Seek the next hundred schools of thought during the Warring States period and their representatives and events

Introduction to the Hundred Schools of Thought I. Confucianism: Representatives: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi. Works: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi Confucianism is one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, which took Confucius as its teacher during the Spring and Autumn Period, and took the Six Arts as its law, advocated "propriety and music" and "benevolence and righteousness", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and the impartial "middle way", advocated "virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and people's self-cultivation as a scholarly school. Confucianism emphasizes the function of education, believing that emphasizing education and punishment rather than punishment is the way to national stability and the prosperity and happiness of the people. It advocated that "there should be education without discrimination" and that both the rulers and the ruled should be educated so that the whole nation would become morally upright. Politically, they also advocated ruling the country by rituals and convincing people by virtue, calling for the restoration of the "Rites of the Zhou", which they considered to be the ideal path for realizing ideal politics. By the time of the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, the most important of which were the schools of Mencius and Xunzi. Taoism: Representative figures: Laozi and Zhuangzi. Works: Tao Te Ching, Chuang Tzu Taoism is one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, also known as "Taoism". This school of thought takes as its theoretical foundation the doctrine of Laozi (老子) of the late Spring and Autumn Period (春秋), which describes the nature, origin, composition, and changes of all things in the universe. They believed that the Way of Heaven is inactive, and that all things are born naturally. They denied that God, ghosts and gods dominate everything, and advocated that the Way should follow nature and go with the flow of nature, advocating quietness and inaction, and guarding the female and the soft to overcome the hard. His political ideals were "a small country with few people" and "rule by doing nothing". After Laozi, Taoism was divided into different schools, the four most famous of which are Zhuangzi School, Yang Zhu School, Song Yin School and Huang Lao School. Moism: Representative figure: Mozi. Works: "Mozi" The Mozi School is one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and its founder was Mo Zhai. The founder of this school was Mo Zhai. This school of thought based its doctrine on the principle of "love one another and benefit one another": "love one another" means to treat others as oneself; "love one another" means to love others as oneself. If "the world loves one another", the goal of "mutual benefit" can be achieved. Politically, he advocated Shang Xian (尚贤), Shang Tong (尚同), and Non-Attacking (非攻); economically, he advocated strengthening the fundamentals of the economy; and ideologically, he proposed to respect heaven and serve the demons. At the same time, they also put forward the idea of "non-destiny", emphasizing the importance of relying on one's own strength. The Moists were closely organized, with members from the lower social strata, who were all said to be able to go through fire and swords to inspire their own suffering. Their disciples were called "Mo Defenders" for those who engaged in debate, "Mo Warriors" for those who engaged in martial arts, and "Ju (Ju) Zi" for their leader. Their discipline was strict, and it was said that "the law of the Mozi is to kill those who kill, and to punish those who injure" (Lü Shi Chun Qiu - Going to the Private Side). After Mo Zhai's death, he split into three factions. At the end of the Warring States period, the three schools converged into two: one focused on epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, which was called "the post-Moist school" (also known as the "late Moist school"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the society of the Qin and Han dynasties. Legalism: Representative figures: Han Fei and Li Si. Works: Han Fei Zi (Han Fei Zi) The Legalists were one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period. They were called Legalists because they advocated the rule of law, which was "not to differentiate between the close and the distant, and not to differentiate between the noble and the lowly, but to break the law at one time". During the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of the Legalists. At the beginning of the Warring States period, Li Yul, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Zhi founded the School of Legalism. At the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei synthesized the "law" of Shang Yang, the "power" of Shen Zhi, and the "art" of Shen Buhui, to form a comprehensive school of thought and doctrine of the Legalists. This school advocated abolishing the well-field, emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce, and rewarding cultivation and war; politically, it advocated abolishing the division of feudalism, setting up counties, monarchical dictatorship, the use of force, and the rule of harsh and severe laws; ideologically and educationally, it advocated the banning of the doctrines of the various schools of thought and the use of the law as a teaching method and the use of the official as a teacher. His doctrine provided the theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a monarchical and authoritarian dynasty. The Book of Han - Art and Literature recorded two hundred and seventeen writings of the Legalists, nearly half of which survive today, the most important of which are the Book of the Lord of Shang and the Han Fei Zi. V. Famous writers: Representative figures: Deng Analyze, Huishi, Gongsun Long and Huan Tuan. Works: "Gongsun Longzi" The Mingjia was one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, and it was called the Mingjia by later generations because it was engaged in the academic activity of arguing about names (names, concepts) and realities (facts, realities). At that time, they were called "apologists", "chashi", or "criminal (form) masters". The representative figures were Huishi and Gongsunlong. Yin-Yang Family: Representative: Zou Yan Yin-Yang Family is one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period, named for its promotion of the Yin-Yang and the Five Elements doctrine and its use in explaining social and human affairs. This school of thought, when the ancient ruling class in charge of astronomy and calendar, the representative figure for the Warring States period Qi Zou Yan. The doctrine of yin and yang is that yin and yang are the two opposing and transforming forces of things themselves, which can be used to illustrate the laws of development and change. The doctrine of the five elements that everything is composed of wood, fire, earth, gold and water, between which there are two major laws of phases and phases of victory (Saparilla), which can be used to illustrate the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan synthesized the two, and based on the theory of the phases of the five elements, he interpreted the attributes of the five elements as the "five virtues" and created the "five virtues of the end and the beginning", which was used as a law for the rise and fall of dynasties in the past dynasties to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of the emerging great unification of the dynasty. Twenty-one works of this school were recorded in the Book of Han - Art and Literature, all of which have been lost. In the late Warring States period, the Book of Rites - Monthly Orders was said to be the work of the yin and yang family. Some of the articles in "Guanzi" also belong to the work of the yin and yang school, "Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals - should be the same", "Huainanzi - Qi custom training", "History - Qin Shihuang Benji" in the retention of some yin and yang school material. VII. Zongheng and Hengjia: Representative figures: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. The main speech in the "Strategies of the Warring States" (战国策) The Zongheng family was a group of strategists who lobbied the lords and engaged in political and diplomatic activities during the Warring States period of China by means of the stratagem of "vertical and horizontal" and "open and shut". They are listed as one of the Hundred Schools of the Zunzi (诸子百家). The main representative figures are Su Qin and Zhang Yi. During the Warring States period, the south and the north were merged into a vertical column, and the west and the east were connected into a horizontal column. Su Qin was the leader of the combined column of Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu in order to reject the Qin, while Zhang Yi was the leader of the combined column, who was responsible for the Qin's affairs in the six countries in a row, and thus the Zongheng and Hengjia were named Zongheng family. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military patterns during the Warring States period. The Strategies of the Warring States have a lot of records of their activities. According to Han Shu - Art and Culture Zhi, the Zongheng and Hengjia had written "sixteen hundred and seven articles". Miscellaneous Schools: Representative Character: Lu Buwei The Miscellaneous Schools were a comprehensive school of thought at the end of the Warring States period. Because of the "combination of Confucianism and Mozambique, combined with the name and law", "in the hundred ways are not comprehensive" ("Han Shu． Art and Literature Zhi" and Yan Shigu's note). Qin Prime Minister Lu Buwei gathered his disciples compiled "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", is a typical collection of writings of miscellaneous writings. The Nongjia was one of the most important schools of thought during the Warring States period. It was named for its focus on agricultural production. This school came from the officials who managed agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, and should be placed in the first place of all work. Mengzi. Teng Wengong" recorded Xu Xing's person, "for the words of Shen Nong", put forward the wise man should "with the people and plowing and food, food and entertainment and governance", expressed the agrarian socio-political ideals. This party also paid attention to recording and summarizing agricultural production techniques and experiences. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals, "on the farm", "any ground", "defense of the soil", "review of the time" and other articles, is considered to be the study of pre-Qin agriculturists an important source of information. Novelists, novelists, pre-Qin nine streams of one of the ten, is the collection of folklore discussion, in order to examine the people's customs. Han book - art and literature" cloud: "the stream of novelists, cover out of the barnyard. Street talk, the creation of those who listen to what is being said." A Brief Description of the Hundred Schools of Thought Among the Hundred Schools of Thought, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out among the Hundred Schools of Thought because of his inheritance of the cultural orthodoxy of the Central Plains in the Three Dynasties. As a result, Confucianism has not only gained prominence among the hundred schools of thought, but has also become the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, and has had an unparalleled influence on the formation of the spirit of the Chinese nation. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school of thought in the usual sense; the doctrine of Confucianism is the cultural essence of the Chinese nation and a manifestation of its inherent value system. It has permeated every capillary of traditional culture and greatly influenced every area of Chinese culture. All the doctrines and thoughts and religious sects that have emerged from Chinese soil, and even foreign cultures and religions, cannot avoid bearing the traces of Confucian culture. This is not the only case today. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (we know that the promotion of Confucianism in Japan and the Four Little Dragons was a remedial measure taken to solve the crisis of faith and the problem of moral decline brought about by modernization after they had already achieved or basically modernized. The so-called "Southeast Asian Cultural Circle" is basically a model of cultural composition with Confucianism as the main body. It has strongly promoted social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. (With the development of history, Confucian ethics are now being introduced into Western countries). Concerning the categorization of the schools of thought of the Hundred Schools of Thought, Sima Tan enumerated six schools, "He was discussing the key pointers of the six schools and said, Yi Da Chuan: 'The world is unanimous while a hundred considerations are made, and they return to the same place, but they are on different paths." The yin and yang, Confucianism, ink, name, law, and morality, this service for the rule of the people also" ("Historical Records - Preface to the Duke of Tai Shi"). The Han Book - Art and Culture Zhi" in Liu Xin "seven strategies" of the plurals are divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Taoism, yin and yang, law, name, ink, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture, novels. Excluding the novelists do not talk about, so called "nine streams of ten schools". The reason why Zu Zi is said to be an umbrella term for political schools is that the basic purpose of each school was to provide political strategies for the ruler of the country. Confucianism advocated the moralization of the people; Taoism advocated the rule by doing nothing; Legalism advocated the belief that rewards and punishments are necessary; Mohism advocated the principle of love and commonality; and the School of Names advocated the de-construction of the military. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and Naimism became extinct, Nongjia became an independent technical discipline, and Yin-Yangjia evolved into a mysterious art. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism and Law had an impact on the politics of the later great unified dynasties. Many of the ideas of the Hundred Schools of Thought have left deep insights for future generations. For example, Confucianism's "benevolent government", "do not do unto others as you would not have them do unto you", "the way of forgiveness"; Mencius's ancient democratic thinking; Taoism's dialectics; Mohism's scientific thinking; Legalism's materialistic thinking; military thinking of the School of War and so on. The ancient democratic thinking of Mencius, the dialectics of Taoism, the scientific thinking of Mohism, the materialistic thinking of Legalism, and the military thinking of the School of War are still shining brightly today. Even the famous "sophists" created the field of logic in the history of Chinese philosophy. We can and should learn from the robust and promising spirit of Confucianism to inspire ourselves to strive for strength; learn from the Confucian spirit of public loyalty to the country to cultivate our patriotic sentiments; learn from the Confucian spirit of "righteousness to control profit" to enlighten ourselves on the correct treatment of material interests; learn from the Confucian spirit of love and benevolence to cultivate our noble sentiments of love for the people; learn from the Confucian concept of righteousness to cultivate our independent personalities of self-respect and self-improvement; and also learn from the Mozi's concept of "self-respect and self-improvement" to cultivate our independent personalities. The Confucian concept of moral integrity to cultivate their self-respect, self-reliance and independent personality; also borrowed from the Mohist "love", "Shangxian", "use sparingly"; Taoist "less selfishness, less desire", "Taoist law of nature"; Legalism "abolition of the private and public", and so on.