What is the national science

National studies, a country's inherent academic also. National studies and literature and mathematics mean different things, not the study of the country or the study of governance. Generally speaking, the national education refers to the traditional Chinese culture and academics with Confucianism as the main body. National studies is the traditional Chinese culture and academic, but also includes medicine, theater, painting and calligraphy, astrology, mathematics and so on. National studies should be divided into philosophy, history, religion, literature, etiquette, koan, ethics, edition, etc., in which Confucian philosophy is the main stream; in order to divide the ideas, it should be divided into the pre-Qin scholars, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, etc., national studies to the "Siku Quanshu" points, it should be divided into the four parts of the scriptures, history, son, set, the master of the national academy of zhang taiyan, "national academy of the book of lectures," the points, it is divided into the elementary school, the scriptures, history, the scholars, and literature.

The name of "national education" began at the end of the Qing Dynasty. At that time, European and American academics entered China, called "New Learning", "Western Learning", and so on, and the founder of the National Learning - Confucius statue

Relatively, people will be the inherent learning in China, collectively referred to as "Old Learning". The Chinese people collectively referred to as the "old school", "middle school" or "national education".　　National studies refers to the ancient Chinese doctrine. Representatives of which are the pre-Qin scholars, the pre-Qin scholars' thoughts and doctrines have a profound influence on China's traditional culture. They have formed the ideology of military, legal, Mohist, Confucianism and Taoism, etc. These ideas are discussed from different aspects. These ideas discussed how to govern the country from various aspects. They have had a profound influence on the rulers of different dynasties and have slowly formed the traditional cultural concepts of China.　Guoxue can be translated as "guoxue" or "Sinology" (meaning Chinese studies or Sinology). Nowadays, the generally mentioned national science refers to a unique and complete set of cultural and academic systems based on the pre-Qin classics and zhuzi, covering the two Han scriptures, the Wei and Jin metaphysics, the Song and Ming ethics, and the same period of the Han fugue, the six dynasties of parallel writing, the Tang and Song poems, the Yuan dynasty compositions and the Ming and Qing dynasties of novels and historiography, etc. Therefore, in a broad sense, ancient China is the most ancient Chinese culture and academic system. Therefore, in a broad sense, ancient and modern Chinese culture and scholarship, including ancient Chinese history, thought, philosophy, geography, politics, economy, and even painting and calligraphy, music, econometrics, medicine, astrology, architecture and so on are all the scope of the national science.

Categories

National studies originally referred to national institutions of learning, such as the Imperial College and the State Prison. The saying that national education refers to learning arose in the historical period of the eastward gradation of western learning and cultural transformation. It emerged at the beginning of the 20th century, began to flourish in the 1920s; in mainland China, after the end of the Cultural Revolution, the freedom of thought and academic freedom gradually restored, the space of traditional Chinese culture and academic gradually expanding in the 1980s after the "national education" resurfaced to the present.　The term "Nationalism" was born in the historical period of the eastward gradation of western learning and cultural transformation. As for the definition of "nationalism", strictly speaking, so far, the academic circles have not given us a unified and clear definition. Famous writers have different opinions and are not sure what to say. Universal statement such as the nationalist Deng Chen wrote an article in 1906, said: "What is the national scholar? All of a country's learning. There is a land and life on it, because of the country into a country, there is its country has its learning. Learning is also, learning the learning of a country for the country, and self-governance of a country." ("Record of National Studies Seminar," Journal of Nationalism, No. 19) Mr. Deng's concept of national studies is very broad, but he mainly emphasized the worldly usefulness of national studies.　National studies should be divided into philosophy, history, religion, literature, rituals and customs, koan, ethics, editions, etc., with Confucian philosophy as the main stream; with the ideological division, it should be divided into the pre-Qin scholars, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, etc., with Confucianism running through and dominating the history of Chinese thought, and the other columns in a subordinate position; with the "Siku Quanshu", it should be divided into the four parts of the scriptures, history, sons, and collections, but the scriptures and the son of the department are the most important, and they especially favor the scriptures; with the master of national studies, Zhang Zongzhi, the master of the scriptures, he emphasized the importance of the scriptures and the sons. The Department of Scripture; to the master of national education, Zhang Taiyan, "Lectures on National Education", is divided into elementary school, scripture, history, the sons and literature.　Zhang Taiyan said in his "Introduction to Chinese Studies" that the essence of Chinese studies is that history is not mythology, classics and the sons are not religion, and history is not fiction and legend; and the method of Chinese studies is to identify the authenticity of the clerks, to understand elementary school, to understand geography, to know the changes of the people in ancient and modern times, and to identify the application of literature.　The traditional national science "Siku Quanshu" is the largest series of books in ancient China, compiled in the Qianlong period, by the then first-class scholars such as Ji Xiaolan, Wang Niansun, Dai Zhen and so on. The term "Siku" refers to the four books, namely, the classics, the histories, the scholars, and the collections, and the term "Quanshu" refers to the fact that the books collected are all full texts. The term "National Studies" is short for the academic essence that blends the best of traditional Chinese culture with the best of contemporary culture. It is one of the things that the new generation should know.

Derivation of the concept of the Great National Learning

"National Learning", as the name implies, the learning of China, the Chinese learning. Qin bricks and Han tiles, non-Qin (English China as evidence) that Han (Han Studies), since the Han Dynasty, the country's power to flourish, overseas and the Han nation's learning as "Han Studies", although the archaeology confirmed that the term "Han Studies" in the Southern Song Dynasty at the latest has been more common, narrowly referred to as the two Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, the Chinese nation's learning. Although the term "hanxue" has been more common in the Southern Song Dynasty, narrowly referred to as the two Han period of the academic thinking of the Confucianism, and the Han dynasty people focus on the study of Confucianism in the name, in the exegesis, the later generation for the study of the scriptures, history, name, exegesis, the study of the study of the Han for hanxue; but overseas hanxue, or can be interpreted as the Han nation of the study of the study, that is, on the study of China, in particular, refers to the study of the language and culture of China, literature, history, and customs, including China's six arts and five arts categories. The six arts refer to the six arts of etiquette, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics, and the five arts refer to the five arts of mountains, medicine, divination, fortune-telling, and phasing. (The above article is excerpted from "Nanko Boat: Talking about Nationalism in the Nationalism Fever") "Nationalism", there is a broader interpretation. Such as the art of a hundred, such as Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, military, law, ink and a hundred other sayings are collected in the capsule of the national science, so that the five arts and six arts of the hundred sayings can be collectively referred to as the "national science", which, in addition to Buddhism is a foreign religion, basically all born in the Chinese mainland, so the national science is also known as the "Chinese studies Therefore, national studies are also called "Chinese studies" and "Han studies". (The above article is excerpted from "Nanko Boat: Talking about National Studies in the Heat of National Studies") The Journal of History and Geography explains National Studies: "The name of National Studies is difficult to determine its meaning. It is difficult to determine the meaning of the name of National Studies. In the world, it is Chinese Studies. Analyzing it, China's original academics can be divided into various disciplines. In terms of disciplines, it should be divided into philosophy, history, religion, literature, etiquette, koan, ethics, editions and so on.

Chinese studies education

The establishment of a degree in Chinese studies in the university, some people say that the positioning of the "degree in Chinese studies" itself is very vague, in fact, what areas and scope of Chinese studies itself is not vague. National studies are divided into a small circle of national studies and a large circle of national studies, a small circle of national studies is limited to the Department of the scriptures, the Department of history, the Department of the son, the Department of the set, the large circle of national studies include the five arts, the six arts, the hundred schools of thought. With the gradual decline of Western learning and Eastern learning style by the ups and downs and gradually rising and rising, to today is not easy, the national science is accompanied by traditional Chinese culture and growth, accompanied by the development of China's history. In the 21st century, in addition to the traditional chanting and practicing of national education, the Beijing Municipal People's National Institute of National Education, represented by the national education institutions, has adopted more popular forms, expanding the content of the national education, enriched the expression of the national education, so that the national education has entered the homes of ordinary people.　The national school was a school for the children of the upper class nobles and was divided into two levels: elementary school and university.　Royal and vassal countries run by the elementary school, its name and size, are similar; and run by the university, not only the name is different, and the size of the difference is also a lot. First of all, in the name, the royal capital of the university, is the study of the son of heaven, directly managed by the royal family, called Paiyong; vassal state capital of the university, is the study of the vassals, directly managed by the king, known as Pangong (or 頖 Palace). Secondly, on the scale of the building, Paiyong built in the shape of a round jade on the earth, surrounded by water, as in a small island built a school; Pangong built in the shape of a half-wall on the earth, east, west and south of the water, as in a peninsula built a school. Pan Palace is only half the size of Piyong. Lu Simian once said: "This is to show that Panyong is the exclusive possession of the emperor's school", "the vassals can kill its system", "to its half to show stuttering in the emperor" ①. The students enrolled in the state school, since the Yuan Shi above the children of the nobility can be enrolled. The Book of Rites - The System of Kings says: "All enrollment is by teeth." Zheng Xuan commented, "All students are enrolled in the school by their age, without regard to seniority or inferiority." At a cursory glance, it seems that the Western Zhou state school, all the children of the aristocracy to a certain age, can be enrolled in school, there is no need to distinguish between inferiority and superiority levels. In fact, this "enrollment to the teeth" in the word "teeth", but it is very delicate. It is precisely in this "tooth" word, strict distinction between inferiority and superiority, to maintain a strict hierarchy. The clan of the Western Zhou royal family, there is a big clan and a small clan, in addition to the provisions of moving the clan (branch). There were also strict hierarchical relationships among the subordinates, such as the king's ministers, the ministers of the dukes, and the ministers of the dukes, and the ministers of the scholars. Although the sons and daughters of these people were all qualified to enter the state school, "the son follows the father", and the age of enrollment had to be differentiated according to the rank, either early or late. At the lowest level of yuanshi, there was a difference of two years between the age at which the first son and the remaining son (the son born to a concubine) entered elementary school. This was a special phenomenon of slave education, which was also the actual meaning of the word "tooth". There were three kinds of schooling ages for the children of nobles: the crown prince entered elementary school at the age of 8, finished elementary school in 7 years, and entered university at the age of 15.　The eldest son of a minister or a minister, the first son of a great official or a great scholar, entered elementary school at the age of 13. After completing elementary school in 7 years, he entered university at the age of 20.　The sons other than the first son, including the sons born to the concubines of the dafu and yuanshi, i.e., the rest of the sons, also called the sons of the multitude, entered the elementary school at the age of 15, completed the elementary school in 7 years, and entered the university at the age of 23.1

Growth of Western learning gave birth to nationalism

The term "nationalism" was born in the historical period of the growth of Western learning and cultural transformation. On the definition of national education, strictly speaking, so far, the academic community has not given us a unified and clear definition. Famous writers have different opinions and are not sure what to say. Universal statement such as the nationalist Deng Chen wrote an article in 1906, said: "What is the national scholar? All of a country's learning. There is a land and life on it, because of the country into a country, there is its country has its learning. Learning also, learning the learning of a country for the use of the country, and self-governance of a country." ("Record of National Studies Seminar," Journal of Nationalism, No. 19) Mr. Deng's concept of national studies was broad, but the main emphasis was on the worldly usefulness of national studies.

The polemic between the National Studies and the Western Studies.

Deeply investigating the original meaning of the original name of national education, it originally referred to the national academies, such as the ancient Imperial College and the State Prison. The simple national education refers only to the classical exegesis of the language and writing of the scriptures, history, the son, and the collected works. Since the gradual change of Western learning, cultural diversion and transformation, in order to distinguish from Western learning, the people of our country's "six arts, five arts", "the Hundred Schools of Thought" collectively referred to as the "national science", Western learning flourished in the East, Eastern learning declined, and modern learning has been in the East since the beginning of the 20th century. Western learning flourished in the East, the decline of Eastern learning, modern since the May Fourth Movement of the New Youth before and after some of the masters of the National Education, to protect the National Education and began to fight with Western learning, the Western School of thought that the wholesale acceptance of Western learning, while the nationalists are sworn to protect the five thousand years of the essence of the culture of the ancestors left behind. (Welcome to reprint but please indicate that it is taken from the blog of Nanke Zhou)

The development of national education and western education in the domestic diversion

The national education is unique to our country, but in the modern history of China, due to the difference between Chinese and western education, the development of the national education and western education in the country began to gradually diverge. In mainland China, the national education had been coated with charcoal because of the Four Olds and the Cultural Revolution, the end of the Cultural Revolution since the reform and opening up, the freedom of thought and academic culture of the people of the country has been gradually restored, the space of traditional Chinese culture and art gradually multiplied and expanded, branching out, from the eighties of the last century since the reform and opening up, the "national education" resurfaced to the present day. National studies, emerged in the early twentieth century, and flourished in the twenties, the eighties and the "root" fever, the nineties "national studies" fever again rising so far, are nowadays people for the traditional culture of reflection and confrontation. Nowadays, it is the repositioning of traditional culture in today's China and even in the world's multiculturalism. (Welcome to reprint but please indicate that it is taken from the Nanke Zhou blog)

There are rich philosophical connotations in the Chinese national education

While the national education is not a philosophy, the history of the development of the national education encompasses the philosophical development of China for thousands of years, the national education can't be picked out from the traditional Chinese culture, the establishment of the degree to find the basic basis for a comprehensive revitalization of the national education culture of China, the implementation of the Spring and Autumn Period, a hundred schools of thought, the revitalization including the five arts. A comprehensive revival of Chinese national culture, the implementation of the Spring and Autumn Period's Hundred Schools of Thought, the revival of the five arts, the six arts, and the hundred schools of thought is the real day of the revival of the national education. The modernization of the national education is to revive and modernize the five arts, six arts, and the hundred schools of thought in the science of literature and cultural knowledge. (Welcome to reprint but please indicate that it is taken from the Nanke Zhou blog)

Chinese national science and its purpose

is 'for the heaven and earth to set up the heart, for the people to set up the life, for the past saints to succeed the extinction of the school for the world to open up the peace'. The "national education" should include the five arts, the six arts, and the hundred schools of thought. The "Hundred Schools of Thought", including "Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Criminal Law, Names, Law, and Ink", is the study of "establishing the heart for heaven and earth"; the Six Arts, including "Rites, Music, Archery, Royalty, Calligraphy, and Mathematics", in ancient times, were the most important of the six arts. ", in ancient times, "six arts" in the rites, music, archery, imperial, known as the "big art", is the aristocrats in politics must have the art of aristocratic children in the stage of the Imperial College in-depth study; the book and the number of known as the " Small arts", is the people's daily use of the required skills, is in the ancient "elementary school" stage of the required courses, is "for the people of the life" of the art; which five arts, is "for the past sage following the extinct learning Among them, the five arts, which are the studies of "succeeding the extinct studies for the past saints" and "investigating the relationship between people in heaven and earth", include "mountain, medicine, divination, fate, and physiognomy" and so on. The people who are nowadays criticized as "superstitious" and those who easily deny all the studies of "investigating the relationship between heaven and mankind" in fact seldom stand on the position of ultimate care which is closely related to the state of existence of life, and seriously investigate the true meaning and intrinsic value of the relationship between heaven and mankind, to bring life closer to the state of existence and to the value of life and to the value of life. In fact, they seldom stand on the position of ultimate care related to the state of existence of life to seriously explore the true meaning and intrinsic value of the people of heaven, to draw closer to the indirect and direct connection between the existence of life and the people of heaven, and to build a bridge of communication between the tradition and the times, and between learning and life. (The above article is excerpted from Dong Bin's "What is the "Great National Learning" and its Purpose and Meaning?)

The theory of "Great National Learning" is conducive to the cohesion of the cultural centripetal force of the Chinese nation

In view of this, in March this year, Mr. Ji Xianlin, a national treasure and a master of national learning, was interviewed at the 301 Hospital in Beijing, and he put forward the concept of "Great National Learning" in a far-sighted manner. He said, "National studies should be in the scope of 'great national studies', not national studies in the narrow sense. Domestic regional cultures and the cultures of 56 ethnic groups are all included in the scope of 'national studies'. The regional and ethnic cultures have various forms of expression, but they ****together constitute the cultural ****similarity of Chinese culture." It is a kind of grand unified "cultural reconciliation". Therefore, I think, the five arts and six arts of the hundred schools of thought, east and west, south and north of our country where the study of the domain, can be called "national science", that is, the Republic of China's study can be called "national science". In the international arena, the similar term called Sinology or China Studies, the modern "Chinese Studies" scholars for the current international community, Western scholars of Tibetan studies, Manchu studies, etc. excluded from Sinology, intentionally and deliberately cause damage to the great unity of China, the suspicion of the historical era, the Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Republic of China. The suspicion of the historical era, the national science called "Chinese Studies" (China Studies), including Chinese Han Studies and the ancient Three Emperors and Five Emperors, including Emperor Yan, Emperor Huang, Emperor Chi all descendants of the national science, are listed as China's "national science". (The above article is excerpted from Dong Bin's article. (The above article is excerpted from Dong Bin, "What is the" great national science "and its purpose and significance?)　All remarks and opinions against the cultural integration of the Chinese nation are trampling on the national culture and are extremely irresponsible. The theory of the Great National Science of Mr. Ji Xianlin, a master of national science, is conducive to the national and cultural integration of the Chinese nation, to the great integration of the national culture accumulated over the past 5,000 years, and to the cohesion of the cultural centripetal force of the Chinese nation! It is conducive to the great unity of the Chinese nation. (The above article is excerpted from Dong Bin's "What is the "Great National Science" and its purpose and significance?)

Opinion

The theory of humanistic "great national science" should be born in harmony with modern Western scientific thought. Professor Chen Sihe, deputy dean of the School of Humanities at Fudan University, put forward the idea that "Haikai culture can accommodate all kinds of cultures and maintain harmony and balance among them", and I would like to borrow it here, the theory of humanities "big country learning" does not exclude science, and should be harmonized with the contemporary Western scientific thought. The theory of humanistic "great national science" does not exclude science, and should be harmonized with the contemporary western scientific thought. Realization of Professor Chen Sihe said "pluralism and normative culture of the general body of the survival" state, the five arts and six arts and the hundred schools of thought can be harmonious **** birth, each other should not be mutually exclusive. (The above article is excerpted from Dong Bin, "What is the "Great National Learning" and its purpose and significance?)

Five arts, six arts and the hundred schools of thought can be harmonized **** birth

Five arts and six arts from the birth of the hundred schools of thought on the conjoined **** birth, if there is no five arts and six arts, there is no Chinese culture, there is no Chinese philosophy, denial of five arts and six arts is the same as the negation of Chinese philosophy, Chinese philosophy dragged into nihilism mire swamps will never be recovered. This is a cultural phenomenon in which prosperity and decadence are **** born. If the five arts and six arts are outlawed, China's folk beliefs and ethics will lose their soil and roots. The fact that the I Ching, which was not burned by Emperor Qin Shi Huang's burning of books and Confucianism, has survived and developed up to the present time is very illustrative of the problem. Prof. Chen Sihe proposed that "only by embracing the existence of various cultural forms can the culture itself become pluralistic and rich". This is also the basis for the independence of Chinese culture from the rest of the world. Only when it is more Chinese can it be more global. (The above article is excerpted from Dong Bin's "What is "Great National Learning" and its Purpose and Significance?)

Classical Writings

The Classics of Confucianism

The Classics of Confucianism are divided into the Classics of Yi and the Classics of Books, "Poetry", "Rites", "Spring and Autumn Annals", "Filial Piety", "The General Meaning of Qunjing", "The Four Books", "Music", "Elementary School". "Classes of Stone Scriptures" and "Compendium Classes", mainly Confucian classics and annotated studies of Confucian classics. Important titles such as: "Zhou Yi", "Shangshu", "Zhouli", "Rites of Passage", "Rites of Passage", "Poetry Scriptures", "Left Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period", "Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period by Gongyang", "Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period by Guliang", "The Analects of Confucius", "The Book of Filial Piety", "Erya", and "Mengzi". ", "Historical transcripts", "Records", "Seasonal", "Geography ", "Officials", "Political Books", "Catalogs", "Historical Reviews", "Compendiums ", "compilation class", important titles such as: "Historical Records", "Book of Han", "Book of the Later Han", "Three Kingdoms", "Ziji Tongjian", "Strategies of the Warring States", "Song, Yuan, and Ming Histories of the Chronicle of the End of the Book", and so on.

Subdivision--The Hundred Schools of Thought and Religious Writings of Buddhism and Taoism

Subdivision is divided into "Confucianism", "Military Science", "Legalism", "Legalism", and "Theory of Law". Legalism", "Agriculture", "Medicine", "Astronomy and Algorithms", "Art and Mathematics ", "art", "genealogical records", "miscellaneous", "class books ", "series of books", "compendium", "novelists", "Buddhism ", "Taoism", "Yehudism", "Islam", "Western Gestalt "

The collection includes important books such as Laozi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Hanfeizi, Guanzi, Yinwenzi, Shenzi, Gongsunlongzi, Huainanzi, Huupuzi, Liezi, Sunzi, Shanhaijing, Yiwenqianju, Vajrayogini, Forty-two Chapters Sutra, and so on.

Collections--The Hundred Schools of Thought and the Arts, Genealogical Records

Collections are divided into "Chu Rhetoric Classes", "Separate Collections", "General Collections", "General Collections", "The Book of the Dead", "The Book of the Dead", and "The Book of the Dead". General Collection", "Lyrics and Songs", "Boudoir", important titles such as: "Chu Rhetoric", "All-Tang Dynasty Poetry", "All Song Dynasty Lyrics", "Lefu Poetry Collection", "Selected Writings", "Li Taibai Collection", "Du Gongbu Collection", "Han Changli Collection", "Liu Hedong Collection", "Li Taibai Collection" and "Du Gongbu Collection". Collection, Li Taibai Collection, Du Gongbu Collection, Han Changli Collection, Liu Hedong Collection, Bai Xiangshan Collection, and so on.

Edit this section of the national science - "twenty-two sons"

[1] "twenty-two sons" of the book, by the pre-Qin, Han, Wei and Jin twenty-two canonical collection, the bibliography are: "Laozi", "Zhuangzi", "Tube", "Lizi", "Mozi", "Xunzi", "Corpse", "Sunzi", "Confucius Collected Words", "Yanzi", "Confucius Collected Words", "Confucius Collected Words", "Confucius Collected Words", and "Sunzi". Confucius set of words "" Yanzi Spring and Autumn "" Lv's Spring and Autumn "" Jia Yi new book "" Spring and Autumn flourish "" Yangzi method of speech "" Wenzi piggyback "" Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine "" Bamboo Book of Records Unified Paper "" Shangjun book "" Hanfei Zi "" Huainan Zi "" Wenzi in the said "" The Classic of the Mountains and the Seas "".