapid development.
We can grasp the concept of "humanity" from China's traditional knowledge. Traditional knowledge in China is often called "Classics, History, Zi and Ji": "Classics" includes the Five Classics (Poems, Books, Rites, the Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn), the Six Classics (adding music, but the Music Classics does not exist), the Seven Classics (adding the Analects of Confucius and the Filial Piety Classics) and the Nine Classics (saying that there are three rites in the Five Classics and three biographies in the Spring and Autumn). History is history, and its trunk is official history; Zi is mainly the pre-Qin philosophers; Collection is the collection of various schools, mainly literature. These four aspects are open, and the main point can be said to be literature, history and philosophy. An ancient scholar should dabble in these four aspects. The study in ancient China was mainly a kind of humanistic study.
The traditional content of China culture is really centered on the basic disciplines of humanities-literature, history, philosophy and art: the richest and longest written history books in the world are preserved, from the official history more than 3,000 years ago to various local chronicles and even genealogy; It has a very elegant and exquisite literary treasure, especially in poetry; There are also profound and insightful philosophical thinking, as well as artistic masterpieces such as calligraphy and painting. Even the temperament and character of the Chinese nation have been "humanistic" to a considerable extent. Before the world entered the modern society, it was a country with the highest proportion of Chinese people, and the main political positions were occupied by scholars. The books read by these literati are mainly humanistic classics, and there is also widespread envy and respect for literati and the culture they represent in society.
However, this does not mean that China culture has been like this since the beginning of civilization. The most important historical change in shaping this character of the Chinese nation took place in the Zhou Dynasty and lasted until the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It seems that the Shang Dynasty before the Zhou Dynasty was still a period of worshipping heaven, ghosts and gods, witchcraft, vitality and culture. The words "teaching" and "learning" have been used in the existing Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Shang, but the nobles of Yin Shang generally only practiced martial arts and music, paid attention to the enjoyment of life, and even rarely went to extremes in moderation. For example, they often seem to get drunk in the dark. In Shang Zhouwang, it is not only the "wine pool meat forest" of the royal family, but also the alcoholism everywhere below, so that in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the rulers began to establish a patriarchal hierarchy with a strong color of "kissing" and a civilized ceremony and music, and it became more and more "gentle". For example, the habit of writing poems, watching music, having words and saying words, which is quite popular in aristocratic communication, is increasingly bound by "etiquette". The gains and losses of this change are self-evident. At this time, the culture of the upper nobility is mainly manifested as "poetry, calligraphy, ceremony and music", and "ceremony" can be said to be a general term and a generalization. "Li" is actually a hierarchical way of life and behavior. From the practitioner's point of view, it is exclusive to the nobility, that is, the so-called "courtesy should not exceed Shu Ren". Hierarchy is everywhere. Before the world entered the modern society, hierarchy was a common institutional form. The unique feature of China ancient hierarchical etiquette system is that its ideal form contains a kind of exquisite, elegant and delicate meaning, that is, the "ceremony" under what Confucius called "gentleness". The aristocratic families in the early Spring and Autumn Period showed this implication to some extent. Although the aristocratic culture in the Spring and Autumn Period, at least before Confucius, was mainly manifested not in the creation of classics and works of art, but in their words and deeds, especially in poetry, music appreciation and various ceremonial activities. Everything they say, everything they do, gestures, advances and retreats, and sings satire, just like a work of art, which is the art of a noble who has not yet weakened and fallen. [I] Of course, what impressed me the most was some excellent personalities and virtues that eventually condensed out of that life. Generally speaking, traditional society is a society that attaches great importance to quality rather than weight. It is a society that mainly pursues the Excellence and Excellence of people rather than the broad equality of people. Morally, it is a society that respects personality and virtue more than principles and norms.
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