Become sworn brothers and sisters

Calling each other brothers is also called sworn brothers, Kim and sworn brothers. "Jin Lan" comes from the Book of Changes, which means that both sides have the same mind. This relationship is also referred to as the friendship between Jin's friends and relatives.

The custom of taking an oath has a long history in China. Feng Zhi's Yunxian Miscellaneous Notes in the Tang Dynasty recorded that every time a person named Dai made a close friend, he would write his name on a thin bamboo slip, burn incense to tell his ancestors, and call it a "book". The book is a pledge of becoming sworn, also called a post, so becoming sworn is also called exchanging posts. Lu Wu in the Song Dynasty's Peaceful Magnolia mentioned that it is good for Zhang Wen and Zhuge Liang to become Jin Lan.

Some friends of the same age found that they shared the same interests and appreciated each other, hoping to further become brother and sister, and they became sworn brothers. Some only children are eager to have brothers and sisters, or some people don't have a brother and sister of their own, or are alienated from their brothers and sisters, and they will also become sworn friends and establish brotherly relations. Some people will recognize the children of their biological parents as brothers and sisters. Some parents will recognize brothers and sisters for their only children, let them have playmates of similar age, learn what brotherhood is, learn the traditional virtue of "love" and train their social skills.

Traditionally, just brothers and sisters will swear to share joys and sorrows. Therefore, there are often sayings such as "share weal and woe" and "don't expect to be born on the same day in the same year, but expect to die on the same day in the same year", especially in literary and artistic works. In real life, the responsibility between brothers and sisters depends on personal circumstances, which usually includes mutual support, loyalty and friendship. Usually, just brothers and sisters should take the responsibility of protecting just brothers and sisters, but in general, just brothers and sisters will take care of each other, and some of them will try their best to help each other when they encounter difficulties. Some righteous brothers and sisters are closer than their own brothers and sisters. In some places, the righteous brother needs to subsidize his wife's expenses. Some righteous sisters will eat and sleep together, and some even swear never to marry. For example, a self-grooming girl in Shunde, Guangdong, often goes to Jin Lan to become sworn friends, and the funeral behind her is also handled by Yi Jie.

There are also a group of people with the same goal, who unite centripetal force. For example, some members of ancient gangs such as the Heaven and Earth Society. This has also evolved into the initiation ceremony of some gangs (including the underworld). Some soldiers in the war will also become sworn, and they will be braver when fighting the enemy.

Sometimes, the children of sister-in-law will call each other sister-in-law with their own children and the children of the other's sister-in-law.

Like sworn parents, some people become sworn for profit or political purposes. For example, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, in order to unite their forces against the Qin Dynasty, became brothers under the command of Chu Huaiwang Mi Xin. Later, they fought for sovereignty. Hu Linyi sworn official documents, but also in order to get back together, hoping to help his career. All men become sworn brothers: friendship brothers, loyalty brothers, alliance brothers, price difference brothers, sworn brothers, brothers with different surnames, kowtowing brothers, sworn brothers, dry brothers and deed brothers.

All women become sworn sisters: friendship sisters, justice sisters, alliance sisters, Jin Lan sisters, sworn sisters, dry sisters and behavioral sisters.

Men and women can be mixed: sworn brothers, Jin, sworn brothers, friends of Jin, friends of Qi, and "brothers" after eight sworn brothers: righteous brothers, righteous brothers, alliance brothers, dry brothers, Qi brothers, Qi brothers, Qi brothers and so on.

"League": righteousness, righteousness, Meng, Gan, Gan, Qi, Qi Lao, etc.

"Sister": Sister Yi, Sister Yi, Sister Yi, Sister Meng, Sister Gan, Sister Gan, Sister Qi, Sister Qi and Sister Qi.

Those "sisters": sister-in-law, aunt, aunt, aunt, aunt. Many regions and cultures in the world have the custom of becoming sworn. Here is a brief introduction to some regional and cultural customs.

Europe

In western culture, there is also the custom of making friends with peers. In English, sworn brothers are called sworn brothers or blood brothers and sworn sisters are called sworn sisters or blood sisters. Men and women become sworn brothers and sisters or siblings. "Blood oath" refers to taking an oath through some blood-related ceremonies, but blood brothers and sisters can also refer to brothers and sisters. Most people who get married in a ceremony that does not involve blood are called Lingge or Lingjie. The close friendship between friends of the same sex is called brotherhood, the male is called brotherhood or sisterhood, and the female is called sisterhood, which means "elder brother" and "Taojie" in Chinese.

In ancient Europe and the Mediterranean, many people often became sworn brothers, for example, a group of Greek soldiers would become sworn brothers. This worship is the most common in Otto Mann's Balkan Peninsula. Worship is also common in Serbia, Albania and Bulgaria.

At present, most swearing-in ceremonies in Europe are retro, imitating tribal ceremonies.

United States of America

Native Americans also have the custom of taking an oath. Including personal loyalty and tribal loyalty.

India

In India, it is a custom for the opposite sex to become sworn brothers or sisters. It was held at a festival called Raksha Bandhan, transliterated as Laksha Bandan. In Sanskrit, Raksha means protection, and Bandhan means knot, that is, "protection knot". Some scholars have translated it into Brother and Sister Festival, which is also called "Rope Tie Festival" because of the ceremony of tying "holy thread" (also known as Rakhi). This festival is especially popular in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Dating back to the Vedic era.

Brother and sister festival represents love, care and brotherly friendship, and shows the connection of mutual support, mutual protection and mutual blessing between just brothers and sisters.

Africa

Many tribes in Africa have the custom of becoming sworn, and their ceremonies usually include exchanging blood. Some people worship each other, and some tribes become brothers.

Christianity

Christianity opposes the blood exchange ceremony. In English, the marriage ceremony of brothers and sisters with God's blessing ceremony is called spiritual brothers or sisters. In addition to expressing the friendship between brothers and sisters, it also shows respect for God, which is a sacred ceremony in Christianity.

There is a ritual in the Orthodox Church called Adelphopoiesis (meaning "to be brothers" or "to be sisters"), which prevailed from the ninth century to the fifteenth century. It is still being held.

There is also a ritual of becoming brothers or sisters in the Roman Catholic Church, which is called Ordo ad fratres faciendum, that is, "the procedure of becoming brothers", which prevailed in 1 1 century to19th century. According to different regions and times, the way and complexity of ceremonies are also different. In the traditional oath process, it is usually simple to swear to heaven together. There are only private brothers and sisters, and then like brothers and sisters, they help and support each other.

Common rituals of Han nationality in China

Burn incense, swear to heaven or bow before God.

Puncture your finger, drop blood into the wine bowl and drink "concentric wine", that is, blood is the alliance, which symbolizes that everyone has the same blood, which is brothers and sisters. Some will be replaced by chicken blood.

Write the names of yourself and your sworn brothers and sisters on Jin Lan's post, and then exchange them, that is, exchange posts.

Rituals of other nationalities and regions

In western Yunnan, ethnic minorities call their vows Lao Geng, Tibetans Shageng, Bai people Hugai, Naxi people Hugou and Lisu people Gapuke. There is no red tape when you become sworn. As long as you call each other "Lao Geng", the relationship will be established.

Mongolia calls brothers and sisters of justice "answers". When you become sworn, you should exchange tokens and take an oath. If they break their vows in the future, they should return them and dissolve the relationship.

Lydia's swearing-in ceremony is to prick her finger with a sharp weapon and drop blood on the worshipper's arm.

Skeat's oath ceremony is similar to China's blood oath. He pricked his finger, dropped blood into the cup, dipped the tip of his sword into the blood in the cup, and then drank it. The ceremony may have been introduced from China or from them to China.

The early Sumerian ritual was that worshippers drank each other's blood. Later, it was changed to slaughter animals as sacrifices, drink animal blood, and hold a banquet to share the sacrificial animals, and both sides sprinkled blood or shared animal pieces.

In Greece, the swearing-in ceremony is that two people hold glasses with their hands crossed, which is often called crossbrother or crosssister. Some areas have different names, for example, Pirus is called Flamis, Macedonia is called Brattimi, the Peloponnesus is called Blase Lydia, Crete is called Adelfokti, and other areas have names such as Caldasides, Alkadacedes and Markadacedes. This ceremony was also held in other parts of ancient Europe.

The ritual of the Germans is similar to that of Greece, and the wine they drink is May wine.

In India, the swearing-in ceremony of brothers and sisters of justice is held in the early morning. After bathing, a worship ceremony (Hindu blessing ceremony) should be held for the gods first. Women will paint the righteous brother with vermilion on his forehead and tie a zipper on his right wrist to wish each other peace and longevity. Just brothers promise to protect just sisters. After that, the righteous sisters will make an arti for the righteous brothers, swing the oil lamp back and forth three times like a horseshoe, representing the blessing of the gods falling on the recipients, and then offer candy to the righteous brothers, who will reciprocate.

Christianity

Adelphopoiesis ceremony in Orthodox Church is a blessing ceremony of God and a same-sex friendship ceremony without blood exchange. The two men hold candles and receive blessings. Then exchange tokens, and Yidi (sister) first gives the tokens to Yidi (sister), and Yidi (sister) returns the gifts.

If more than two people become sworn, each person will surround the priest, tie one end of the handkerchief to the belt of the priest's vestment, hold the other end of the handkerchief, and the priest will recite the prayer. At the same time, everyone must take an oath, written by the sworn or priest.

The ceremony of the Roman Catholic Church becoming brothers or sisters is a blessing ceremony presided over by the priest.

Native Americans (Indians) cut a small wound on their fingers or forearms, and then the two wounds touched each other, indicating blood connection, and exchanged shells and beads as tokens.

The swearing-in ceremony of Arauca (Mapuche) in South America is called Lacu. Both sides divide a lamb in half and must eat their own half. They can eat by themselves or ask for help, but they can't eat leftovers. And exchange tokens and names.

Africa

There is a ceremony called Kasendi, where the two sides hold hands, cut several knives on their hands, stomachs, right faces and foreheads, take a small amount of blood from the wound with grass, put it in a can of beer, exchange beer with each other's blood, and then exchange tokens.

The ceremony of Ashanti people is that two people each hold a leaf, and one of them raises his hand and tears the leaf in half, saying, "I hereby declare that I want to be your brother." Others scraped some sawdust from their common weapons with knives and put it on the leaves. They sprinkled salt on the sawdust and mixed it with a little powder scraped from the long pods. Then they crossed their arms, cut a knife on each arm, sprinkled sawdust paste on the bleeding place, and then rubbed their arms against each other to fuse the blood.

Bantu tribe:

Banyankore's swearing-in ceremony is called okikora omukago. They sit on a mat and lean together so that their legs overlap. In his right hand, he holds the bud of a grass called ejubwe and the bud of the omurinzi tree (erythina tomentosa). The host of the ceremony will cut a small wound on their right hand, dip the plant buds held by the two people in the blood of the wound, put them in their hands, and then add a little milk and millet flour on them.

The ceremony of Bairu people is similar to that of Bani Ancelotti people, but omutosa trees (banyan trees) are added, holding hands with the left hand and swallowing blood, milk and millet flour from each other's hands.

Bashima people can only use Mutoma's flower buds, and the ceremony is the same as that of Banyakole people.

The main supplies for the worship ceremony of Bartolo people include coffee nuts, new bark cloth, knives, two branches of fig trees and an ejubwe bud, with two men and an old woman as witnesses. The climax of the ceremony was to cut a wound under the navel of both sides, hold it with coffee nuts, and then both sides swore an oath, including: promising to help each other; If you are dishonest, your stomach will swell; You can't drive yourself away when the other person is seriously ill or naked; Go to each other's house and never leave hungry; Neither side will hurt the other and the other's children and family.

Baganda's swearing-in ceremony is called Okuta Omukago. Coffee beans are stained with their own blood and then exchanged for chewing.

The ceremony in Malay archipelago (including Malays, Papua New Guinea aborigines and Polynesians) is that everyone cuts his arm with a knife, collects blood in a bamboo tube, and then mixes it with gin or brown wine. Then I brought swords and spears from the temple at home, and another fig sapling. Then I went to an isolated place to plant a fig tree, inserted a sword and spear beside it, drank the blood of the wine and vowed to be loyal to each other. Then I hung a bamboo tube on the fig tree, poured the remaining wine and blood into it, and vowed that if I was unfaithful, the blood would come out of my mouth, ears and nose, just like it came out of a bamboo tube. At the same time, I poked at the bottom of the bamboo tube to let the wine flow out. The fig tree covered with blood became a witness.

One of the common ritual ceremonies in the modern west is to cut the wound where the fingers touch, indicating the fusion of blood. In many regions and nationalities, blood is linked with blood, which represents life and sacredness. The exchange of blood symbolizes the connection between blood and life, and the pain of cutting a wound also represents a kind of experience, and the pain of * * * can connect people.

All swearing-in ceremonies have oaths, which represent the establishment of the relationship between righteous brothers and sisters. Since then, everyone's fate has been linked, and emotions have been linked to * * *, and they have all expressed their willingness to take responsibility. Vows come in many forms. Have a plenty of sworn brothers and sisters, swear in private; Some are held in temples, churches and other religious places; Some have no fixed place, but there are sacrificial ceremonies. Taking an oath before God represents sincere commitment and the sanctity of the covenant.

In different swearing-in ceremonies, it is also common to exchange tokens. In addition to commemorating and expressing one's mind, it also means keeping the oath. Some blood-related ceremonies may lead to excessive blood loss or infection and spread diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS.

In 2002, Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology published a survey on hepatitis B virus infection in Malattia, Turkey. Of the 646 people, 98 underwent exchange transfusion ceremony, and 39 (39.8%) were infected. There are 548 people who have never performed this ceremony, among whom 155 people (28.3%) are infected.

The blood alliance ceremony among African tribes is prevalent, which is also one of the main transmission routes of AIDS in this region.

Even if you use animal blood (such as chicken blood) instead of your own blood, you may be infected with diseases. For example, replacing human blood with chicken blood may lead to bird flu.