What are the methods of tendering?

Article 10 of the Bidding Law provides that bidding is divided into open bidding and invitational bidding. Open tendering, means that the bidder invites unspecified legal persons or other organizations to bid by means of a tender notice. Invitation to tender, refers to the bidder to invite specific legal persons or other organizations to bid in the form of invitation to tender. From the situation of countries around the world, tendering mainly have open tendering and inviting tenders. Open bidding, is the bidder in the designated newspaper, electronic network or other media, bidding announcement, to attract a large number of business units to participate in the bidding competition, the bidder to select the winning unit from the bidding method. Invitation to tender, also known as selective bidding, by the bidder according to the supplier, contracting credentials and performance, select a certain number of legal persons or other organizations (generally can not be less than 3), to issue an invitation to tender to invite them to participate in the bidding competition. The difference between this way mainly lies in: (1) the release of information in different ways. Open tendering is issued in the form of a public notice, and invitations to tender are issued in the form of an invitation to tender. (2) The scope of selection is different. Open tendering due to the use of the form of bidding announcement, for all potential interest in the tender project of legal persons or other organizations, the bidder does not know in advance the number of bidders; Invitation to tender for legal persons or other organizations that already know, and in advance already know the number of bidders. (3) The scope of competition is different. Due to the public tender so that all eligible legal persons or other organizations have the opportunity to participate in the tender, the scope of competition is wider, competitive embodiment is also relatively full, the bidder has absolute choice, easy to get the best bidding effect; Invitation to tender in the number of bidders is limited, the scope of competition is limited, the bidder has a relatively small choice, it is possible to improve the contract price of the winning bid, there is a possibility that the contract price, will be smaller. , it is possible to increase the contract price of the winning bid, there is also the possibility of certain technically or offer more competitive suppliers or contractors left out. (4) The degree of publicity is different. In open tendering, all activities must be strictly in accordance with the pre-specified and for all of the civil procedure standards in public, greatly reducing the possibility of cheating; In contrast, the degree of openness of invitational tendering is inferior, the opportunity to produce wrongdoing is also a little more. (5) time and cost is different. Because the invitation to bidding does not issue announcements, bidding documents are only sent to a few, so that the whole bidding time is greatly shortened, the bidding cost is also reduced accordingly. Open tendering program comparison, from the release of the announcement, the bidders to respond, bid evaluation, to the signing of the contract, there are many time requirements, to prepare a lot of documents, and therefore more time-consuming, the cost is also relatively high. It can be seen that the two modes of tendering have their own merits and a comparison from different perspectives will lead to different conclusions. In practice, the practice of States or international organizations is not consistent. Some of them have not given any inclination, but have given the discretionary power to the bidders to adopt the open or invitational mode on their own according to the characteristics of the project, as long as they do not violate the legal provisions and maximize openness, fairness and justice. For example, the EU Procurement Directive stipulates that if the amount of procurement reaches the statutory tendering limit, the purchasing unit has the right to choose freely between open and invited tendering. In fact, invitation to tender is widely used in EU countries. The World Trade Organization *** Procurement Agreement also takes a non-committal view of the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods. However, the WB Procurement Guidelines identify international competitive bidding (open tendering) as the method that best fulfils the requirements of economy and efficiency of funds, and require borrowers to use it as the most basic procurement method. Other methods should only be used if international competitive bidding is not the most economical and efficient.

What are the forms of bidding

What are the bidding methods currently used in our country Mainly public tenders, invitations to tender, for other special cases such as those involving military, state secrets can be directly negotiated and so on. I do engineering bidding

What kinds of bidding methods

(1) bidding methods according to the degree of open competition, bidding is divided into open bidding and inviting bidding in two ways. 1) open bidding. Belongs to the unrestricted competitive bidding, which is a full embodiment of the openness of the bidding information, bidding process standardization, bidding competition fairness, greatly reducing the possibility of crosstalk, praise and other improper transactions, the most in line with the bidding bidding superiority and inferiority and the principle of the three principles of bidding, commonly used procurement methods. 2) Invitation to tender. Limited competitive bidding, also known as selective bidding. Invitation to tender is applicable to the project because it involves national security, state secrets, commercial secrets, construction period or goods supply cycle is urgent, subject to the natural geographical environment, only a small number of potential bidders to choose from, and other conditions can not be open tendering, or subject to the technical complexity of the project and the special requirements of the limitations, and has been clearly known in advance that only a small number of potential bidders can respond to the bidding of the project, or Projects for which the bidding items are small and the bidding cost of adopting open bidding is too large in proportion to the value of the bidding items. Tendering can be divided according to the place of origin of the subject matter into: domestic tendering, including domestic open tendering and domestic invitational tendering; and international tendering, including international open tendering and international invitational tendering. The preparation of international tendering documents shall follow international trade standards and practices. (2) methods and means of solicitation 1) two-stage bidding. Applicable to some technical design solutions or technical requirements are uncertain or some technical standards, specifications are difficult to describe the bidding project to determine. The first stage of bidding, from the bidding program preferred technical design solutions, unified technical standards, specifications and requirements; the second stage in accordance with the unified determination of the design program or technical standards, the organization of the project final bidding and bidding offer. 2) framework agreement bidding. Suitable for repeated use of specifications, models, technical standards and requirements of the same goods or services, especially suitable for a bidder subordinate to a number of implementation of the main body of the project using centralized and unified bidding. Bidders through the tender for goods or services to form a unified procurement framework agreement, generally only agreed on the unit price of the procurement, rather than agreeing on the subject matter of the number and total price, the implementation of the main body of the procurement in accordance with the procurement framework agreement with the successful bidder to sign and fulfill the procurement contract in batches agreement. 3) electronic tendering. Compared with paper bidding, will greatly improve the efficiency of bidding and tendering, in line with the requirements of energy saving and emission reduction, reduce the bidding and tendering costs, effectively implement the principle of three public, is conducive to the breakthrough of the traditional bidding and tendering organization and implementation and management mode, promote the reform and improvement of the bidding and tendering supervision methods, regulate the order of bidding and tendering, and prevent and manage the phenomenon of corrupt transactions.

Which types of bidding bidding?

Answer: Bidding is divided into two major types, one is *** procurement bidding, refers to the state organs at all levels, institutions and organizations, the use of financial funds to purchase the centralized purchasing directory formulated in accordance with the law, or the procurement of goods, works and services above the limit standard, the other type of procurement bidding for other types of investment. *** Procurement bidding is regulated by the *** Procurement Law, according to the provisions of Article 26 of the *** Procurement Law, *** Procurement bidding methods are: (a) open tendering; (b) invitations to bidding; (c) competitive negotiation; (d) single-source procurement; (e) request for quotations; (f) the State Council *** Procurement Supervision and Administration Department identified as other procurement methods. Other investment types of procurement bidding subject to the scope of the "Bidding Law" regulation, according to the "Bidding Law," Article 10, the bidding is divided into open bidding and invitational bidding. So the requirements for tendering methods are different for tenders of different natures. *** Procurement bidding can have six bidding methods, non- *** Procurement bidding only two bidding methods. Recommended: the judicial examination: the criminal lawsuit to comply with the principles of legal procedure judicial examination "line of appeal" high frequency points key law analysis of the national judicial examination paper two points in civil litigation in the proof of the judicial examination must be examined: the ten basic principles of criminal procedure law more content into: boutique learning network judicial examination channel 2012 judicial examination online practice test

There are several ways to invite tenders, and what is the difference?

From the situation of countries around the world, tendering mainly has two ways of open tendering and invitation to tender. Open tendering, is the bidder in the designated newspaper, electronic network or other media to publish a tender notice, to attract a large number of bidders to participate in the bidding competition, the bidder from which the bidding method of selecting the winning unit on the basis of merit. Invitational tendering, also known as selective tendering, consists of the bidder selecting a certain number of legal persons or other organizations (not less than three) on the basis of the creditworthiness and performance of the suppliers or contractors, issuing invitations to tender and inviting them to participate in the bidding competition. The difference between these two ways mainly lies in: (1) the way of releasing information is different. Open tendering is issued in the form of a public notice, while invitational tendering is issued in the form of an invitation to tender. (2) The scope of selection is different. Open tendering due to the use of the form of bidding announcement, for all potential interest in the tender project of legal persons or other organizations, the bidder does not know in advance the number of bidders; Invitation to tender for legal persons or other organizations that have been informed, and in advance already know the number of bidders. (3) The scope of competition is different. Due to the public tender so that all eligible legal persons or other organizations have the opportunity to participate in the tender, the scope of competition is wider, the competitive embodiment of the fuller, the bidder has the absolute choice, easy to get the best bidding effect; Invitation to tender in the number of bidders is limited, the scope of competition is limited, the bidder has the choice of a relatively small, it may increase the contract price of the winning bid, there is a possibility of certain suppliers or contractors that are more competitive technically or in terms of price quoted are omitted. (4) The degree of publicity is different. In open tendering, all activities must be carried out in public in strict accordance with pre-specified and known to all procedures and standards, greatly reducing the possibility of cheating; in contrast, the degree of openness of invitational tendering is inferior, and there are more opportunities for wrongdoing. (5) Time and cost are different. Because the invitation to bidding does not issue a notice, the bidding documents are only sent to a few, so that the whole bidding time is greatly shortened, the bidding cost is also reduced accordingly. Open tendering procedures are more complex, from the release of the announcement, the bidders to respond, bid evaluation, to the signing of the contract, there are many time requirements, to prepare many documents, and therefore more time-consuming and costly.

What kinds of bidding methods

The production of tenders 1, Q: What does the user's request for proposals generally include? A: The standard domestic competitive bidding format is based on the World Bank loan project model of the Chinese version of its basic structure is fixed: ◆ Bidding instructions ◆ Qualifications of bidders ◆ Bidding documents ◆ Bidding documents ◆ Evaluation of bids ◆ Award of the contract ◆ Contract terms However, in some local projects, the contents of the bidding request only contains some of the contents of the model, but which the instructions for bidding, bidding documents, the terms of the contract are ◆ Contract terms. Q: What are the contents of the bidding instructions? A: Instructions for bidding are to inform the bidders about the business considerations of bidding and to make the bidders clearly understand the considerations of bidding. The instructions for bidding contain the following contents: name of the project, name of the user, number of bids, address of the bidding, closing date of the bidding, bid security, validity period of the bidding, and considerations for evaluating the bids. 3, Q: What aspects of the qualifications of the bidders are stipulated? A: Generally there are specific requirements for company size, performance and vendor credentials, and vendors who cannot meet them are considered ineligible to bid. In some bidding projects, good qualifications of the bidders will play a plus role in the evaluation of the bids. 4. Q: In the bidding documents, what are required? A: These include bidding instructions, contract terms, technical specifications, etc., the formal tender will require the tender of the technical specifications of the requirements of the article-by-article response, as well as some of the explanations and clarifications of the bidding project, all of which should be read in detail and respond to the content of the article by article, because the user's needs are fully reflected in the tender, whether or not you can really grasp the user's needs to understand the tender is the most direct way. The bid is the most direct way. 5. Q: What are the requirements of the users for the tender? A: ◆ Specific provisions on the composition of the tender documents: the content of the composition ◆ Preparation of the tender documents: the format and order ◆ Format of the tender offer: the format of the offer form ◆ Presentation of the tender documents: the presentation format, the sealing form ◆ The cost of the tender documents: the content of the cost sharing ◆ Clarification of the tender documents: the form of exchange on the clarification of the content of the clarification ◆ Tender securities: the amount and form 6. Q: What is the description of the tender in the RFP on the evaluation? Q: What is included in the description of bid evaluation in the RFP? A: Tender evaluation basis: explaining the basic principles for evaluating tenders; Tender evaluation team composition: forming the personnel of the tender evaluation team, generally including representatives of users, representatives of the bidding company, expert representatives, etc.; clarification of the tenderer: explanation on the conditions for winning the tender, generally stating that there is no commitment to win the tender at the lowest price, and there is no obligation to explain the reasons for the non-winning of the tender. Evaluation factors: a statement of the key factors affecting the outcome of the evaluation of the tender, such as price, service, quality, etc., so that the tender can respond in detail in these areas in order to meet the user's needs. 7. Q: What are the considerations for the bidder and the successful bidder when awarding a contract? A: How to send the notification of the successful bidder The entry into force of the contract The right to change the quantity of the contract The right to reject the bid The right to increase the option of ordering Q: What aspects of the content of the contract terms need to pay attention to? A: Delivery time Payment method Delivery, transportation and acceptance Service Warranty Technical support 9. Q: What is a bid bond and how does it work? A: Purpose: In order to ensure the effectiveness of bidding, the bidding party in the bidding to collect the credibility of each bidder to ensure that the bidding, while preventing unilateral withdrawal of the bid after the bid Form: cash checks or bank-issued bid bond Amount: 2% of the total price of the bid Submission: issued at the same time when bidding, or else the bid is considered null and void 10, Q: What is the general requirements for bidding sealing? A: Bid price and bid bond are sealed separately, the seal should be stamped with a valid seal; the original and copy of the bid are sealed separately and sealed in the bid Seal the name of the project, the bidder and so on individually. 11、 When doing the bidding project, what are the time control points? How to master? Answer: ◆ Issue/sell tender time: the user officially notifies the start of the sale of tenders to the deadline for bidding can be purchased before the date of the tender, and only the company that has purchased the tender to participate in the bidding qualification. ◆ Bidding deadline: submit bids before the specified time, late will be rejected, this is the basic rules of the bidding game, the deadline for formal bidding projects is very serious. ◆ Bid opening time: the bid mentioned in the public singing time, usually in the official cut-off ...... >>

What are the bidding methods?

According to Article 10 of the Bidding Law, bidding is divided into open bidding and invitational bidding. Open tendering, means that the bidder invites unspecified legal persons or other organizations to tender by means of a tender notice. Invitation to tender means that the bidder invites specific legal persons or other organizations to tender by means of an invitation to tender.　　(1) Tendering methods 1) Open tendering, i.e. the tendering method in which the bidder, in accordance with legal procedures, publishes a tender notice in a designated newspaper, electronic network and other media, publicizes the requirements of its tender project to the society, attracts a large number of potential bidders to take part in the bidding competition, and the bidder selects the winner from among them according to the pre-specified procedures and methods on a merit basis.　　(2) Invitation to tender, that is, the bidder through the market investigation, according to the contractor or supplier's creditworthiness, performance and other conditions, select a certain number of legal persons or other organizations (can not be less than three), to send out the invitation to tender to invite them to participate in the bidding competition, the bidder in accordance with the pre-specified procedures and methods from which the bidder selects the winner on the basis of merit.　　(2) Invitation to tender conditions and approval requirements According to the bidding law, article 11, the state council development planning department to determine the national key projects and provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central people's *** determined by the local key projects are not suitable for public bidding, by the development planning department of the state council or the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central people's *** approval, you can invite bidding. This provision indicates that the key projects should be open bidding, not suitable for public bidding, with the approval of the invitation to tender.　　1) Invitation to tender conditions. According to the "Regulations for the Implementation of the Bidding Law," Article 8, state-owned funds in a controlling or dominant position in the project must be tendered by law, should be open tender; but one of the following circumstances, you can invite bidding: ① technically complex, special requirements or by the natural environment, there are only a small number of potential bidders to choose from; ② the use of open bidding method of the cost of the project contract amount of the proportion of the project is too large.　　2) Approval and authorization of invitation to tender.　　① Engineering and construction projects. According to Article 11 of the Bidding and Tendering Law, the use of invitational bidding for key national projects determined by the Development and Reform Commission of the State Council shall be approved by the National Development and Reform Commission; the use of invitational bidding for key local projects determined by the people of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall be approved by the people of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government ***. In addition, in accordance with the "bidding law implementation regulations" article 7, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state need to fulfill the project approval, approval procedures of the project must be bidding, the use of invitation to tender, shall be reported to the project approval, approval department for approval, approval. The project examination and approval department shall promptly inform the relevant administrative supervision department; Article 8 of the Regulations for the Implementation of the Bidding Law stipulates that whether a project with state-owned funds in a controlling or dominant position, which is required by law to carry out bidding, complies with the above two conditions for invitational bidding shall be determined by the project examination and approval department when examining and approving the project; and whether other projects comply with the second condition for invitational bidding, i.e., whether the use of open bidding is in compliance with the above two conditions. The way the cost of the project contract amount accounted for a large proportion of the determination, the bidder shall apply for the relevant administrative supervision department to make a determination.　　② electromechanical products international bidding projects. In accordance with the "Measures for the Implementation of International Tenders for Electromechanical Products," the project using the invitation to tender, should be filed with the Ministry of Commerce.　　③ *** Procurement projects.

What are the methods of bidding and tendering for construction projects?

Public bidding, invitational bidding

According to the "Provisions on the Scope and Scale Standards of Bidding for Engineering Construction Projects (State Development Planning Commission Decree No. 3)":

"Article 7 All types of engineering construction projects within the scope of the provisions of Article 2 to Article 6 of these Provisions, including the project's survey, design, construction, supervision and important equipment, materials, materials and materials relating to the Procurement of important equipment, materials, etc. related to the construction of the project must be tendered if it meets one of the following criteria:

(1) Where the estimated price of a single contract for construction is more than RMB 2 million;

(2) Where the estimated price of a single contract for the procurement of goods such as important equipment, materials, etc. is more than RMB 1 million;

(3) Where the procurement of services such as surveying, designing, supervising (C) the survey, design, supervision and other services procurement, a single contract estimate of 500,000 yuan or more;

(D) a single contract estimate is lower than the standards set out in (a), (b), (c), but the total project investment of 30 million yuan or more.

Article 8 The survey and design of the construction project, the use of specific patented or proprietary technology, or its architectural art modeling has special requirements, approved by the competent department of the project, may not be subject to bidding."

Does not belong to the scope of the above must be tendered, or belongs to the scope of the bidding may not be carried out, do not need to carry out bidding.

2, according to "construction projects construction bidding (State Development Planning Commission, Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Information Industry, Ministry of Water Resources, General Administration of Civil Aviation Decree No. 30)" stipulates that: "Article XI of the State Council's development planning department to determine the national key construction projects and provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central People's * * * determine the local key construction projects, as well as all of the project authorities. Local key construction projects, as well as all the use of state-owned capital investment or state-owned capital investment in a controlling or dominant position in the construction projects, shall be open tender; one of the following circumstances, with the approval of the invitation to tender:

(a) the project is technically complex or special requirements, only a small number of potential bidders to choose from;

(b) subject to the natural territorial (B) by the natural geographical and environmental constraints;

(C) related to national security, state secrets or disaster relief, suitable for bidding but not suitable for public tender;

(D) the cost of the proposed public tender and the value of the project compared to the value of the project, it is not worth it;

(E) laws and regulations provide that it is not suitable for public tender.

Invitation to tender for national key construction projects, shall be approved by the State Council Development Planning Department; local key construction projects, invitation to tender shall be approved by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central People's ***.

Invitation to tender for construction projects that use all state-owned capital investment or state-owned capital investment in a controlling or dominant position and require approval shall be approved by the project approval department; however, if the project approval department only approves the establishment of the project, the approval shall be given by the relevant administrative supervisory department."

Meet the above conditions can be invited to tender, not open tender.