History of the Yuan Dynasty, summary of the history of the Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) was a unified empire established by the Mongols in Chinese history, with its capital in Dadu (today's Beijing).

In 1260, Kublai Khan ascended the throne and established the "Central Unification" of the Yuan Dynasty. In 1271, Kublai Khan took the meaning of "Great Qianyuan" from the "Book of Changes" and changed the country's name to "Dayuan", and successively eliminated the Jin Dynasty, Xixia, Dali and other regimes. In 1276, Lin'an was captured and the Southern Song Dynasty fell. In 1279, after the Yashan naval battle, the remaining forces of the Southern Song Dynasty were eliminated and China was completely unified, ending the split since the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.

The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was unprecedentedly vast, reaching the North Sea in the north and the Sea of ??Japan in the east. Inspection departments were set up in the Penghu Islands. The Yuan Dynasty implemented a one-province system, with a Zhongshu Province in the center, which controlled the Prime Minister Hepingzhang to handle government affairs. The provincial system was implemented in local areas, which was the first of its kind in China. The commodity economy and overseas trade were more prosperous, but its overall productivity was not as good as that of the Song Dynasty. During this period, cultural forms such as Yuan Opera and Sanqu appeared.

After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, it continued to expand externally, but suffered repeated defeats when it went to sea to conquer Japan and Southeast Asian countries, including the defeat in the Yuan-Japanese War. In the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the throne changed frequently, and politics was never on the right track. The economy developed somewhat but failed to return to the level of the Song Dynasty. In the later period, the rule was corrupt, the prime minister's autocratic power led to frequent civil strife, and ethnic conflicts deepened, leading to large-scale peasant uprisings.

In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang led the peasant army to capture Nanjing, and then the Northern Expedition occupied most of the capital, and the Yuan Dynasty fell. After that, the Yuan Dynasty regime retreated to Mobei, which was known as "Northern Yuan" in history. In 1402, the Yuan minister Guilichi usurped power and established the country of "Tatar", and the Northern Yuan Dynasty was destroyed.

Summary of the history of the Yuan Dynasty

The full name of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) is Dayuan or Mongolian Yuan. It is the first unified ethnic minority in Chinese history. dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was founded in 1271 by Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Its predecessor was the Great Mongolia established by Genghis Khan.

In 1206, Genghis Khan unified the tribes in Mobei and established the Great Mongolian Kingdom on the Onan River (Onen River). At that time, the suzerain state of Mongolia was the Jin Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty and Xixia were in decline. Mongolia successively attacked Xixia and Jin Dynasty, and destroyed Xixia and Jin Dynasty in 1227 and 1234 respectively, completely occupying North China. In the west, Mongolia launched three western expeditions, allowing the Mongols to dominate the Eurasian continent. After Emperor Xianzong of the Yuan Dynasty, Meng Ge, died in the conquest of the Song Dynasty in 1259, Kublai Khan, the fourth brother who owned the Han territory, and Ali Buge, the seventh brother, who was supported by the Mongolian nobles in Mobei, fought for the throne of Khan. Finally, in 1264, Kublai Khan Kublai Khan won. Kublai Khan changed the name of the country to Dayuan in 1271 and established the Yuan Dynasty, which was the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty. This war caused the four great Mongolian khanates to break away from the Great Khan Kublai Khan. It was not until the Chengzong period of the Yuan Dynasty that Emperor Yuan was recognized as the Great Khan. In 1276, the Yuan Dynasty conquered the Southern Song Dynasty and conquered all of China, causing China to fall under the rule of aliens. The period between Yuan Shizu and Yuan Wuzong was the heyday of the Yuan Dynasty. The northwest was pacified militarily, but it suffered repeated defeats in the conquest of Japan and Southeast Asian countries, including the defeat in the Yuan-Japanese War. In the mid-term, the throne changed frequently, and politics was never on track. In the late Yuan Dynasty, Huizong's neglect of political affairs, excessive issuance of paper money led to inflation, and increased corvee labor in order to control the overflowing Yellow River, which finally led to the civil uprising in 1351 at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. After Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty in 1368, he sent Xu Da on a northern expedition to capture Dadu (Beijing), the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty retreated to Mobei, which was known as the Northern Yuan Dynasty in history. In 1402, Yuan minister Guilichi usurped the throne and established the Tatar state, and the Northern Yuan Dynasty fell.

The Yuan Dynasty inherited the main territory of the Great Mongolia. After many expansions, it reached its maximum in 1311 during the reign of Emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty, extending to Turpan in the west, including Taiwan, Yunnan and northern Myanmar in the southwest, and reaching Dubo in the north. The south is bounded by the Beihai, the east of the Ob River, and the Sea of ??Japan in the east. History books say that "the east reaches the quicksands of the left and west extremes of Liao Dynasty, and the north crosses the Yinshan Mountains and the south crosses the sea surface. It was not as good as the Han and Tang Dynasties when they were at their peak." The Yuan Dynasty was the suzerain state of the four major khanates, including the Kipchak Khanate, the Chagatai Khanate, the Ogodei Khanate, and the Ilkhanate. Its vassal states covered Korea and Southeast Asian countries.

The economy is still dominated by agriculture. Due to the cruelty and exploitation of the Mongol rulers, the overall productivity of the Yuan Dynasty was lower than that of the Song Dynasty. However, in terms of production technology, cultivated land area, grain output, water conservancy construction, and extensive cotton cultivation, Great progress has been made in all aspects. The Mongols are nomadic people. During the steppe period, they mainly focused on animal husbandry. Their economy was simple and there was no land system. During the attack on North China, brutal massacres and looting caused great destruction. After the destruction of the Jin Dynasty, under the advice of Yelu Chucai, Genghis Khan agreed to revive agriculture and encourage Japanese reclamation in order to achieve long-term peace and stability. After Kublai Khan came to the throne, he implemented some measures to encourage production and appease the exiles. By the Yuan Dynasty, due to the continuous promotion of the cultivation of cash crop cotton, cotton textiles and cotton textiles were relatively prosperous in the Jiangnan area.

The Yuan Dynasty had a greater impact on Chinese traditional culture than on the social economy. Unlike other conquering dynasties that actively absorbed Chinese culture in order to improve their own culture, the Yuan Dynasty adopted both West Asian culture and Chinese culture, and promoted Mongol supremacy. For example, Tibetan Buddhism was strongly promoted, Semu people were widely used in politics, the status of Confucianism declined, and the imperial examination was not held for a long time in the early Yuan Dynasty. The decline of scholar-bureaucrat culture meant that the traditional social order of the Song Dynasty had collapsed. This caused the cultural status of scholar-bureaucrats to decline, and the culture of the common people belonging to the middle and lower classes to rise rapidly. In terms of politics, this phenomenon involves the re-employment of subordinate officials; in terms of art and literature, it involves the development of drama and performing arts for the common people, among which Yuan opera is the most prosperous.

List of emperors of the Yuan Dynasty

Introduction to the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty

· Introduction to Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty

Introduction to Genghis Khan (02-08)

·Introduction to Wokuotai, Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty

How did Wokuotai die? (02-08)

·Introduction to Yuan Dingzong Guiyou (02-08)

·Introduction to Queen Qinshu

Introduction to Queen Lost at Sea (02-08 )

·Introduction to Yuan Xianzong Meng Ge (02-08)

·Introduction to Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan (02-07)

·Yuan Chengzong Introduction to Tie Muer (02-07)

·Introduction to Yuan Wuzong (02-07)

·Introduction to Yuan Renzong (01-07)

·Yuan Introduction to Yingzong (01-07)

·Introduction to Emperor Ding of Yuan Tai (01-07)

·Introduction to Emperor Shun of Yuan Tian (01-07)

·Yuan Introduction to Wenzong (01-07)

·Introduction to Yuan Mingzong (12-06)

·Introduction to Yuan Ningzong (12-06)

·Yuan Shun Introduction to Emperors (12-06)

Statues of Emperors of the Yuan Dynasty

Yuan Taizu Yuan Taizong Yuan Dingzong Yuan Xianzong Meng Ge Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan Yuan Chengzong Yuan Wuzong Yuan Renzong Yuan Emperor Ying Zong Yuan Taiding Emperor Yuan Tianshun Emperor Yuan Wenzong Yuan Ming Zong Yuan Ning Zong Yuan Shun Emperor

History of the Yuan Dynasty