What are the intangible cultural heritages in China?

1, firing technology of Uygur molded pottery

The firing technology of Uygur molded pottery has a history of more than 2000 years. It rose with the opening of the Silk Road, during which it continued to develop and innovate and spread to this day. It was handed down by word of mouth, and there was no detailed written record.

At present, the Kuoziqiyarbixi residential area under the Gulzar community in Kashgar City is a place where people have been engaged in earthenware work for generations. The soil here is clay, which is an important raw material for making pottery. Pottery makers use this clay to make pottery. Without any processing or adding ingredients, they use water and clay to make utensils, then paint them in different colors and burn them into shiny and beautiful daily necessities.

Yingjisha County is also an important area for Uygur pottery making, and its products have been exported to all parts of southern Xinjiang for a long time. Its products are exquisite and simple in shape, with typical Uygur style. The pottery of Yengisar can be divided into plain pottery and glazed pottery, both of which are made of yellow mud. Plain pottery is fired directly, and glazed pottery is fired after glazing. Because there are different components in the glaze, such as aluminum, black iron slag, quartz stone and red soil, it has dark green, light green, brown, white, khaki, khaki and milky yellow after firing.

2. Yangzhou Pinghua

Yangzhou Pinghua is a folk art storytelling form performed in Yangzhou dialect, which is popular in northern Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, Nanjing and Shanghai. It rose in the early Qing Dynasty and soon formed a prosperous situation of "calligraphy in Sui and Tang Dynasties is everywhere, and heroes are on their own side". There are 10 books such as Three Kingdoms and Water Margin, and there are as many as 20 famous storytellers with stunts.

During the Qianlong period, some artists processed and enriched traditional programs according to their own life experiences, while others created new books. For example, Ye became a storyteller after repeated trials in Yangzhou. He wrote his own experience and anger into Yuechuan, saying that the performance of "Liu Zongjiao Yin" was "tear-jerking" and touching; According to his own life experience, Pu Lin compiled "Feng Men Ji", which created a group of people at the bottom of society, represented by Piwu and Chili, with far-reaching influence.

3. Historical legend

Xi is the first of the four beauties in ancient China and a symbol of beauty in China's traditional culture. Zhuji is the birthplace of historical legends and the ancient capital of Yue in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Legends about history came into being at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and originated from folk oral narration. The earliest written records can be found in Mozi and Mencius. From generation to generation, the scope is expanded and the content is rich.

The Legend of Xi Stone, with the battle of Wu Yue as the historical background, focuses on the legendary experience of Shi's life, and praises Shi from different angles, such as the legend of characters (such as Dong Shi Xiao Xiao), the legend of place names (such as White Fish Pond), the legend of products (such as the Eye of Torreya grandis) and the legend of customs (such as Sanjiang Water Lantern).

4. Kunqu opera

Kunqu Opera is one of the oldest existing operas in China, which originated in the Ming Dynasty (14-17th century). The singing of Kunqu Opera has a strong artistic quality, which has a great influence on all modern dramas in China, such as Sichuan Opera and Beijing Opera. Kunqu opera performance includes singing, reading, doing, playing and dancing, and it is also a basic subject for training Peking Opera actors.

Kunqu opera and its dramatic structure (Dan, Ugly, Sheng and other roles) are also used for reference by other operas. Peony Pavilion and Palace of Eternal Life have become traditional plays. Kunqu opera performances are accompanied by percussion instruments such as gongs, drums, strings and flutes, flutes, sheng and pipa. The dance movements of Kunqu Opera are mainly divided into two categories, which are rich in expressive force.

5. Liyuan Opera

Liyuan Opera originated in Quanzhou in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and together with the Southern Opera in Zhejiang, it is called the "Voice of Fujian and Zhejiang". It has a history of more than 800 years and is known as the "living fossil of ancient Southern Opera". Liyuan Opera is widely spread in Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Chaozhou, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asian countries.

Liyuan Opera retains many repertoires, aria and performance rules of Southern Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties. It is divided into three schools: Xiao Liyuan (Class 7) and Da Liyuan's On the Road and Going South. Each school has its own repertoire, called "Eighteen Pengtou", which retains 25 southern operas such as Zhu Wen, Liu, Cai Boyi and Wang Kui. Liyuan opera still exists on the stage, basically retaining the original ecological drama style.

References:

China Intangible Cultural Heritage Network-National Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Project