What are the main types and characteristics of the royal marriage system in Qing Dynasty?

First, the changes and reasons of the royal wedding customs in Qing dynasty before and after entering the customs.

(A) from the Volkswagen Fujin system to the post-merger system changes

Before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the Manchu royal family practiced the system of universal affluence. After entering the Central Plains, the traditional marriage customs of Manchu were impacted by the marriage customs of Han nationality, and the original marriage system began to be reformed, and some marriage bans of Ming Dynasty were incorporated into the laws of Qing Dynasty, and the post-merger system was implemented. According to the "Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty", "Since the beginning of Taizu, there was no palace number, but it was commonly known as Fujin in the country, and Fujin Gai Ke was transliterated. The history of empresses was decorated by later generations, not the real name at that time."

At that time, Nurhachi had 14 wives, such as Tong Jiashi Yuan Fei, Stepan and Fei Da. There is no queen of the palace. People call these empresses Fujin, but they are divided into main rooms and side rooms. The first room was called Doctor Jin, just like the later Empress Nakamiya. The first marriage is the first Fujin, the second marriage is the second Fujin, and the side room is called the side Fujin. "Custom remains unchanged, wisdom is simple, history is poor, and those who are good at enemies are called rich brocade", which is a portrayal of the marriage custom in Nurhachi period.

During the period of Huang taiji, the harem system was established by imitating the feudal dynasty of Han Dynasty. "Palace name, the middle palace is Qingning Palace, the East Palace is Guanju Palace, the West Palace is Linzhi Palace, the East Palace is Yanqing Palace, and the West Palace is Yongfu Palace." The concubines in the five palaces are the Queen of Qingning Palace, Chen Fei of Guanzhi Palace, the Imperial concubine of Linzhi Palace, the Princess of Yanqing Palace and the Princess of Yongfu Palace in turn, and each palace has maids to serve the concubines. It is Huang taiji's reform of the harem system that the ancestors set up a tripod and followed the old code of the previous generation.

Until the Kangxi period, the harem system with the empress as the middle palace was gradually established, and 1 empress was set up in imitation of the Han system. The Qing government clearly stipulated the number of empresses: Empress 1, Imperial concubine 1, Imperial concubine 2, Concubine 4 and Concubine 6. There is no limit to the number of nobles, who are always there, allowing them to set according to the emperor's personal needs. It is worth mentioning that after the first year of Chongde, the Manchu royal family and its nobles began to merge, and this system was gradually established until the Yongzheng period and the early Qianlong period.

(b) Changes in the custom of adoption marriage

Adoption marriage generally refers to that after the father dies, the son takes his stepmother, or the brother marries his sister-in-law. It is said in Daikin Guozhi that the son of jurchen will marry his mother after his father's death, his brother will marry his sister-in-law after his brother's death, and his nephew will marry his aunt after his uncle's death. There is no distinction between nobility and inferiority. Everyone has several wives. It can be seen that the marriage custom of inheritance right is a common marriage custom of Manchu.

Before entering the customs, Manchu began to change from slavery to feudalism, but the custom of inheritance and marriage still existed in Manchu social life. According to the records in the old archives of Manchu dynasty, in the early years of Qing dynasty, wives, aunts and sisters-in-law of Manchu imperial clan had the custom of promiscuity, and adopted marriage prevailed in Manchu dynasty. Nurhachi once said, "When I die, will I give my youngest son and Dafu to my eldest brother?" The eldest brother is Daishan, the eldest son of Nurhachi, and wants Daishan to inherit his Fujin. Fu Cha of Nurhachi is his cousin Fujin.

After entering the customs, under the impact of Manchu-Chinese culture, Huang Taiji chose the Han ethical code, and it was forbidden to inherit marriage, stipulating: "From now on, mortals are not allowed to marry ordinary mothers, aunts, sisters-in-law and daughter-in-law. If a woman loses her wife and wants to keep her husband and children, she will raise them by herself; To remarry, no one is in charge at home, and brothers are employed by people with different surnames. If you don't obey the law, everyone in the family who marries each other will commit adultery. Han people and Koreans don't marry women at home because they know the truth of Han people. Since human beings are born, if they marry a woman in the family, they are no different from animals.

I think this is the only way to make laws. If there is an adulterer in our country, we should marry a woman at home, and we should not cry after her husband dies. They want to marry in their hearts. What are they crying outside? This statement is intended to let ignorant people know, so that disorderly marriage is prohibited. "In the fifth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji also issued a ban: anyone who marries a stepmother, aunt, brother-in-law, nephew or daughter-in-law is forbidden forever. ? "When people of the same family get married, men and women regard rape as the theory. "These fully reflect Huang Taiji's attitude towards inheriting marriage customs, but traditional marriage customs can be completely eliminated without temporary laws. These customs still existed after the Qing dynasty entered the customs, but they were also different from the original adoption marriage.

The change of the royal marriage system in Qing Dynasty is closely related to its political, economic and cultural changes. First of all, politically, before entering the customs, Manchu was just a tribe with backward economy and low social level. After the rulers of the early Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, they learned the lesson that the Yuan Dynasty was not sinicized and was finally expelled from the Central Plains, and they reused the Han people and reformed the Han system. The change of marriage customs after entering the customs was also influenced by the civilization of the Central Plains.

Secondly, economically, the economic foundation determines the superstructure. Before entering the customs, Manchu was only a backward and ancient nomadic people, and the principle of neutrality was advanced farming civilization. Economic backwardness determines political and cultural backwardness. After entering the customs, the rulers of the Qing dynasty took the essence, discarded the dross and constantly improved themselves, thus improving the level of productivity. Economic development will inevitably lead to changes in social customs and other aspects. As an important aspect of social customs, marriage customs are inseparable from economic development. Finally, in terms of culture.

After entering the customs, when Manchu culture clashed with advanced Chinese culture, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty actively accepted and vigorously promoted the traditional Chinese culture with Confucianism as the core on the basis of maintaining their own national characteristics. Therefore, the influence of advanced culture on cultural lag is an important reason for the change of royal marriage customs.

Second, the main types and procedures of the royal marriage system in Qing Dynasty.

(a) Manchu-Mongolian marriage

During the more than 200 years that the Qing government ruled the whole country, in order to maintain the rule of the northern frontier, the important policy of "Manchu-Mongolian marriage" was implemented. As early as the Nurhachi period, the marriage between Manchu and Mongolia began. During the reign of Huang Taiji and his son Fu Lin, the marriage between Manchu and Mongolian developed and was further improved during the reign of Kang Yong.

As a royal marriage system implemented by the Qing government for a long time, Manchu-Mongolian marriage played a great role in unifying the Central Plains and consolidating dynasty rule. At the same time, Manchu-Mongolian marriage has experienced nearly 300 years of development and formed a series of remarkable characteristics.

First, marry each other. After Nurhachi married a Mongolian tribal woman, the marriage between Manchu and Mongolia began. During the period of Huang taiji, the marriage between Manchu and Mongolia developed greatly. In addition to Horqin in Mongolia, Emperor Taizong also attached great importance to the intermarriage of other Mongolian tribes, which made Mongolia's attachment to the Qing Dynasty stronger. Although the phenomenon of "mutual marriage" decreased after Kangxi, it never stopped until the late Qing Dynasty. Princes and nobles of Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu all married Mongolian women. Of course, many Qing princesses also married Mongolia for political needs. Intermarriage is a manifestation of the close relationship between Manchuria and Mongolia, and it is also one of the important characteristics that distinguish it from other dynasties.

Second, institutionalization. The marriage between Manchu and Mongolian lasted from Nurhachi period to the end of Qing Dynasty, and was carried out by the ruled for a long time. Due to the attention of the Qing Dynasty, Manchu-Mongolian marriage was gradually institutionalized. During the Qianlong period, the scope of Manchu-Mongolian intermarriage gradually narrowed to the nearest imperial clan. Children of distant royal families can still refer to marriage for political needs. During the Ganjia period, the marriage between Manchu and Mongolia was even very compulsory. During the Shunzhi period, it was stipulated that the princess had no intention of marrying Mongolia and could not return to Beijing for 10 years, mainly to consolidate political relations with Mongolia. The marriage between Manchu and Mongolia promoted the political, economic and cultural integration of Manchu and Mongolia to a certain extent, and promoted the historical progress.

(B) Female training system

Women in the draft began after the emperor shunzhi entered the customs, and all women in the Eight Banners were selected every three years. It is very important for flag-bearers all over the country to choose female teachers. The harem of the Qing dynasty, from the queen to the maid-in-waiting, was born as a scholar. Therefore, the Jinshi system is an important part of the royal marriage in Qing Dynasty.

The draft girls in the Qing Dynasty are not chaotic, but have strict procedures.

First of all, the household department should know the age of the selected woman and the mother's family situation in detail, and then report it to the emperor. The emperor decided to choose reading time. If you are disabled and can't be selected, it must be decided by the emperor. You can't get married unless you participate in the draft.

Female practitioners selected by each flag should be sent to Beijing in advance. On the day before the draft, the flag assistant will arrange the order of vehicles and classify them according to the flag. If the two flags to be selected are Huang Zheng and Huangqi, then Huang Zhengqi's Manchuria is the first team, Huang Zhengqi's Mongolia is the first team, and Huang Zhengqi's Han army is the first team, arranged in turn, and Huangqi follows Huang Zhengqi. After all the vehicles lined up, they filed out of the Shenwu Gate from the back door of the Imperial City. Although the janitor didn't open the door until midnight, there were two lanterns beside each car, which were marked with the national flag of the female repairman. The soldiers arranged the female repairman according to the national flag. Under the guidance of soldiers, the female practitioner went out of Donghuamen from Shenwumen, and then bypassed Chongwenmen Street to the starting point outside Shenwumen. This journey takes about half a day, and the woman waiting for the palace finished reading the book and went home by car.

Anyone registered in the primary election, whether elected or not, may not get married at will during the second re-election. For those disabled people who can't be selected, it is necessary to explain the reasons step by step through parents, team leaders, Xiao Qi schools and assistant team leaders. And then you can't participate in the draft after being audited by the household department.

Generally speaking, after getting off at Shenwumen, female candidates have to go to Shunzhenmen to wait, and the officials of the household department line up in groups of five and are led into the palace by eunuchs. Five girls in each class, standing without kneeling, let the emperor check. The emperor left a sign for the favorite princess, which read the mother's family situation and the name of the flag. Performance girls who are left behind will have to be re-elected. Those who fail to be re-elected will be abandoned. The Collection of Yang Jizhai once recorded the process of women's draft in Jiaqing Daoguang period.

"When women choose the Eight Banners, they choose two flags every day, which are evenly matched according to the number of people, and the flags are in no particular order. On the day before the selection, the flag will be raised in line to participate and urge. If the yellow flag and yellow flag are adjusted, the yellow flag will be divided into three parts: Manchu, Mongolian and Han. Each part will be arranged according to the yearbook, and then the car will start. First, Manchuria, Huang Zhi, followed by Mongolian and Han armies. Followed by full of yellow, Mongolian and Han, filed into the title. The car number has two lights, and each light has a sign. At night, you enter the Shenwu Gate from the back door. As soon as the door opens, you get off and enter in turn.

Its car goes from Shenwumen to Donghuamen, Chongwenmen Street to Beijie City, and then around the back door of Shenwumen. The time is between the afternoon of the next day. Those who have completed the selection get on the bus in turn and go back to their homes. Although there are thousands of cars, they are orderly, which is commonly known as queuing. The selected woman entered the Shenwu Gate and waited outside Zhenshun Gate. There is a secretary in charge of the family department. At that time, eunuchs will be introduced step by step, and five people in each class will stand without kneeling. People who care will leave famous brands, which means they will leave brands, and they will review them regularly. Those who care about it but don't like it will be called brands.

Its brand book is the daughter of an official and a flag bearer. Those who were chosen as female practitioners were given the title of emperor and were not allowed to leave the palace and remarry until they died. The xiunv who is elected as the queen must also get married, then enter the palace at Qingmen and Wumen, and get married at Qingning Palace. "It can be seen that the female draft in the Qing Dynasty is very strict. The system of women's education creates opportunities for ordinary standard-bearers to marry into the royal family, and it is also an opportunity to enhance the family status. In addition, the wedding of the queen and the wedding of the princess are also distinctive marriage forms in the royal marriage system of the Qing Dynasty, which are not only complicated and demanding, but also political victims.

Third, the characteristics of the royal marriage system in Qing Dynasty.

(1) politics

The royal marriage system in Qing dynasty has a very strong political color. The marriage between Manchu and Mongolia after the Qing dynasty entered the customs, and the marriage between the Qing princess and Mongolia, Zhungeer and other tribes were all based on political reciprocity between the two sides.

As a newly entered minority, Manchu nobles were in a weak position when they defeated the Ming Dynasty, and they needed Mongolia's support, and Mongolia was willing to marry Manchu nobles for its own benefit. Engels naked exposed the political essence of the royal marriage system. "For aristocratic families in class society, marriage is a political act and an opportunity to expand their power through new marriage. It is the family's interests, not the individual's wishes, that play a decisive role." From the establishment of the Manchu Dynasty to the prosperity of Kang Yong and then to the collapse of the dynasty, many aristocratic women became political victims.

(2) Blood relationship

It can be seen from the marriage between Manchu and Mongolia that Mongolia and Manchu nobles are intermarried, and it is difficult to avoid the existence of close relatives in this marriage.

The consanguinity of the royal marriage system is vividly manifested in the women in the draft. Most of the selected women are Eight Banners women, and some are daughters of royalty. Once they are selected, they will become the concubines of emperors, princes or princes, both of whom are descendants of Aisin Gioro. Their descendants, like them, repeatedly caused the blood marriage of the Qing royal family for more than 200 years. Take Kangxi and Qianlong as examples.

Kangxi reigned for 6 1 year, and Qianlong reigned for 60 years, and was elected every three years. During their reign, they chose 20 female practitioners. Ganlong had more than 40 famous concubines in his life, and most of his daughters were granddaughters. The youngest princess, Xiao He Gulen, is 47 years older than Emperor Qianlong. As far as blood relationship is concerned, Princess Xiao He's mother is the granddaughter of Emperor Qianlong.

Inkin marriage has a great negative impact, and some of the children born will definitely have physical health problems. During the Jiaqing period, he realized the harm of consanguineous marriage and clearly stipulated: "The daughter of a princess, you don't have to choose, it will always be an example." But this is only limited to the princess's daughter, and other female practitioners can also be selected. Even if it is stipulated, this kind of blood marriage has always existed.

Congenital marriage is a primitive form of marriage, which lasted until the end of the Qing Dynasty, especially in the marriage of the emperor, and of course there were other dear ministers and even ordinary people. This kind of marriage has existed with the history of China for thousands of years and will not disappear because of prohibition. This is an important feature of the royal marriage system in Qing Dynasty.

Mandatory and comprehensive

The royal marriage system in Qing dynasty was generally mandatory, which was embodied in the grand marriage after the emperor, the princess marriage, the show girl system and the finger marriage system. The compulsion of royal marriage in Qing Dynasty is a tragedy of fate for Manchu women and grandchildren. It is a political alliance that Manchu princesses marry frontier relatives and princes marry tribal princesses. These aristocratic children are destined to be victims of the political power field.

Manchu, as a minority who entered the ruling regime in the Central Plains, has retained many of its own characteristics in marriage customs. Influenced by the marriage system in the Central Plains and Confucian ethics, some reforms were carried out after entering the customs. During Huang Taiji's reign, he resolutely banned adoption marriage and actively absorbed some marriage norms in Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the royal marriage system of Manchu also integrates the marriage elements of Han nationality and other nationalities.

On the one hand, the rulers of the Qing dynasty tried to absorb the cultures of other nationalities, on the other hand, they tried their best to maintain their own characteristics, such as Manchu-Mongolian marriage and the system of showing off girls. But later, in the process of ruling the Central Plains, some changes had to be made, from "there are no Han women in the palace" and "Manchu and Han are not allowed to marry" to "Manchu and Han family". Not only did the Han flag be set up so that Han women could apply in the palace, but also the Han people were renamed and carried into the Manchu flag. For example, Xiao Yiren, the queen of Kangxi, the cousin of Kangxi, Tong's family, the former flag of the Han army, and later entered Manchuria with a yellow flag and became a queen, all of which were changes in the historical development of royal marriage in the Qing Dynasty.

After entering the customs, due to the influence of the Central Plains culture, the Manchu established the harem system, and the queen of the middle palace replaced the doctor Jin. The system of palace worship in the Qing Dynasty inherited and improved the regulations of previous dynasties, such as offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, ancestral temples and country before the queen's wedding, accepting worship from civil and military ministers after the wedding, and granting amnesty to the world, all of which were the result of the integration of Manchu nobles and the people of the Central Plains. This integration is a kind of historical progress, which is of positive significance for improving the quality of the people and promoting cultural development.