Feudal mode of production in the feudal period of western Europe

During the feudal period in western Europe, influenced by the German invasion, the productivity once declined. Europe began to use blocky ironmaking a long time ago, but the invention of pig iron and cast iron was late, which limited the popularization of iron tools. From 10 to 1 1 century, the social productivity in western Europe has been significantly improved. Large-scale immigration and large-scale development of forests and wasteland have increased the area of cultivated land. The three-nursery farming method, which began in Caroline dynasty, was gradually popularized, which could increase the yield per unit area and become a great creation in medieval Europe. Iron tools are gradually widely used in agriculture. Plowing instead of hoeing, two cows' wheelless plows and many cows' wheeled plows were used. The plow wall was recorded in 1 1 century. After13rd century, horses gradually replaced cattle, which improved the farming efficiency. /kloc-after the 0/3rd century, the variety of horticulture has increased, and the cultivation of vineyards has also developed. Animal husbandry in Europe has always been relatively developed. At first it was mainly cattle, but later it became more and more popular with horses and sheep. Since14th century, the sheep industry has developed vigorously and planted grass artificially.

In the early feudal society of western Europe, a large number of cities were destroyed in the war, which led to the stagnation of rural areas and handicrafts. 12 ~ 13 century later, cities reappeared due to the development of commerce and guild handicrafts. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, the mining industry and iron smelting industry developed significantly, and pig iron and wrought iron were refined. Since then, western Europe has made rapid progress in the utilization of machinery. /kloc-in the 0/5th century, various machine tools have been used, water power and wind power have developed greatly, and the workshop handicraft industry has flourished. With the development of commodity economy and world market, western Europe gradually changed into a capitalist mode of production in the 16 ~ 17 century. China is still in a feudal society. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the production tools have not been significantly improved, and the production technology lags behind Europe. However, social productive forces have developed to some extent. Especially in agriculture, intensive small-scale peasant management has reached the high level of traditional agriculture, multiple cropping has been promoted, and the yield per mu is higher than that in Song Dynasty. Handicrafts have also developed, and capitalism has sprouted.