What are the traditional residential buildings?

Question 1: What are the traditional cultural buildings, which can be divided into architectural forms, architectural styles, architectural sculptures and so on?

Architectural forms: pavilions, platforms, buildings, pavilions, doors, corridors, pavilions, etc.

Architectural style: North-South School: South School has exquisite style and rigorous modeling; The northern style is handsome, steady and generous.

Architectural sculpture: brick carving, wood carving and stone carving.

Question 2: What kinds of arches appeared in buildings with traditional culture in the 5th century BC, which have been used for 2500 years now? The "Oriental Crown" of the China Pavilion of the World Expo is an application of the arch. Bucket arch is a symbolic image that can arouse sporadic thinking. There are three major architectural systems in the world, and only the ancient buildings in China have adopted them wisely. Bucket arch is a unique component in traditional wooden buildings in China. It protrudes from the eaves, which are stacked layer by layer, and evenly transfers the stress of the eaves to the columns, with the purpose of expanding the eaves and making them beautiful. This form has been applied in Beijing Tiananmen Square, Shaanxi Yingxian Wooden Pagoda, xi Bell and Drum Tower and other buildings. Bucket arch is not only a load-bearing component, but also an artistic component. Its application makes architecture form a trend of "flying like a bird, flying like a tiger". In traditional architecture, the structural mode of "tenon (sun) tenon protruding layer by layer" has become the cultural expression of the architectural form of China Pavilion. In ancient architecture, the bucket arch can protrude from the eaves by up to 4 meters, while in modern architecture, steel structure and concrete can play a greater role.

Question 3: What are the traditional roofs of traditional buildings in China? There are mainly palaces, temples, temples, pagodas, houses and garden buildings. Among them, the achievements of palaces and garden buildings are the most prominent.

Main roof forms, from high to low:

Fairy Hall: Four-slope roof, mostly used for palace-style buildings.

Xieshan: It consists of the upper part of hard mountain or hanging mountain and the Ministry of Immortal Highness, and is basically only allowed to be used by government departments.

Hanging mountain: gables protruding from both sides of the roof.

Hard mountain: Gables do not protrude from both sides of the roof.

Pointed: including round pointed, quadrangular pointed, triangular pointed and octagonal pointed.

Roll shed: A roof without a central ridge.

Secondary roof formwork

Qingshuiling j ding

Kuiding

Cross ridge top

Question 4: What are the traditional buildings in China? A wooden/bamboo house supported by wooden supports, with ladders extending upward.

Question 5: What are the ancient buildings in China, such as Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Yuanmingyuan, Great Wall, Lugou Bridge, Zhao Zhouqiao, chengde mountain resort, Qufu Confucius Temple, Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Little Wild Goose Pagoda, Henan Shaolin Temple, Nanjing Ming Tomb, Wuhan Yellow Crane Tower, Xuzhou Yanzi Tower, Hunan Yueyang Tower, Kunming Grand View Tower, Suzhou Garden, Jiaxing Yu Yan, Nanjing City Wall and Kaifeng Dasuoguo Temple? Pagoda of Six Harmonies in Hangzhou, Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou, Jingci Temple in Hangzhou, Geyuan in Yangzhou, Huizhou Folk Houses, Shenyuan in Shaoxing, Jiangning Weaving Institute in Nanjing, qixia temple in Nanjing, Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang, Churong Building in Zhenjiang, Baima Temple in Luoyang and Zhengding Buddhist Temple.

Question 6: What traditional national buildings are there? China has a vast territory and abundant resources since ancient times, and its architectural art has a long history. Different regions and nationalities have different architectural artistic styles, but their traditional buildings have the same characteristics in group layout, space, structure, building materials, decorative arts and so on, which are different from those in the west and are world-renowned. There are many types of ancient buildings in China, including palaces, temples, pagodas, houses and garden buildings.

Question 7: What are the types of traditional residential buildings in China?

Residential buildings in various parts of China, also known as residential buildings. Residential building is the most basic type of building, with the earliest appearance, the widest distribution and the largest number. Due to the different natural environment and cultural conditions in different regions of China, the local houses also present diversified characteristics.

The mainstream of traditional folk houses in China Han nationality area is regular folk houses, with Beijing quadrangle as a typical representative and symmetrical layout. Beijing quadrangles are divided into front and rear rooms, and the main house system in the middle is the most respected. It is a place to hold family etiquette and receive distinguished guests. Each house faces the courtyard and is connected by a balcony. Although Beijing Siheyuan is a concrete embodiment of patriarchal clan system in feudal society of China, it is an ideal outdoor living space with wide courtyard, appropriate scale, quiet and friendly, and orderly flowers and trees. Most houses in northeast China are such spacious quadrangles.

Tang Wu and Tulou

Houses in the south of China are compact in structure, mostly multi-storey, and their typical houses are halls with rectangular patios as the center. This kind of folk house is square, simple in structure and widely distributed in southern provinces.

Hakka people in southern Fujian, northern Guangdong and northern Guangxi often live in large-scale group houses, which are round and square in plan and consist of a single-storey building in the center and four or five-storey buildings around. This kind of building is very defensive, represented by Hakka tulou in Yongding County, Fujian Province. Among the traditional houses in China, the Hakka earth building in Yongding is unique. There are more than 8,000 earth buildings such as square, round, octagonal and oval, which are large in scale, beautiful in shape, scientific and practical, and have their own characteristics, forming a wonderful living world.

Fujian Tulou is made of local raw soil, gravel and sawdust to build a single house, and then into a big house, and then into a thick and closed "defensive" castle house-Tulou. Tulou has firmness, safety, closeness and strong clan characteristics. There are wells and granaries in the building. In case of war and bandits, once the city gate is closed, it will die. If besieged, food and water will last for months. Coupled with the characteristics of warm winter and cool summer, earthquake-resistant and wind-resistant, Tulou has become the residence of Hakka people for generations.

Minority residential buildings

There are many kinds of residential buildings in ethnic minority areas in China, such as houses of ethnic minorities in northwest Xinjiang, which are mostly flat-topped, with earth walls and one to three floors, surrounded by courtyards; The exterior wall of the typical Tibetan residence "Diaofang" is made of stone, and the interior is flat-topped wood structure; Mongolians usually live in movable yurts; However, ethnic minorities in southwest China often build wooden frame dry fence buildings with people living in the open air downstairs and upstairs, among which the bamboo building of the Dai nationality in Yunnan is the most distinctive. Miao and Tujia Diaojiaolou are the most distinctive folk houses in southwest China. Diaojiaolou is usually built on a slope and has no foundation. It is supported by pillars. This building is divided into two or three floors. The top floor is very short, only food can't live in people, and there are sundries or livestock piled downstairs.

Northern caves and ancient city dwellings

China has a vast territory and many nationalities, and the forms, structures, decorative arts and colors of local houses have their own characteristics. This paper mainly introduces the distinctive caves in the north and the folk houses in the ancient city.

There are many caves in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in northern China. In Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Shanxi and other loess areas, local residents dig horizontal holes in natural earth walls, often connecting several holes, adding bricks and stones in the holes to build caves. Cave dwellings are fire-proof, noise-proof, warm in winter and cool in summer, land-saving, economical and labor-saving, and organically combine nature and life scenes. It is a perfect architectural form adapted to local conditions, which permeates people's love and attachment to the yellow land.

In addition, there are well-preserved ancient cities in China, where there are a large number of ancient houses. Among them, Pingyao Ancient City in Shanxi and Old Town of Lijiang in Yunnan were listed on the World Heritage List on 1998, and Diaolou was listed on the World Heritage List in 2007.

Pingyao Ancient City is the most complete existing ancient county town in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is a typical representative of the ancient county town of Han nationality in Central Plains of China. So far, the city walls, streets, houses, shops, temples and other buildings are still basically intact, and its architectural pattern and characteristics remain basically unchanged. Pingyao is a living specimen of China's political, economic, cultural, military, architectural and artistic development.

Old Town of Lijiang, which was founded in the Southern Song Dynasty, is the only town that combines Naxi traditional architecture with foreign architectural features. Old Town of Lijiang is not affected by the architectural etiquette of the Central Plains, and the road network in the city is irregular and there is no strict wall. Black Dragon Pool is the main water source of the ancient city. The pool water flows into the walls and around the residents, forming a water network. Rivers, canals and weeping willows can be seen everywhere in the ancient city. ...& gt& gt

Question 8: Apart from quadrangles, what other traditional buildings in China last for more than 20 minutes, such as Soviet-style garden buildings, an Indian-style house in Yunnan, Fujian earth buildings, caves in the central and western regions, diaojiao buildings in western Hunan, Chaozhou houses in Guangdong, Huizhou architecture in Anhui and so on.

Question 9: What folk culture (architecture, food) is there in China? . . . ) thank you! I really need it. Folklore in China:

Pick up the god of wealth

In the past, I believed in custom. Due to the characteristics of different regions, in Heilongjiang and Jilin, New Year's Eve is to pray for blessings, and the main purpose is to meet the god of wealth.

At the time of receiving God, the door of the house was open, and a sacrificial table was placed in the yard. The table was covered with candles and incense for firecrackers. The host bowed and was welcomed into the room from the outside. Insiders asked: Do you welcome the God of Wealth? The man immediately replied happily: welcome, welcome the god of wealth! At this time, someone will carry a bundle of firewood from outside the house, and the hostess will ask: Did you carry firewood (wealth)? The woodcutter immediately replied happily: I got firewood chopping (wealth)! Chai homophonic for wealth, take its auspicious meaning.

The youngest child in the family had to lie on the high quilt in advance, when the host asked: Is the boy up? The child immediately got up from the place where he was left behind and answered loudly: get up, get up!

The hostess began to cook jiaozi, the goddess of New Year's Eve, and deliberately broke off a few when cooking. The hostess asked: Did you earn it? The hostess replied: I earned it! It is forbidden to call it cooking to earn money. At this time, the table was set, jiaozi served it, and the family sat together for dinner. After liberation, superstition was broken, firecrackers were set off on New Year's Eve to celebrate the Spring Festival, and the custom of receiving the god of wealth gradually disappeared.

Send a lamp

Popular beliefs and customs in Heilongjiang province. On the Lantern Festival, every household makes a surface lamp, which is shaped like a bowl, commonly known as a lamp bowl. Corn flour is called golden lamp, white flour is called silver lamp, and buckwheat flour is called iron lamp. After molding, put it in a pot and steam it, and then insert a wick made of reed wrapped in cotton wool. Fill the bowl with lamp oil and the lamp will be ready. Then send these lamps to the ancestral board, the ceiling board and the soap king board in turn, and send them to the warehouse, the cowshed, the well platform, the mill and so on. , walked to the gate and crossroads.

Then the lanterns will be sent to the cemetery and placed on the graves of every deceased relative. When sending a lamp, it is lucky to light it first. People who send lanterns to graves must use their own matches when lighting them. If they borrow someone else's matches to light them, they think their ancestors can't see the light. When lighting a lamp, you should say: on the fifteenth day of the first month, send a lamp, send a gold lamp, send a silver lamp, and send an iron lamp. Some children's graves are bright, but there are no dark holes in front of them. Intentionally stealing a lamp, I stole a big iron lamp. My back couldn't move, it was cold and slippery, and the big cloth shirt burned a big hole. On the night of Lantern Festival, because every family sends lanterns, intersections and field cemeteries are brightly lit. The custom of sending lanterns is still preserved in the remote mountainous areas of Heilongjiang.

Rolling fairy

On April 14th of the lunar calendar, Suzhou has a unique custom of remote temple fairs. It is said that on Lv Zu's birthday, Lv Chunyang, one of the Eight Immortals, will become a beggar and a peddler to enlighten the world. Therefore, the citizens and farmers in the four townships should come to crush the immortals, so that they can use the spirit of the immortals to eliminate disasters and prevent diseases, prolong their lives, be lucky, and be safe all year round.

Lv Chunyang is one of the most influential Eight Immortals in folk beliefs. Taoism attaches great importance to alchemy. According to legend, Lv Chunyang made great contributions to medicine, so he was regarded as the founder of traditional Chinese medicine. The Fuji Pavilion in Xiatang, Neizhong City, Suzhou is a tribute, commonly known as Shenxian Temple, also known as Tianyuan. On the day of fairy rolling, there were many stalls near Shenxian Temple, and most of them sold flowers and saplings. Many flowers and plants have auspicious names, such as evergreen, reincarnation flower, immortal flower, African onion and so on. In the old custom, on the eve of the fairy's birthday, she cut off the thousand-year-old leaves and laid them on the road, so that all the immortals could pass by and get a touch of fairy spirit. To build a house, you have to put African onions on the beam as a good sign.

All kinds of handicrafts and children's toys are shrouded in mystery. Green turtle symbolizes longevity: "money turtle", also known as "fairy turtle"; Mud master, a symbol of good luck; Drinking tea is also called "immortal tea", and shaving is also called "immortal head". The three-day temple fair was packed with immortal temples, and the incense was flourishing. Now, the commercial sector uses this festival to organize large-scale material exchanges between urban and rural areas, making the temple fair more colorful.

Worship custom

offer sacrifices to ancestors

Folk ancestor worship activities include temple fair sacrifice, grave sacrifice, New Year sacrifice and birthday sacrifice. Celebrate the Chinese New Year ... >>

Question 10: What are the schools of traditional architecture in China? The schools of ancient architecture in China can be roughly divided into:

? Guangdong: Guangfu dwellings, Hakka dwellings, Chaoshan dwellings, and overseas Chinese towers (settlement dwellings)

? Fujian: Fujian Yuanlou

? Sichuan System: Diaojiao Building of Western Sichuan Dwellings

? Soviet system: facing south, so that it can be leeward in winter and sunny in summer, full of the charm of ancient culture in Jiangnan water town. The roof with high ridge angle, together with Zoumalou, brick-carved gatehouse, Ming-tile window and street-crossing building, looks from a distance and lives by the pillow river. Rows of houses with white walls and white tiles are light, simple and elegant, reflecting the artistic characteristics of clearness, lightness, elegance and simplicity.

? Anhui department: Huizhou architectural archway

? Beijing Department: Royal Garden of Beijing Imperial City Courtyard

Each faction has its own merits and there is no competition.