What is Montessori education? What are the differences compared with the traditional education model?

Montessori education is an educational method named after Italian female educator maria montessori (1870- 1952). From the book The Application of Scientific Education Methods in Children's Families.

1909, Montessori wrote the book "Scientific Education Methods Applied to Children's Home", which was published in the United States in 19 12, and was quickly translated into more than 20 languages and spread all over the world. More than 100 countries have introduced the Montessori method, and the Montessori movement has also appeared in Europe and the United States. 1913-1915 years, Montessori schools have spread all over the world. By the 1940s, there were more than 2,000 in the United States alone. Montessori has caused a revolution in preschool education around the world.

Chinese name

The trend of Montessori education popularization in kindergartens is from coastal areas to inland areas, from big cities to small and medium-sized cities, from unit-run kindergartens, private kindergartens to education departments. At present, Montessori education has spread all over more than 20 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government except Xizang Autonomous Region.

As early as the beginning of the 20th century, Montessori education was introduced to China with the appearance of China version of Montessori Education Law. At that time, Mr. Chen Heqin, a famous early childhood educator in China, commented on Montessori: Her efforts and achievements have opened a new chapter in early childhood education, which is refreshing. 19 14, "Montessori Education Law Research Association" was established in Jiangsu Province. 1923, Beiping National Women's Normal University, affiliated to Mongolia Garden, opened two Montessori classes (suspended due to personnel changes 1926). These are the initial situations when Montessori was introduced into China. At that time, China and other countries in the world came into contact with Montessori education. Once Montessori education was launched, it was well received and welcomed by domestic preschool education circles.

However, in China in the first half of the 20th century, due to political decline, economic backwardness and poverty, the number of kindergartens was extremely limited, and most of them were run by foreign branches. The number of kindergartens run by China people is small, the scale is small and the funds are limited, so it is impossible to adopt Montessori education, which is praised by people. In the early 1930s, Dr. Montessori sent a letter to the Minister of Education of China, inviting China to send personnel to Rome for teacher training, and collecting reports and books on the application of this kind of education in China. Mr. Jiang Menglin, then Minister of Education of China, replied: You have many teaching AIDS, but they are not economical. China mostly adopts design teaching method, and the teaching materials are taken from life, so there is no need to buy teaching AIDS. It is also said that China did not practice Montessori's report articles and translations. The minister of education's words reflected the reality at that time. Although Montessori education was well received, it did not adapt to the national conditions of our country at that time, so it could not be popularized.

1949 new China was established and the overall construction of the country began. At that time, the government put forward the policy of "learning from the Soviet Union in an all-round way", and the Central Ministry of Education hired Soviet preschool education experts to translate Soviet textbooks and reform China's naive education with the Soviet preschool education model. The early childhood education thoughts and early childhood educators in western countries are regarded as bourgeois and hold a critical and negative attitude. Montessori and his Law on Early Childhood Education were also criticized, and were labeled as idealistic world outlook, bourgeois child-centrism, bourgeois liberal education, mechanical sensory training, and educating normal children with the education of mildly mentally retarded children, which was completely denied. Criticism of Montessori education is accompanied by the rise of political movements, so there are countless. The consequences of long-term criticism are: it hinders people from truly understanding Montessori and his education; Montessori education has been destroyed and distorted because of the critical and biased views; In practice, Montessori education has been imprisoned, so that no one knows it, let alone adopts it.

After 1978, history turned a new page, and the academic circles gradually moved towards pragmatism, openness and error correction. Mr. Lu Leshan, a professor of Beijing Normal University, the predecessor of China's preschool education, found that Montessori education still exists and can grow and develop in the world. Finally, at1985-after a 60-year interruption-Montessori Early Childhood Education edited by Professor Lu was published by Beijing Normal University Press. In the series of foreign educational masterpieces published by People's Education Publishing House 1990 and 1993, Montessori's four monographs have been translated successively, namely, The Secret of Childhood, Absorption Psychology, Montessori Education Law and Spontaneous Activities in Education. At the same time, the curriculum in the university has stopped criticizing Montessori and replaced it with an objective introduction to Montessori education.

With the advancement of China's reform and opening up, the overseas exchange of preschool education is growing rapidly. Some people who love the country and are enthusiastic about preschool education have brought information about Montessori education in kindergartens in Taiwan Province Province, and intend to provide this kind of high-quality preschool education to the children in Chinese mainland. They found a partner to realize their long-cherished wish. 65438-0994 Beijing Normal University cooperated with Taiwan Province Montessori Enlightenment Research Foundation to introduce Montessori education research project, and Beijing Normal University Experimental Kindergarten and Beijing Beihai Kindergarten became the experimental bases of this project. 1994 Taiwan Province Province sent lecturers to Beijing Normal University to train teachers in the summer vacation. After the school started in autumn, he officially launched the "China Montessori Education Experimental Research" project. Vista Company of Beijing Normal University completed the production of Montessori teaching AIDS in the spring of 1996, becoming the first company in China to produce Montessori teaching AIDS. At the same time, the Third Kindergarten in Chongwen District, Beijing and Montessori Kindergarten in Yinchuan City, Ningxia have also started experimental research on Montessori education. At this point, the application of Montessori education in kindergartens in China has begun.

The effect of the experimental progress is gradually affected. First, parents are attracted. They hope that their children can also receive this kind of good education. Gradually, more kindergartens set up Montessori education experimental classes. The trend of Montessori education popularization in kindergartens is from coastal areas to inland areas, from big cities to small and medium-sized cities, from unit-run kindergartens, private kindergartens to education departments. At present, Montessori education has spread all over more than 20 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government except Xizang Autonomous Region.

The development level of many Montessori classes is still uneven. A group of kindergartens participating in the project research are determined to study the localization of Montessori education and have achieved remarkable results, which are still being explored, studied and improved unremittingly. There are also some kindergartens that have a superficial understanding of Montessori's educational philosophy because of insufficient teacher training or driven by economic interests, and have little effect.

Looking back on the course of Montessori education in China 10, I have many feelings. Now I summarize some essentials to share with my peers:

First, love children, respect their willingness to learn independently, and let them learn independently and freely through their own efforts.

Second, it is an important duty of educators to create a suitable environment with heart. Environment is the decisive factor of children's self-growth and development.

Third, children practice independence in "work" and complete the mission of self-growth.

Fourth, it conforms to the law of children's natural growth, without coercion or pressure.

Five, educators should learn to "wait and see", "restraint" and "justice" to ensure the realization of children's freedom.

Sixth, promote children's all-round development in the field of human activities other than teaching AIDS.

Seven, absorb China culture and contemporary scientific and technological achievements, adapt to the local and adapt to the times.

Eight, accept modern innovative educational models and teaching methods to enrich the development of early childhood education.

Maria Montessori

Foreign name

Maria Montessori

nationality

Italy

birthplace

Ancona, Italy.

date of birth

1870 August 3 1

date of death

1May 6, 952

occupation

educator

graduated institutions

Sapienza University in Rome

Maria montessori is a world-famous preschool educator in the 20th century. Her unique law of early childhood education has swept the whole western world, profoundly affecting the educational level and social development of all countries in the world, especially advanced countries in Europe and America. The characteristic of Montessori education law is that it attaches great importance to children's early education and has been engaged in educational experiments and research for more than half a century. Her teaching methods range from intellectual training, sensory training to sports training, from respecting freedom to building will, from civilian education to aristocratic education, which has provided several generations of excellent talent base for the sustainable development of western industrialized society. The history of western education claims that she is the greatest educator of scientific progress who won the recognition of Europe and the world in the 20th century. Dr. maria montessori (also translated as Montessori) is an outstanding early childhood education thinker and reformer in the history of education, the first woman to study medicine, and the first female doctor of medicine in Italian history.

1870 August 3 1 Maria Montessori was born in Chiaraval, Ancona. Father Alexandru Montessori is a noble descendant, a calm and conservative soldier, and mother Rainier Stopani is a devout Catholic, knowledgeable, pious and kind, rigorous and open-minded. As an only child, Montessori was deeply loved by her parents and received a good family education. Therefore, I have developed an independent personality of self-discipline and self-love since I was a child, and I am enthusiastic about helping others.

1952 died in Amsterdam on May 6th at the age of 82.

fundamental principle

1, child-centered. Oppose the adult-centered teaching concept and regard children as independent individuals different from adults.

2. Oppose spoon-feeding teaching. It is advocated to start with daily life training, with a good learning environment and rich teaching AIDS, so that children can learn spontaneously and actively and build their own perfect personality.

3. Grasp the sensitive period of children. Follow the characteristics of sensitive learning and get the maximum learning effect.

4. Teachers play the role of facilitators. Teachers must have a deep understanding of children's spiritual world and know their children's development like the back of their hands, so as to provide appropriate and timely help and guidance to children.

5. Cultivation of complete personality. The biggest purpose of preschool education is to help children normalize.

6. Respect the growth rhythm of children. There is no timetable and class time, so that children can concentrate on developing their inner needs.

7. Mixed-age teaching. Children of different ages will imitate and learn from each other, and develop good social behavior of helping others.

8. Rich teaching materials and teaching AIDS. Teaching AIDS are the material for children's work, and children build a perfect personality through "work" and self-repetitive operation exercises.

9. Eliminate the reward and punishment system. Take the way of respecting children and cultivate their budding sense of dignity.

10, teaching achievements broke out. By respecting children's inner needs, let children grow up in a timely and moderate manner. It is not easy to perceive the result in the short term, but it will show the child's inner growth with explosive force at some time.

trait

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Montessori believes that children have great potential, and his life development is towards independence. Through specific exercises, such as life basic ability exercise, facial features exercise, intellectual exercise (language, mathematics, science) and other forms, the foundation of a sound personality is formed.

Montessori classroom is the embryonic form of a small society, in which children learn to respect and accept others, learn how to share their knowledge and skills, and learn how to lead others. Montessori classroom provides an environment for cultivating children's emotional IQ.

Montessori curriculum, including the development of feeling, movement, body function, language and morality, makes individuals become integrated people. "Freedom" and "discipline" are integrated, and "individuality" and "group" are given consideration. Inspire children to have the ability to solve difficulties and adapt to the new environment, and achieve the purpose of self-construction and mental development.

Principles of Montessori education:

Montessori education

Children-oriented-in order to create a "children's world" centered on children and enable them to "be themselves" independently.

Provide adequate teaching AIDS-children learn by their senses, and the more good stimuli we provide them, the more they can stimulate their inner potential. Therefore, to design an environment suitable for children's growth, it is necessary to provide rich teaching materials (including nature and humanities) to induce their interest in autonomous learning.

Education without "teaching"-Contrary to the traditional teacher-centered cramming education, it advocates that children should take the initiative to contact and learn and form wisdom through a good learning environment and bright and rich teaching AIDS.

Grasp the sensitive period of learning-children aged 0-6 will have various "sensitive periods" for different things at different growth stages. Montessori's scientific pre-school education law emphasizes mastering children's "sensitive period" and giving them proper learning.

Montessori education has a set of learning tools with unlimited educational value. This learning tool makes use of the sensitivity of children's feelings, and through the teaching AIDS that children can operate, children can explore easily and happily in the operation, and absorb many abstract concepts in the exploration. Respect the characteristics of children's repeated practice. All children with learning tools can operate repeatedly to meet their physical and psychological needs.

Teachers are in the position of assistance and enlightenment-teachers must give up the traditional self-righteous education methods, and give timely help and guidance to children, so that children can become the main body of education and use their brains and wisdom.

Parents are the real key-children's education is not limited to a corner of the school, and the influence of the whole social environment is everywhere.

value

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The unique charm of Montessori's education method comes from fully learning and understanding children, observing their sensitive period, stimulating their potential, developing their independence, self-confidence, concentration and creativity in a relaxed and happy environment, and laying a good quality foundation for their future growth. Montessori's education law has spread all over the European continent and gone to the world. Montessori education law has achieved fruitful results in the promotion of one hundred years. With the continuous improvement and development of its theory, it has been widely respected and recognized by preschool education circles all over the world. It has aroused great concern in the United States, Europe, Japan, Singapore, Australia and other pre-school education developed countries, and Montessori schools are spread all over 100 countries.