Red Cliff customs, stories, songs, tunes ...... What are the

Diet and clothing

[Diet]:

Staple food: the county's staple food is mainly rice, when there is a shortage, supplemented by sweet potatoes, barley, broad beans, green beans, peas, rice and so on. Southern mountainous areas by the sweet potato as the main food, customary potato made of potato silk ring chopped into potato diced dried and stored, eaten for many years. In the Suiyang area, the masses have the habit of eating boiled grain and rice, the grain will be boiled and dried and pounded rice to cook rice, children eat easy to digest, rice foam, there are now fewer of these practices.

Wine and food: traditionally used to drink rice brewed soju, rural areas more than glutinous rice brewed into sweet wine, then add soju, pressed together, known as rice wine, used to treat guests. City dwellers are accustomed to drinking exotic bottled wines, such as Daqu, Xiaoqu, Baijiu, sorghum, beer, wine and champagne. White wine processed from rice in rural small workshops is inexpensive, calm and popular among farmers, and is customarily called "Nongjiale". Gifts to friends and relatives are still bottles of wine as a tribute. People's life in this county, has always been frugal, usually meals, usually 3-5 bowls of home dishes, less meat, guests are added 1, 2 meat dishes; annual festival, rural areas have the habit of killing pigs, bacon and salmon is the traditional dishes of the urban and rural people, such as guests are generally based on meat and fish, celebrations, weddings and funerals, most of the feasts have meat cake, egg rolls, fish blanch, meatballs, etc. on the table. In recent years, banquets for guests, dishes more and more elaborate style, from 10 bowls to 12 bowls, 14 bowls, the whole chicken full bladder; later from the big plate in the bowl, to more than 10 and even more than 20 small dishes and bowls, a wide range of styles, to name a few.

Smoke and tea: the old hospitality are water pipe, dry smoke; now hospitality are cigarettes, the quality of low-grade to high-grade. The county is historically a tea producer, most of the rural areas are accustomed to drinking self-planting and homemade old coarse tea, townspeople like to use jasmine and hair sprinkle tea. The hand-processed imitation Longjing has become a good hospitality product. Traditional teas such as pepper tea, green bean tea, frozen rice tea, sesame soybean tea, etc. are still prevalent in the southern mountainous areas.

[Clothing] the county crowd dress, traditionally simple, in the past, except for the rich family with damask, Luo, silk, forging for clothing, generally to the soil cloth for material. Farmland self-produced cotton, wooden looms. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, changed to use "material cloth", card machine and other fine cotton fabrics and silk and wool fabrics for clothing, chemical fiber cloth after the introduction of the basic replacement of cotton fabrics. Woolen fabrics are more common. Clothing styles, before the founding of the country, both men and women are lapel coat, pants, rich women are wearing cheongsam; after the founding of the country, men generally wear orchid, gray or green mountains, military uniforms, youth uniforms, elderly women in rural areas are still lapel coat, pants are mainly urban and rural young women are wearing youth uniforms. In recent years, clothing styles have been renovated, including down jackets, acrylic shirts, suits, Hong Kong shirts, butterfly shirts, etc. Young women tend to wear various styles of clothing in summer. Young women often wear various skirts in summer. Men's and women's clothing with the change of the trend of modernization style more and more novel.

[shoes, socks and hats] Before the founding of the PRC, men and women in both urban and rural areas wore round cloth, long cotton socks or white cloth socks, men wore melon-skin hats, and women, except for the elderly, wore a lei cap or back to the velvet cap, there is no customary hat, and men, women and children wore clogs on rainy days, and oiled nails shoes. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the variety of shoes increased, in addition to the round mouth cloth shoes, there are liberation shoes, shoes, sneakers, sandals, leather shoes, in recent years, more women wear high-rooted shoes. Rainy days, men and women in urban and rural areas wear lightweight or half-cylinder rubber shoes, Ji short nylon elastic socks, young women and the rise of stockings. Most of the men's liberation cap, workers cap, pattern is relatively small.

[Hair accessories]

Hair style: before the founding of the country, babies more than save the halogen hitch, boys stored flat top head, the girl tied a short braid, adult men mostly shaved head or save the split head, unmarried women tied a single braid, married pulling the hair in a bun. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, more men save parted head, long hair, young women tied double braids, middle-aged women in sports short, older women with short hair, between the use of hairpins, pulling the bun is rarely seen. In recent years, young and middle-aged women permed hair has become a trend.

Jewelry: Before the founding of the PRC, women in urban and rural areas wore ornaments such as hairpins, earrings, rings, bracelets, etc., and children wore collars and locks. The quality of jewelry, depending on the wealth of the family, gold, silver, copper are available. After the founding of the country, these ornaments are rarely seen. In recent years, young women wearing earrings, rings, necklaces, bracelets gradually more up, the quality of 24K gold, 12K gold or gold-plated several kinds.

[Residential] In the past, urban and rural housing are brick and wood structure, rich households for the green brick house, followed by mud brick house. Brick houses are generally three two or five two, there are even three, four, even large villages and even large households have five heavy hall, seven heavy hall, most of the poor people for the mud brick grass houses. After the founding of the country, the construction of housing is generally more small red brick and wooden structure, family environment is better, most of the brick and wood with reinforced concrete, generally three or five a heavy building or bungalow. With the building, some with reinforced concrete to make the floor, some sawn wood into a board for the floor.

[Furniture] In the past, the mass of furniture equipment, generally for the Baxian table, master chair, large cabinets, close the door of the bed, spring and autumn table and other wooden furniture, style old and ancient. Now the masses use furniture gradually to modernization, high-grade development. Town tables, chairs, beds, cabinets, fashionable (Shanghai) style, Canton (East) style and combination of furniture, the average family has a sofa, spring and autumn chairs, black-and-white television sets, recorders, living well with washing machines, color television sets, refrigerators, recorders, large stereos and other electrical equipment. Peasant family furniture and equipment, but also gradually in the transfer to the middle and high grade. Joyous celebrations and funerals

[Marriage]

Engagement: In the olden days, it was commonly known as "hair geng", "hair eight". Generally after the birth of a child with the order of parents, matchmakers, enter into a marriage contract. Men and women will be born in the year, month, day, time, to dry (*** eight words) written in the "book of geng" on a two-part, each holding a paper as a basis for mutual exchange. "Pressing Gengshu" tokens, the male side of the hairpin, earrings and other jewelry, the female side of the embroidery to give. Real households, engagement tokens by the more expensive, poor families are general tokens, to express their feelings. In the old days, there were some vices in some places in this county on marriage, such as "storing child brides", "early marriage", "holding a daughter-in-law, etc.", "snatching a bride "and so on. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, marriage was gradually arranged, and young people of both sexes fell in love freely and registered their marriages with government departments. Receive a marriage license.

Marriage: the male party said to marry, the female party said to marry the girl. In the old days, choose an auspicious day, three days before the wedding, the male party to the female side to send a "side of the pig altar wine," known as the solution to the gift; to meet the wedding day by the male side to carry the sedan chair, beating the gongs and drums to the women's word to welcome the wedding. Newlyweds (bride and groom) into the room first drink "cup wine", and then by the male side of the closest and dearest to the most respected women (mother-in-law or sister-in-law) development of rice foam, sweets, sugar tea; and then the newcomers both "worship", first worship ancestors, and then worship weng aunts, and then worship uncles, uncles, elder brother, sister-in-law, as well as the respected relatives; elders; elder brother and sister-in-law, and the elderly, and the elderly, and the elderly, and the elderly. Elders, by the guest phase one by one called out the name of the salute, where the salute, are required to take out the "worship tea money". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, most young men and women in rural and urban areas are free to love. Marriage is generally selected on a double day or eight days, the abolition of the flower bridge, the distance with a car to meet and send, the road is close to meet and send on foot, the man to go a few lines of young men to the woman's home to meet the bride, the woman by 7-9 young women to send off the bride (even the bride within the even number). Hold a civilized wedding, not worship, only bowing, but also to the relatives of the elders, the elders of the tea, who receive tea, but also must give the bride to the "tea money, how much at will. Bride into the house, must be a woman with two children for the "hold pro mother", accompanied by the new wedding.

During the Republic of China, the wedding dress groom according to the Qing Dynasty style, wearing robes, coats, wearing a melon hat or hat, inserted on the red pom-poms; the bride is according to the Ming Dynasty attire, wearing a phoenix crown, wearing Xia Phi. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the newlyweds are wearing fashion, in recent years, most of the suit for the wedding dress.

Newlywed night, urban and rural areas have the custom of the bridal chamber, commonly known as the "three days do not distinguish between the size of the", elders and juniors, all together, noisy laughter, that the more lively city hair, has been late into the night. At the same time in the new room, friends and relatives to tea tray Sheng jujube, peanuts, cinnamon, melon seeds to the new corridor, the bride to spread, and sing the spread of the tent song, in order to take the "early birth" of the meaning of the child. The third day after the wedding, the couple went to the woman's home to save the family, known as "back to the door", to go when the woman in front, back when the man in front, must go the same day, the same day back. In the past, the return door small sedan chair, now walking or car.

In the past, urban and rural roe deer used to take the milk or, marriage means adult, do "adult", must cancel the milk name, change to adult name or take the word. This will be in the "back to the door" of the night, held a "He No." ceremony, written by friends and relatives with a red card on the groom's name, beating gongs and drums, firecrackers to the door. From then on, others can no longer call the groom's breast name, the groom's family will host a feast for friends and relatives. At this point, the entire marriage ceremony is complete.

[Birth]

The Annunciation: After the baby is born, the father of the child brings a pot of wine and a chicken (a rooster for a male and a hen for a female) to the baby's grandmother's house to announce the good news, and the grandmother's house returns a chicken (a rooster for a male and a hen for a female) and brings back the clothes and diapers that the grandmother has prepared for the baby.

Doing nine Chao: counting from the day the baby was born, the ninth day for the baby to do nine Chao, friends and relatives come to "see the mother of the month", the gift of noodles, sugar, fabrics and other nutrients, the old method of delivery, many babies born with tetanus (also known as umbilical cord wind), generally in the birth of a day seizure, a very high mortality rate, the eighth day does not show that the child is considered to be a good idea. The eighth day does not show that the child counted "off", so do nine Chao, to celebrate.

Full moon will be: the baby was born one month, feast relatives and friends, generally do nine Chao will no longer do full moon will be. New friends "to see the mother of the month" should be selected in the morning, the afternoon to see the mother of the month is not welcomed by the host. Old habits, the mother of the month can not "see the mother of the month", pregnant women can not enter the mother of the month room, the mother of the month (scraping the fetus, induced abortion or miscarriage) are self-taught not to enter the family of others. After the baby is born, the fetus should be thrown into the pond with a jar or buried at the crossroads.

Week-old: When a child reaches the age of one, the parents invite their friends and relatives to eat mochi. At this time, the child's milk teeth have been aligned, it is believed that eating mochi will make the teeth more and more firmly. When friends and relatives left, the host gave each person a piece of mochi to take with them, called "distraction".

[Shouqing] aged 60 years old and above, generally every year to do birthday, do 60 birthday. Some people's children have long been a family, even if more than 40 years old, daughter and son-in-law also want to parents, father-in-law birthday wishes. Birthday gift general face, canned food, eggs, birthday cake, some also send birthday plaque.

[Funeral]

Sitting night: Where the old father and mother died, the family must ask the singer several people in the night before the funeral singing "sitting night song", accompanied by the dead. The content sung is mainly "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Zhendong", "Zhenxi", "said Tang" and other folk singing book in some storylines, the song is poignant and moving to inspire the deceased's children and grandchildren sentimental. Some singers high level, according to the life of the deceased, now sung, singers and each other question and answer competition.

Funeral: traditional customs, the use of coffins, coffins made of cedar or plant wood. Mourners generally use 16 people, the name is eight lift eight side. On the first day, a good grave is dug by the bereaved husband, and when the funeral is held, the daughter-in-law wears mourning clothes and the son-in-law carries the spirit card with him (the southwestern and northeastern parts of Puqi are accustomed to carrying the spirit card by the son). The children and grandchildren wear mourning clothes, drag long pieces of cloth, and hold funeral sticks to send them to the funeral. It is customary that the mourners are not sent to the graveyard, and in the middle of the journey, they beat the gong to return to the spirit, remove the mourning clothes and go into the house, and the coffin is carried to the graveyard by the mourners, and the grave is built in the well. In the cemetery, the funeral home to send a meal to the bereaved husband to eat, such as passers-by or go to the cemetery to see the fun people have a share of the name of eating: "children and grandchildren rice". In the old days wearing mourning, are made of white cloth mourning clothes, now generally with black cloth hand allowance, some with white cloth wrapped sleeves, to show filial piety, and some use white towels instead. 1976 around the time of the promotion of cremation, due to the customary forces of the folk hindered the implementation of only a very short period of time, and now in addition to the staff of the state organs, most of the restoration of the coffin burial. In the past, the death of old parents, filial sons and daughters of forty-nine days can not cut their hair, called "storage seven", seven seven full, the cremation of the spirit, called "going to the spirit".

The dead coffin clothes, in the Republic of China, are from the Qing Dynasty habits, male uniforms Ming Dynasty clothes, wearing a Confucian scarf, wearing a round neck and big sleeves long clothes, waist ribbon, foot with double beam shoes; women by the living in the style of clothing. In recent years, the dead dress, generally in the world according to human attire into the coffin.

The city's old funeral customs there are many, such as the dead "open road", "super", please "Mr. Yin Yang" to see the day, choose a cemetery, set the direction of the mountain and died in a foreign country. The body is not allowed to enter the house, etc.

(4)

(4) production and life

[Farming customs] After the Spring Festival, the new busy season is coming, the first day of the first month to start farming, the morning to drink work wine, eat work rice. After the first month of the fifteenth, only to concentrate on agricultural work, so there is a "eat the moon half of the poop, each planting crops," the saying.

Sericulture: on the morning of the first day of the first month of the mulberry tree branches hanging red sacrifice mulberry God, the night of the first month of the fifteenth to meet the purple nun to divine sericulture and account for the agricultural affairs.

Pluming: when planting rice seedlings, playing drums and singing planting songs, with lyrics such as "planting ah, planting fast, bacon fried leeks" and so on. The first day of planting is called "open rice-planting door", open rice-planting door, some also firecrackers. Slow rice-planting does not take the initiative to ease the position of the back can be closed in front of the "cage", known as the "drop cage three rake wide". Cultivate the field on the shore on this day, the group will be surrounded by the master, to the master of the body covered with mud, called "paste barn", the communization period, paste production team leader around a person.

Planting sesame seeds: planting sesame seeds is prohibited to wear shorts, to wear long shirts and pants, shoes and socks, that is not so sesame pole under a large section of the corner.

Seed beans: spring before and after he planted soybeans, head to wear a scarf or straw hat, that is not so beans light pole without pods. All kinds of melon: folklore, women squatting planting melon melon more, men planting melon melon melon less, men chipping bamboo chips to the soil under the tip (prick) on a few knives, it is said that you can also be more melon.

Hoeing: Proverbs have "(rice) grain gripping three times pig without chaff. Cotton hoe seven times fly the Yangtze River", and there is a hoe under the gold out of the saying.

Repair water conservancy: fall and winter folk repair water conservancy, ram ram to sing ram ram song, so a force.

To things accounted for the year: after the spring string of countryside sellers, the first to see the sale of straw raincoat bucket, its year of rain; the first to see the sale of chicken hoods, its year of drought; the first to see the sale of rice-planting horse, the year of the year, a good rice-planting early.

Listen to the thunder accounted for the year: folk spring is to listen to the sound of association accounted for the year. Thunder is loud and bright, then the year is good, muffled Concord is not auspicious, and then look at the thunder before or after the hibernation, folk proverb "thunder before the hibernation, the top of the mountain is also for the field".

Look at the fish accounted for the year: spring water hair, see what kind of fish on the water, crucian carp on the water in good years, catfish on the water on the big day dry.

Eyes on the rain accounted for the year: folk to the lunar calendar May 26 accounted for the year. There is a proverb that says: "There is a harvest or not, see May 26, big eyes big harvest (sky harvest), big rain big ripe; half yin and half yang, slurry washing clothes; hemp strewn rain, sell children sell children; (rain), rapeseed wheat a not pole."

Look at the locusts to occupy the year: locusts bite the thigh flooding, locusts bite the back of the foot drought.

Chopping plum tree: New Year's Eve night, the plum pair cut a knife, the next year more results.

[Animal husbandry practices]

Cattle: cattle for the farmers, commonly known as the "long-tailed master". The calf was born, the owner to help its worship four sides; New Year's Eve, Spring Festival night cattle pen lights, the first day of the first month of the cattle out of the pen, to set off firecrackers, so-called "cattle travel".

Pig: farmers avoid raising five-clawed pig. Catch piglets first look at the feet of the birth of a few claws; happy black pig; flower pig forehead a little white, called "open eye", so that the pig is good to feed, grow fast; piglets caught back to cut off the tail hair, said that the pig does not get sick.

Chicken: the first day of the first month of the chicken cage with red paper, written on the "six animals thrive". Before hatching chickens, eggs first with a gourd ladle, and then put into the chicken nest, said that this hatch more hens, will lay eggs. Also said on the eggs of the hen, the night on the eggs of the rooster, the rooster can only stay 1, can not stay 3 years.

Raising dogs: puppies to steal, newborn puppies can not let it eat enough, or easy to bloat and die.

Raise cats: Jealous of cats a fetus birth multiple children, as the saying goes: a dragon, two tigers, three cats, four rats. Born more than four kittens useless, will not catch mice, kittens were born to avoid the rat people to see, said the rat people look at the old cat will eat kittens.

Avoid burning fruit and wood: folk taboo burning tung, peach, plum and other fruit trees, said the burning of such fruit trees will die cat.

[Fishing and hunting mountain logging]

Sacrifice to the water god: the first of the year to choose an auspicious day to go down to the lake, the lake before burning firecrackers incense and candles, sacrifices to the water god.

The wooden drums: fishermen netting, the fishing boats are divided in all directions, beat the wooden drums, drive fish into the net.

Women don't stand on the bow: In the old days, fishermen didn't allow women to stand on the bow, so women could only stand on the back of the boat and row.

Eat fish do not turn the edge: boat family taboo language sails (over), to say pont, and avoid saying sinking, splashing, pouring, falling into the water and other words and their homophones.

Hunting: when hunting, the gunman cloth around the mountain, the crowd with a stick from the mountain to the four sides of the drive yells, hunted beasts, the crowd has a share, the shooter got the head of the beast, get more.

Burning charcoal: into the mountains to burn charcoal to see the day, after burning a good seal fire, out of the charcoal still to see the day.

[Building Customs]

Building: the county urban and rural housing, especially in rural areas, from the site selection orientation, clear the base of the foot, all the way to the completion of the house, according to the countryside folk customs. In the past, the selection of site orientation, are invited "Mr. Yin Yang" with a compass measurement. After the founding of the country, there is no Mr. Yin Yang, by the main family to choose their own site. Build a house must choose "no obstruction in front of the back have to rely on, the seat of the north to the south, the terrain is high" place. Clear the base of the foot, set up the gate are moved to the double or eight days, and to the bricklayer to seal "Li Shi" (tips). When the top of the gate is closed, 6 or 8 metal coins are placed on it, which is called "sealing the gate of wealth. To complete the "mountain tip", the bricklayer is invited to eat mochi, known as "ba tip", meaning that the more "ba" the stronger. The completion of the house, "on the beam" is the last process, the beam should be sent by the master uncle, and to "steal", can not land, from felling, processing, handling, storage to the beam, all to chair and stool cushion. On the day of the beam, the host feast, meet friends and relatives good dragon, banging gongs and drums, firecrackers, red and colorful will be lifted to the beam, noon (12:00 noon) by the brick mason will be the beam "fall position", and firecrackers, read the toast, sprinkle candy. To this point, the building project is fully completed.

Bridge: build stone bridge last stone together, such as that is to hear what creatures screaming immediately close, so-called Guanshen. [Other customs]

Haircut: Hairdressing stretcher hanging scraper cloth, originating in the early Qing Dynasty, white cloth, written on it: leave the head not to leave hair, leave hair not to leave the head. Baby haircut with a roll on the head, the same village children to share. Young men to marry at night, the second child to hold the lamp.

Shop opening: firecrackers, treats, posting couplets.

The traveling merchant: The traveling merchant travels from village to village, shaking the drum of the merchant and sometimes whistling to solicit customers.

[Customs]

Go to the banquet sitting, round table is generally not divided into up and down the left and right, if it is a square old, by the more elaborate. A single table, in front of the door for the upper seat, the left big right small, the upper seat opposite seat, is also the left big right small, the two countries, four seats for the accompanying seat, generally do not distinguish between the size. Setting the table, a table in the center, two tables, two tables, three tables, three tables, four tables, four tables, four tables, five tables, five tables, six tables, six tables, six tables, six tables, six tables, non-word seat. If there are only six people at the banquet, they cannot sit opposite each other, but must sit openly, which is considered a "turtle seat". Before eating, chopsticks cannot be placed on the rice bowl or inserted into the rice, which is considered to be "calling the dead" (honoring the dead). When pouring wine, the wine pot should not block the line of sight of the guests, generally from the side of the guests pouring wine, and "wine should be full of pouring, tea should be shallow," the custom.

If you are sick and borrow a pot of medicine from your neighbor, you can't take the initiative to return it to them after use, but you can take it yourself when you need it. The first thing you need to do is to take the medicine for the patient and not stop at someone else's house in the middle of the day.

When you carry a sick person to the hospital, your feet are in front and your head is behind you; only when you carry a dead body, your head is in front.

Religion

Religion into the county has a long history, as early as the Tang Dynasty that is a Buddhist temple, a little later there is Taoism, Christianity, Catholicism, Islam. Religious groups are more common, the county Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, churches as many as 163. Republic of China is the year, the Catholic Church in the county set up a central diocese, the management of Puqi, Chongyang, Tongcheng, Jiayu 4 counties teaching, with foreign priests preside over the work, the power is very strong. During the "Cultural Revolution", the "Four Olds" (old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits) were swept away, and all kinds of religions stopped their activities. 1978 onwards, there was a gradual rise in the mass religious beliefs.

(a) Buddhism

Ming Hongwu 15 years (1382), the county has a monks will be Division, the monks for Bitan. Qing Kangxi nine years (1670), the monk official for Xu Mingchang. There are 122 Buddhist temples (temples and nunneries) in the county, all over the urban and rural areas.

Throughout the ages, prominent officials and eunuchs of Buddha, such as Rashi Yuan Zhaowen, handwritten golden words of the Diamond Sutra, Euphrasia Szeto, Wei Zhi Zhi Zhi said to return to his work, the day and the monks said Raozhou Rashi Song Bingrong back to the county to build the Luofeng Temple in the flowers of red mountain, scholar Ma Shibichang study the heart of the interpretation of the classics, lectures in the Xuefeng Temple, called himself a monk of the Snowy Peaks. The masses believe in Buddhism is more common, the temple incense, with the sun on the mountain with the sun nunnery, every year towards the mountain incense in addition to the county, there are a lot of outsiders. Most of the county's Buddhist temples built in the Tang Dynasty, Song and Yuan and flourished in the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty when the temple repair more, less created. Later, due to the war, the temples were mostly destroyed, and the remaining ones were converted into schools or used for other purposes after the founding of the country. Throughout the ages, the larger and famous temples are:

Yanshou Temple: in the city stacked Xiushan, Tang Yongzhen Yuan (805) monk Wei Gong founded, tomorrow seven years of the Kai (1627) Wei said in the temple built a collection of sutra cabinet, the collection of 677 volumes. Qing Shunzhi eleven years (1654) there is a hole in the Zongmu monk performance in the temple. Kangxi nine years (1670), the whole county people collect money to repair, Jiaqing county governor Zheng Jia Ping and repair, after attached to the school of righteousness. Xianfeng two years the Taiping army soldiers destroyed.

Phoenix Temple: Phoenix Mountain, also known as the Fawu Temple, Tang Guangde two years (764) are peak monks built, Ming Hongwu early Hanyuyan remodeling.

Snow Peak Temple: in the Snow Peak Temple, Tang Xiantong two years (861