Briefly describe how China became a semi-colonial society in the late Qing Dynasty.

1In June of 840, Britain launched a war of aggression against China-the Opium War on the pretext of destroying opium in Humen. Since then, China has fallen into the abyss of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Since then, various capitalist powers have joined the ranks of invading and plundering China and launched a war of aggression against China. After the Second Opium War, the Sino-Japanese War and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, China finally became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

1. The signing of a series of unequal treaties such as the Opium War and the treaty of nanking marked China's entry into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

1794, the British East India Company started opium trade with China, and the opium imported into China increased day by day. Opium has flowed into China in large quantities, gradually becoming a drug that corrodes people's character, thoughts and lives, and has become an increasingly serious social problem. 1796, the Qing government ordered the cessation of opium tax and banned opium imports. Later, the import, trafficking, cultivation and smoking of opium were banned many times. Since then, opium trade has completely become an illegal activity, and opium has changed from open trade to large-scale smuggling. The British bourgeoisie and its government got a lot of China silver from opium trade. Although the Qing government repeatedly banned opium, the spread of tobacco poison increased day by day. By 1830 ~ 183 1, the number of opium smuggled into China had increased to 2 1849 boxes, 1836 ~ 1837 boxes and 68307 boxes. Chunqiu net

First of all, it has seriously damaged the physical and mental health of China people. According to 1835, there are more than 2 million opium addicts in China. Secondly, a large amount of silver flowed out of China, which made silver expensive and cheap, directly threatened the lives of working people, and also dried up the fiscal revenue of the Qing government, depressed all walks of life and depressed the market; Thirdly, the opium trade made the Qing dynasty's rule more declining, and the army became increasingly corrupt, which seriously affected the military strength of the Qing government. All these seriously endangered the rule of the Qing Dynasty and threatened the survival of the Chinese nation.

1838 12. Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty appointed Lin Zexu as an imperial envoy, in charge of the Guangdong Navy, and went to Guangdong to ban opium. 1From June 3 to 25, 839, Lin Zexu led local officials to destroy all the more than 20,000 boxes of opium seized from British and American opium dealers in Humentan and washed them into the sea. Humen's feat of destroying opium has dealt a powerful blow to the arrogance of foreign invaders, greatly inspired the fighting spirit of the people of China, safeguarded the dignity of the Chinese nation and inspired the national spirit. Chunqiu net

After the news of the destruction of opium in Humen reached London, the British government decided to open the door to China by force in the name of "protecting trade". 1in June, 840, George Elliott, commander-in-chief of the British invaders, led 4,000 British troops to the offshore of Guangdong, China, blocked the Pearl River Estuary and provoked the Opium War of aggression against China. The war went through three stages: the first stage, from the outbreak of the war in June 1840 to the end of 184 1 year, "Chuanbi Cao Yue". At the beginning of the war, the British army suffered repeated battles and defeats in the coastal areas of Guangdong and Guangxi, because Lin Zexu, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Deng Tingzhen, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, were heavily guarded. After the British invaded the north, they captured Dinghai, Zhejiang on July 5. In August, the British army went north, approaching Haikou, Tianjin. Later, Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen were dismissed by Daoguang for investigation due to the rise of Zhang Mu and Qishan, a compromise faction. Qishan went to Guangdong to take charge of the Sino-British negotiations, signed the Draft Agreement on Nose Penetration with Yifa without authorization, and secretly promised to cede Hong Kong, open Guangzhou and compensate cigarettes for 6 million yuan. On October 26th, 65438/KLOC-0, British troops forcibly occupied Hong Kong as an important base for their continued invasion of China.

The second stage, from 184 1 to 1, ended in May of the same year. 1 In late June, Daoguang felt that the compensation for ceding land was detrimental to the dignity of the Qing dynasty, so he declared war on Britain, appointed the imperial clan Yishan as the "counter-insurgency" general, led more than 10,000 people to fight in Guangdong, and "deposed and imprisoned" Qishan. In February, the British army attacked Humen, and Guan Tianpei led the troops to fight alone, making a heroic sacrifice and losing the fort. In May, British troops invaded Guangzhou. Because there was no serious arrangement for Yishan, there was a fierce battle for several days. The Qing army retreated to the city and sought surrender. Yishan and the British army concluded the Guangzhou Peace Treaty, stipulating that the Qing government would pay Guangzhou "city redemption fee" of 6 million yuan within 7 days and compensate the British Commercial Museum for the loss of 300,000 yuan. The Qing army retreated 60 miles outside Guangzhou, and after paying the ransom, the British army withdrew from Humen.

The third stage, from August 184 1 day to August 1842, treaty of nanking was signed. The British government was not satisfied with the benefits it had gained, and appointed Pudingcha instead of Yi Fa to further expand the war against China. 1 0 June1day, the British army once again captured Dinghai, Zhejiang. Ge, Zheng and Wang Xipeng, the general commanders of Dinghai, led the troops to fight bravely and sacrificed heroically, and all 5,000 soldiers sacrificed heroically. Then, the British captured Zhenjiang and Ningbo. 1June, 842, the British attacked the Yangtze River and Wusong Fort. Chen Huacheng, a 70-year-old veteran and prefect of Jiangnan, fought bravely against the enemy and sacrificed heroically. Finally, under the threat of British artillery fire, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking with the British plenipotentiary Pu Dingcha.

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Although some patriotic generals such as Lin Zexu and Guan Tianpei fought bravely against the enemy, the Opium War, which lasted for more than two years, ended in failure in the Qing Dynasty because of the corruption of the feudal system, the fatuity of the Qing government and the resulting backwardness of economy and technology, as well as the inferior military equipment and stagnation of military technology caused by the backwardness of economy and technology.

1842 On August 29th, representatives of Qing government, hometown association, Ileb and British representative Pu Dingcha signed the first unequal treaty in China's modern history-Sino-British treaty of nanking, which stipulated that China ceded Hong Kong to Britain. Compensation for Britain 2 million yuan; Open Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; China Customs has no right to determine the agreed tariffs and tax rates of import and export goods by itself, but must negotiate with Britain. 1843, China and Britain successively signed the Charter on Trade with Five Ports and the Humen Treaty as a supplement to the treaty of nanking. Through these two treaties, Britain gained consular jurisdiction. If there is a dispute between China people and British people, it should be decided by Britain according to laws and regulations, not by the laws of China. The tariff value is 100-50%, which stipulates that the tax rate of most British goods entering and leaving China Customs is 100-50%, while the inland passage tax is "still accepted and cannot be raised", thus fixing the tariff rate of China at the lowest level; One-sided MFN treatment, China "if there are new Enshi and other countries in the future, it should also be shared by the British to show tolerance", which has become an important means for countries to steal aggression privileges in the future; British warships can be stationed at five trading ports, which means that foreign warships threaten trading ports by force and damage China's territorial rights.

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After the signing of the treaty of nanking, invaders such as the United States and France followed one after another, seizing the opportunity to claim privileges. In July 1844 and October 10/0, they forced the Qing government to sign two unequal treaties, the Wang Xia Treaty between China and the United States and the Huangpu Treaty between China and France. They not only obtained all the privileges stipulated in the treaty of nanking, but also expanded the scope of American consular jurisdiction, which not only stipulated that Americans had the right to rent land to build houses, open hospitals, establish churches and carry out ideological and cultural aggression at five trading ports; On the other hand, France gained the privilege of preaching freely in trading ports. Since then, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Prussia and other countries have flocked to demand "* * * to share" the benefits of aggression. 1849, Portugal openly occupied Macao. The ancient gate of China was finally opened by the cannon and power of the capitalist powers.

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The signing of a series of unequal treaties such as the Opium War and treaty of nanking opened the door for capitalist countries to invade China. Since then, invaders from various countries have followed. It is the beginning of capitalist slavery in China and the historical turning point of China's feudal society gradually becoming a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Before the Opium War, China was an independent sovereign country. After the war, China's territorial sovereignty began to be destroyed by western capitalist invaders. Britain gained Hong Kong and Portugal occupied Macao. China's sovereignty in customs, justice and trade has also been severely trampled on, thus making China lose its independent status. In addition, foreign invaders took advantage of their seized privileges to set up concessions in Shanghai first and then at various trading ports, and implemented a colonial system completely independent of China's administrative system and legal system. Independent China began to gradually transform into semi-colonial China.

Before the Opium War, China was a feudal country with a dominant natural economy. After the war, foreign capitalism, by virtue of the privilege of unequal treaties, dumped a lot of goods and plundered raw materials in China. China gradually became the commodity market and raw material extraction place in the capitalist world, which played a huge role in decomposing the social economy of China. On the one hand, it destroyed the natural economic foundation of China's self-sufficiency, on the other hand, it stimulated the development of urban and rural commodity economy in China, thus making China gradually become a vassal of world capitalism.

With the invasion of foreign capitalist forces, the first batch of semi-colonial cities began to appear in the southeast coastal areas of China. Among the five trading ports, Shanghai has the fastest development, and it soon replaced Guangzhou as the center of China's foreign trade.

After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

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Second, the Second Opium War and the signing of a series of unequal treaties marked the deepening of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

After the treaty of nanking was signed, the British bourgeoisie thought that it could quickly open the China market and reap huge profits. However, since the five-port trade, many British goods have been unsalable in the China market, because the purchasing power of farmers in China is extremely low and opium is dumped in large quantities. The British bourgeoisie, on the other hand, blamed China for opening too few ports, so it decided to launch a new war of aggression against China, plundered the right to go further into the mainland, and gained new privileges such as opening up all China, reducing the tax rate in the mainland and legalizing the opium trade. In order to delay and save Britain's two economic crises and gain greater profits.

From 1856 to 1860, in order to further expand the rights and interests seized in the Opium War, the aggressors of Britain and France launched a new war of aggression under the guise of comprehensively "amending the treaty". This war is the continuation and expansion of the first opium war, which is called the second opium war in history.

1856, 10 year1On October 23rd, the British invaders flagrantly launched a war of aggression against China under the pretext of "Yarrow Incident". 1857, French troops invaded China in alliance with British troops under the pretext of Father Ma's incident. /kloc-at the end of 0/857, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou, captured Ye, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, who won't fight, discuss, defend, die, fall or leave, and then went north along the coast. In May of the following year, the British and French allied forces captured Dagukou and invaded Tianjin. In June, the Qing government sent personnel to Tianjin to negotiate and was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Russia, the United States, Britain and France. The treaty stipulates that the foreign minister will be stationed in Beijing; Open ten trading ports including Niuzhuang (later changed to Yingkou), Dengzhou (later changed to Yantai), Tainan, Danshui, Chaozhou (later changed to Shantou), Qiongzhou, Nanjing, Jiujiang, Zhenjiang and Hankou; Foreigners can enter the mainland for tourism and trade; Foreign warships and merchant ships have the right to sail into the Yangtze River and various trading ports; Amend the tariff and reduce the tonnage tax of merchant ships; Compensation for Britain's four million and two thousand, compensation for France's two million and two thousand; And legalize the opium trade in the affiliated areas.

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After the Tianjin Treaty was signed, the British and French invaders were still not satisfied and went to war again in the spring of 1860. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/0, the invading army burned and looted all the way, broke into Beijing and set fire to Yuanmingyuan. Emperor Xianfeng, who fled to Jehol, sent Yi (Xin) as the representative to preside over the peace talks and signed the Beijing Treaty with Britain and France. The treaty stipulates that the Tianjin Treaty will come into full force, Tianjin will be opened as a commercial port, Kowloon Division will allocate it to Britain, and the British and French military expenses will be 8 million and 2 million respectively. 165438+ 10, the British and French allied forces withdrew from Beijing, and the Second Opium War ended.

Russian invaders used the Second Opium War to embezzle a large area of land in China. 1858 in may, the Russian invaders forced Yishan, the general of Heilongjiang province in Qing dynasty, to sign the Aihui Treaty, and forcibly occupied 600,000 square kilometers of China territory north of Heilongjiang province and south of Xing 'an Mountains. 1860, 165438+ 10. In October, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty and forcibly ceded 400,000 square kilometers of China territory east of the Wusuli River to Russia. 1864 10, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Northwest Border Agreement between China and Russia, and forcibly occupied more than 440,000 square kilometers of territory in the west of China, east and south of Balkhash Lake.

After the Second Opium War, the sacred territory of China was occupied and its territorial sovereignty was ravaged unprecedentedly. Capitalist invaders seized privileges, such as opening more trading ports and inland navigation rights and reducing tariffs. The forces of aggression spread to the northern coastal areas and inland areas. These ports not only became economic strongholds for foreign powers to invade China, but also became military strongholds and bridgeheads for western powers to invade China because foreign warships "have the right" to sail into the Yangtze River and trading ports. China's sovereignty was further destroyed and trampled by western powers, which accelerated the semi-colonization of China's social economy. Missionaries went deep into the mainland to "preach freely", which deepened the imperialist aggression against China. Many missionaries interfered in local politics in China, occupied private fields, collected information, fostered parishioners and oppressed the people. After the war, the opium trade was legalized, and the harm of tobacco poison was deeper; The Beijing Treaty opened Tianjin, the gateway of Beijing and the largest industrial and commercial city in the north, as a commercial port, making it actually a stronghold for western capitalist aggression and plunder of North China's economy, which is conducive to western powers' military and political control of Beijing; Ambassadors stationed in Beijing directly intervened in China's politics, which facilitated the control and influence of the great powers on the Qing government. After the Second Opium War, the Qing government began to take refuge in foreign invaders, and Chinese and foreign reactionary forces openly colluded to suppress the revolutionary activities of the people of China. They became increasingly close in the process of suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. After the failure of the Taiping Revolution, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces further colluded to establish a semi-colonial rule order in China. The collusion between Chinese and foreign reactionary forces accelerated the semi-colonial process of China society. In order to meet the requirements of the semi-colonial situation, the Qing government added new ruling institutions: one is the Prime Minister's Office and the other is the State Administration of Taxation. The establishment of these two institutions marked the beginning of the semi-colonization of the ruling institutions in Qing Dynasty.

The Second Opium War had a very bad influence on China, and China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society deepened.

Third, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the signing of treaty of shimonoseki marked the great deepening of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

19 after the 1970s, western capitalist countries began to transition from free capitalism to imperialism. During this period, western powers stepped up their competition for markets, raw materials producing areas and colonies, and China and its far eastern neighbors became their main targets. They gradually encroached on the mainland from China's neighboring countries, and the capitalist countries' aggression against China entered a new historical stage.

In the mid-1970s, 19, Britain invaded Tibet. 1In September, 876, the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign the Yantai Treaty under the pretext of the "Ma Jiali Incident", and the British army gradually invaded Tibet. /kloc-In the late 9th century, Britain and Russia fought fiercely in Xinjiang. 1883, France started the Sino-French war. Due to the compromise and surrender of the Qing government, although China won a great victory in the south of the town, the Sino-French war still ended in "France was invincible and China was defeated". 1In June, 885, Li Hongzhang signed the Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin with French Minister Bardino in Tianjin, and the forces of French aggression extended to Yunnan and Guangxi, which greatly deepened the crisis in China's southwest frontier.

After Meiji Restoration, Japan quickly embarked on the militaristic road of external expansion and formulated a "mainland policy" aimed at plundering North Korea and China. From 65438 to the early 1970s, the United States began to support and instigate the Japanese invasion of Taiwan Province Province. When Japan invaded Taiwan Province Province, it also invaded Korea. 1In the spring of 894, a large-scale peasant uprising led by Dongxue Party broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government repeatedly failed to suppress it, requesting the Qing government to send troops. The Japanese government decided to use this incident to invade North Korea and attack China. In June, Japan sent troops to North Korea in the name of protecting Japanese overseas Chinese and embassies, deliberately provoking war, which was explosive. On July 25th, Japan started the Sino-Japanese War. After the war, Li Hongzhang insisted on the policy of avoiding war and keeping a low profile, which put the Qing army in a passive position. At the beginning of September, Japanese soldiers marched into Pyongyang in four ways, and Ye Zhichao, commander of the Qing army, ran away from the battle and Pyongyang fell. 17, Japanese troops attacked beiyang fleet led by Qing prefect Ding in the Yellow Sea. The two sides fought fiercely for five hours, losing money to each other. Deng Shichang, who was in charge of the Qing navy, died in battle, and beiyang fleet's Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Chaoyong, Yangwei and Guang Jia sank, resulting in numerous ships and heavy casualties. Li Hongzhang ordered beiyang fleet to retreat to Ahava base. The Japanese army occupied the whole territory of Korea and mastered the sea control rights in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, so they pushed China to the country by land and sea. 1895 65438+ 10, the Japanese army formed the Shandong combat army and attacked Ahava by land and water. Ding and other soldiers persisted in fighting when they were caught between Scylla and Charybdis, and Ding finally committed suicide. On February 12, the Japanese army entered Liu Gongdao and beiyang fleet was wiped out. Because Li Hongzhang and Empress Dowager Cixi always insisted on the traitorous policy of begging imperialism for "mediation" and compromise with China, Japanese soldiers and civilians fought bravely, but they still suffered heavy losses, and the Sino-Japanese War ended in China's defeat. Chunqiu net

1In April, 895, Li Hongzhang and Japanese representative Ito Bowen signed the treaty of shimonoseki, stipulating that the Qing government recognized Japan's control over North Korea; China ceded Liaodong Peninsula, the whole island of Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan (under the interference of Russia, France and Germany, 1895, 1654381October, Japan asked China for 30 million taels of silver as "Liao redemption fee", and China paid "Liao redemption fee". Compensation for Japanese military spending of 220 million silver; Open Chongqing, Shashi, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, and Japanese ships can sail along inland rivers, and set up consulates; The Japanese can set up factories in China's trading port cities at will, and the products are exempt from all kinds of miscellaneous taxes, only paying import goods tax, and they can set up warehouses in the mainland; The treaty also stipulates that the Japanese army will temporarily occupy Ahava, and Japan will not withdraw its troops until the reparations are paid and the trade and navigation treaties are approved and exchanged. Chunqiu net

Treaty of shimonoseki made the Japanese cut off China, Taiwan Province Province and other large territories, further undermining the territorial sovereignty of China. This was a very serious Japanese plunder of China's territory after czarist Russia, which directly contributed to the ambition of the great powers to carve up China's territory. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialist powers scrambled to carve up their "spheres of influence" in China, and China faced the crisis of being carved up. The treaty allows Japanese to invest and set up factories in China, while other powers invoke the one-sided MFN clause of "sharing all benefits" to compete for capital export to China. Since then, the great powers have set up factories in China on the basis of the treaty, further plundering China's raw materials and using cheap labor, which has dealt a heavy blow to China's national capitalist industry and directly hindered the development of China's social production. The huge indemnity aggravated the financial and economic crisis of the Qing government and increased the burden on the people of China. 220 million compensation and 320 million "Liao ransom" are equivalent to three times the annual income of the Qing government. The Qing government was unable to repay it, so it had to rely on foreign debts. The foreign powers controlled the economic lifeline of China through loans. Treaty of shimonoseki also set a bad precedent for the powers to extort huge reparations; China's reparations for ceding land accelerated Japan's transformation to militarism. Japanese militarists used this huge indemnity to invest in heavy industry, especially the rapid development of military industry, which strengthened their military strength of outward expansion and aggression, and Japan gradually became one of the most important countries that invaded China.

Treaty of shimonoseki is the most serious traitorous treaty since treaty of nanking. The signing of it has brought the foreign capitalist aggression against China into a new historical period, made China face an unprecedented serious national crisis, greatly accelerated the process of semi-colonization of China, and made the national crisis in China worse than ever.

Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China and the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" marked that China was completely plunged into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialist powers rushed to slaughter China, which set off a frenzy of dividing spheres of influence in China. Russia, Britain, Germany, France and Japan seized various privileges in China.

During this period, imperialist countries set up factories and robbed mines in China, which became the main way and means to export capital to China. At the same time, the commodity exports of big countries to China continued to grow. The influx of foreign capital and commodities has severely hit China's national industry. The imperialist powers gradually controlled and monopolized the financial and economic lifeline of China by investing in factories, seizing railways, mines and other capital output, deepened the semi-colonization of China society, aggravated the national crisis and greatly stimulated people from all walks of life in China. They strongly demand to set up factories to save themselves, advocate setting up their own railway factories and mines, and "boycott foreign businessmen and foreign factories." Chunqiu net

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Imperialism exported a large amount of capital to China, which deepened the semi-colonization of China society, but objectively stimulated the development of Chinese national capitalism, and the ranks of China national bourgeoisie also grew. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, bourgeois reformism changed from a social trend of thought to a bourgeois reform movement that demanded learning from western capitalism, reform and reform, and taking the road of western capitalism. 1898, 1 1 In June, Emperor Guangxu issued the imperial edict of "Ding Mingshi Kingdom" according to the reform proposal put forward by Kang Youwei, the leader of the bourgeois reformists, and announced the reform, which was the Reform Movement of 1898. *** 103 day, September 2 1 day, the new law was abolished by empress dowager cixi, and the political reform movement was declared a complete failure.

When the bourgeois reformists set off a reform movement in society, the working people and some gentry, mainly farmers, launched a wide-ranging struggle against aggression, carve-up and foreign religions at the bottom of society. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, these extensive and scattered patriotic national salvation movements quickly formed a thrilling boxer anti-imperialist patriotic movement. 1900, the anti-imperialist patriotic movement swept through Beijing and Tianjin like a storm, sweeping across the country. The Boxer held high the banner of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries", which seriously threatened the imperialist interests of aggression in China. In April, Britain, the United States, Germany and France sent a note to the Prime Minister's yamen, ordering the Qing government to "annihilate" the Boxer Rebellion within two months, otherwise it would send land and sea troops to "annihilate".

In June 1900, 10, Britain, the United States, France, Russia, Japan, Germany, Italy and Austria (Austria-Hungary) formed Eight-Nation Alliance, with more than 2 100 people. Under the leadership of British Admiral Seymour, Tianjin invaded Beijing and formally provoked Eight-Nation Alliance to invade China on a large scale. /kloc-in June, 2006, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagukou Fort, and the Boxer Rebellion in the suburbs of Tianjin entered the city to cooperate with the Qing army, which started a bitter battle to defend Tianjin. On June 2 1 day, the Qing government declared war on Eight-Nation Alliance, determined to "fight it out" with foreigners. Cixi was impassioned in the declaration of war, but in fact she just wanted to "live". A few days after the declaration of war, the Qing government sent a telegram to the diplomatic envoys abroad, asking for understanding and promising to "try its best to punish the Boxer Rebellion itself". In order to achieve the purpose of begging for surrender, the Qing government headed by Cixi sold out the Boxer Rebellion in exchange for the understanding of imperialism in order to maintain its shaky dominance. When the Boxer Rebellion fought to the death with the invading army in the siege of Xishiku Church in Beijing and the defense of Tianjin, Song Qing, the new vice minister of Beiyang, ordered the Qing army to attack and annihilate the Boxer Rebellion. The corruption and incompetence of the Qing government and the reactionary policy of compromise and surrender made the war situation worse and worse. On August 4th, after Eight-Nation Alliance captured Tianjin, he assembled 20,000 troops to invade Beijing along the Canal. /kloc-in August of 0/4, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, divided his forces and attacked, burning and looting, turning many places between Beijing and Tianjin into rubble fields. When Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing, some patriotic Qing troops and Boxers fought fierce street battles with the allied forces. In the defence of Beijing, * * * killed more than 400 invading troops, and * * killed more than 400 Qing troops 10. Chunqiu net

190/kloc-0 On September 7th, 2000, the Qing government signed the Treaty of Mourning Ugliness with eleven countries including the United States, Russia, France, Japan, Britain, Germany, Italy, Austria, Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands, stipulating that the Qing government would compensate 452 million yuan for silver, which would be paid off in 39 years with an annual interest of 4%. Set up an embassy community in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing, where the state can station troops, and China people are not allowed to live in the community; To dismantle the Dagu Fort and other forts along the Beijing-Dagu Railway, China troops should not be stationed within 20 miles around Tianjin, while foreign troops are allowed to be stationed at Shanhaiguan, Qinhuangdao, Changli, Luanzhou, Tangshan, Lutai, Tanggu, Junliangcheng, Tianjin, Yangcun, Langfang and Huangcun 12 strategic locations along the Beijing-Jingyu Railway. Imperialism also banned the import of weapons and raw materials for weapons into China within two years. China people are forbidden to form or join any anti-imperialist organization forever, and offenders will be put to death. Provincial officials must protect the safety of foreigners, otherwise the official will be removed from his post and will never be used; Punish the "guilty minister", remove Wang Zaiyi from his post, exile Xinjiang, Zhuang Zaixun, Zuo Duyingnian, minister of military aircraft and minister of punishments all committed suicide, and * * * executed more than 0/00 large and small officials/kloc; In places where the invaders were "abused" and "killed", "the civil and military examinations were stopped for five years"; Change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "before the six ministries", and designate the royal family as the foreign minister to handle foreign affairs; The Qing government sent the king to Germany and Japan to "apologize", and erected a monument at the place where German minister Keander and Japanese embassy secretary Katsuyama Yoshihama were killed, and erected a monument for the graves of destroyed foreigners, "to show the meaning of cleansing and insulting the snow".

The Ugly Appreciation Treaty is an unequal treaty with unprecedented humiliation in China's modern history. This is another extremely heavy yoke imposed by imperialism on the people of China, which has had a very serious impact on the development of modern China society. Through this treaty, the imperialists severely controlled and blackmailed China from the political, economic and military aspects, and completely lost China's sovereignty.

First of all, it has brought great economic disaster to the people of China and accelerated the poverty and socio-economic depression of the people of China. Imperialism extorts and pays huge reparations. According to the population of China at that time, each person got an average of one or two taels of silver, which was equivalent to the total revenue of the Qing government 12 years. This is the largest indemnity in China's history, and it is an unprecedented large-scale extortion of China by imperialism. This indemnity was secured by customs duties, salt taxes and regular tariffs, which made China's customs duties, regular tariffs and salt taxes all controlled by imperialism. The Qing government had almost no financial resources except land tax, which aggravated the exploitation of the people, plunged the working people into the abyss of suffering, brought the social economy to the brink of collapse, and never paid off the foreign debt. China completely lost its economic independence and became a vassal of the western economy.

Secondly, imperialism further controlled China politically and deepened its oppression and rule over the people of China. Although the Xin Chou Treaty does not stipulate the terms of ceding territory and opening trading ports, it stipulates that imperialist countries can set up military strongholds and occupied areas in China, which shows the new changes and features of the imperialist powers' invasion of China. Through the "Xin Chou Treaty", imperialism further controlled China's military, and the establishment of the embassy circle became China's "country within a country". The presence of foreign troops in the embassy district of Beijing enabled the diplomatic missions of various countries backed by force to directly control the Qing government anytime and anywhere. Batteries in Beijing and Dagu were demolished, and countries stationed troops in Shanhaiguan from Beijing, which made the Qing government completely under imperialist military control, and foreign troops could directly send troops to suppress the anti-imperialist movement of the people of China at any time, which seriously undermined China's sovereignty integrity and national defense security. In addition, many important political measures of the Qing government must obey the instructions of imperialism. Imperialism can hold officials hostage and punish them. It can instruct the Qing government to ban people in China from organizing anti-imperialist struggle groups, and it can instruct the Qing government to ban national liberation movements and people's revolutionary movements in China. Officials at all levels of the Qing government spared no effort to suppress the people's anti-imperialist movement. They completely became accomplices and running dogs of imperialism, and imperialism became the emperor's father above the Qing Dynasty.

Third, the Qing government at this time had completely surrendered to imperialism. Prior to this, there were both collusion and contradiction between the rulers of the Qing Dynasty and imperialism, and they were often in a state of harmony but difference. After the Boxer Rebellion broke out, the imperialist powers were shocked by the inestimable "national spirit" of the China people, realized that "divide and rule" was the worst policy, and decided to continue to implement the policy of "controlling China with China" and continue to use the Qing government as a tool for their aggression against China. It is precisely because of this that when the imperialist countries put forward the terms of the Xin Chou Treaty, despite extremely harsh blackmail, they were extremely tolerant of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty and continued to let Cixi maintain this "cowardly government", so that Cixi was grateful to the invaders and said that she would "measure China's material resources and win the favor of the country". From the initial combination of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces after the Second Opium War to the complete combination of Chinese and foreign reactionaries after the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", the Qing Dynasty became a "foreigner's court", and the Qing government completely became a tool for imperialism to rule China.

The signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" marked that China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.