Difference between economic growth mode and economic development mode

Differences between the economic growth mode and the economic development mode

(i) Different guiding concepts. The economic growth approach is guided by the growth of total economic volume, focusing on the speed of economic growth and the expansion of the total volume. Its theoretical support consists of the theory of value creation by factors of production proposed by Marshall and the contemporary economic growth models (Harold I. Domar model, neoclassical model, Solow model). The guiding principle of the economic development approach is the scientific concept of development, which focuses on the improvement of economic quality and economic structure. The scientific concept of development is development in the first sense, people-oriented in the core, comprehensively coordinated and sustainable in the basic requirements, and integrated and balanced in the fundamental approach. It inherits the Marxist theory of comprehensive human development and draws on the Western concepts of development, such as institutional and technological innovation, improvement of economic structure, enhancement of public welfare, sustainable development, and comprehensive social development. Good and fast growth, people-oriented, the "five integrative", environmentally friendly, resource conservation, and building a harmonious society are all embodiments of the scientific concept of development, and are also inherent in the transformation of the mode of economic development.

(ii) different research perspectives. Economics divides the economic development of human society from low to high into three stages. The first stage is a material-based society, mainly emphasizing the accumulation of material capital and the growth of wealth; the second stage is a human-based society, mainly emphasizing the importance of meeting human needs and the increase in public welfare; the third stage is the overall comprehensive development of society, including the political human rights and freedoms, economic quality of life, and cultural improvement of the national education level, and other comprehensive evolutionary process. The economic growth approach is viewed through the lens of the first stage's object-oriented, single-linear study of factors of production, and the main research results include neoclassical economics and the factor school of Denison et al. (which divides the factors of economic growth into two main categories: the amount of factor inputs and the efficiency of the factors of production) and the modeling school (the Harold I. Doma model of economic growth, the neoclassical model of growth of Solow and Swann, and so on). The economic development approach emphasizes the diversification of human-centered disciplines (political science, sociology, economics, demography, resources and environment, etc.) and the three-dimensional study of economics (production, circulation, distribution, and consumption). Scholars in Western countries to study the way of economic development are: Pegu, Temple, Beveridge and others of the welfare state theory; Clark, Lewis and Todaro, Kuznets, Laffer and others of the evolution of economic structure theory; Boldin and others of the circular economy theory; Toffler, Rostow's stages of development theory, and so on.

(3) Different theoretical bases. The theoretical basis of the economic growth mode has Marx's theory of expanded reproduction (Marx's external and internal economic growth mode, expanded reproduction theory and some scholars in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe), the factor allocation and utilization theory of Western economics, the theory of unbalanced growth (Pelletier, Knuckles, etc.), and the trickle-down theory of growth. The theoretical basis of the economic development mode includes Marx's theory of human needs and comprehensive development, balanced development theory, welfare economics, sharing economy theory (Weizmann et al.), innovation theory (North et al.'s theory of institutional innovation, Schumpeter et al.'s theory of technological innovation), and the theory of sustainable development (the theory of the harmonization of population with resources and the environment, the theory of the cost of growth, the theory of the return of nature, the theory of the continuous improvement of the quality of human life, the theory of eco-development). quality theory, ecological development theory) and so on.

(4) Different bases for division. The mode of economic growth is based on the quantity and efficiency of the utilization of factors of production, and the mode of economic development is based on the mode of development or the way of dealing with the growth problem. American economist E. R.W. Campbell called the development approach "Models of Development Strategy" or "Approach to Growth". Approach to Growth". From the perspective of welfare economics, it is economic growth in which the people cannot *** share the fruits of economic growth; from the perspective of development economics, it is economic growth in which the economic structure has not improved or has even deteriorated. In response to the problem of growth without development, it is necessary to change the mode of economic development to solve.

(v) different types. Economic growth mode is divided into two types of crude growth and intensive growth. The mode of economic development is divided into system innovative (Coase, North, Shriver and Vishny), knowledge innovative (Schumpeter, Schultz, Becker, Romer, Prescott and Bowed, Lucas, Stewart), expanding demand type (Keynes, Robinson), the welfare state type, the type of economic restructuring, resource conservation, environmental protection, and many other types.

(vi) Different measurement indicators. Measurement indicators of the economic growth mode are mainly the number of factor inputs and the proportion of equipment, the rate of economic growth, the time to achieve the doubling of the total economic output, and the amount of GDP per capita. Measurement indicators of the economic development mode include, in addition to those of the economic growth mode, social development indicators, such as the total population and the net growth rate, the domestic development index, the level of urbanization, the structure of the three industries, the living conditions of the population, the number of doctors per 1,000 population, the average life expectancy of the population, and the index of integrity of the government; and indicators of educational development, such as the proportion of public ****education expenditure to GDP, and the national average years of schooling, proportion of school-age students to the school-age population, etc.; social equity and stability indicators, such as the Gini coefficient, Engel's coefficient, National Happiness Index, Sustainable Economic Welfare Index, Income Disparity Alert Line, Income Class Structure Standard, Poverty Incidence Rate, Social Security Coverage Rate, etc.; environmental indicators, such as natural resources and energy utilization efficiency, Composite Environmental Pollution Index, etc.

(vii) Different driving forces. The driving force for the transformation of China's economic growth mode is the introduction of technology and the improvement of the quantity and utilization efficiency of resource inputs. In the introduction of technology, China's current imports of equipment accounted for the proportion of national investment in fixed assets, fiber optic manufacturing equipment for 100%, 85% of integrated circuit chip manufacturing equipment, large-scale complete sets of petrochemical equipment 80%, car industrial equipment and CNC machine tools and textile machinery and offset printing equipment 70%. In the number of resources invested, the founding of the country for more than 50 years, China's GDP growth of more than 10 times, but mineral resources but more than 40 times the depletion of wastewater emissions increased by 25 times. 2003 to 2006, China's fixed-asset investment amounted to 32 trillion yuan, more than the total amount of investment in 1980 to 2002, the total amount of investment from 2003 to 2006 is 1991 to 1994 The total amount of investment from 2003 to 2006 was 7.4 times the total amount of investment from 1991 to 1994. In terms of utilization efficiency, in recent years, China's energy consumption per unit of GDP has been 4.9 times higher than that of the European Union and 8.7 times higher than that of Japan, while steel, copper and aluminum consumption per unit of GDP have been 5.6, 4.8 and 4.9 times higher than that of the world average, and water consumption per unit of GDP has been 4 times higher than that of the world average. The driving forces of the economic development mode are institutional innovation, independent innovation of knowledge, expansion of public welfare, circular economy, and optimization of economic structure. In terms of institutional innovation, it is necessary to define the economic areas of government intervention, clarify property rights, formulate efficient regulations and policies, provide efficient public **** services, and curb corruption and rent-seeking behavior, etc.; in terms of independent knowledge innovation, it is necessary to clarify the route and positioning of independent innovation, strengthen the cultivation of innovative talents, improve the social environment for innovation returns, and establish a knowledge innovation system; in terms of expanding public welfare, it is necessary to establish a development strategy that emphasizes the interaction between economic growth and employment expansion. In terms of expanding public welfare, it is necessary to establish the development idea of giving equal importance to and interacting with economic growth and employment expansion, strengthen the awareness of public **** finance, increase the financial expenditure on social security, and continuously improve the level of public social welfare; in terms of developing a circular economy, the economic activities should strictly implement the reduction, reuse, recycling, regeneration and re-development of the utilization of resources and develop the circular economy in a variety of modes, so as to realize the circulation among the three industries, the circulation of industrial parks, and the circulation of the society; in terms of optimizing economic structure, it is necessary to continuously optimize the industrial structure. Optimization, to continuously optimize the industrial structure, urban and rural structure, regional structure, income distribution structure, etc..

(viii) Different functional roles. The economic growth mode only focuses on coordinating the economic and technological and proportional relationship between the factors of production, cannot coordinate the relationship between economic growth and natural resources and the environment, cannot coordinate the relationship between the interests of individuals, urban and rural areas, and regions, and cannot coordinate the relationship between the fair treatment of nationals and so on. And the economic development approach can coordinate economic growth and natural resources, between people and the natural environment, between people, between the present and the future, and other types of economic structure and even social structure relations.

(ix) The path of realization is different. The way of economic growth is to seek development in the growth, growth to fast and more for the first priority, the development of the latter for the light. Through economic growth can create more jobs, so that the poor benefit from economic growth, thereby reducing poverty (theoretically known as the trickle-down effect of economic growth). The economic development approach, which seeks growth through development, prioritizes development over growth, argues that economic growth alone does not improve the social fabric or bring the desired well-being to the people, but instead leads to problems such as "growth without development" and unsustainable growth in the context of high growth. Therefore, it is necessary to seek growth from development.

(x) different goal orientation. From the perspective of development economics, economic growth focuses on the expansion of economic volume, economic development focuses on the improvement of economic structure; economic growth focuses on short-term changes in the economy, economic development focuses on long-term changes in the economy; economic growth is a tactical goal, economic development is a strategic goal. Economic growth is a means, and economic development is an end; the economic growth approach can only address the "symptoms" of economic development, while the economic development approach can address the root causes. The orientation of the transformation of the mode of economic growth is to change from extensive growth to intensive growth, which is mainly reflected in the change from the dispersion of factors to the aggregation, and the change from the quantity to the efficiency of the utilization of resources; while the orientation of the transformation of the mode of economic development is to change according to the structure of the economy, the natural resources, the environmental situation, the level of public welfare, the stage of economic development, and the implementation of the social development strategy. At present, the main orientation of China's transformation of the mode of economic development is, first, to improve the ability of independent innovation and build an innovative country; second, to promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure, vigorously promote the integration of informationization and industrialization, develop modern service industry, and strengthen the basic industries and infrastructure construction; third, to implement the implementation of the city to feed the countryside, the industry to feed the agriculture, and to promote the construction of a new socialist countryside; and fourth, to strengthen the conservation of energy and resources and ecological and environmental protection, and to enhance the capacity for sustainable development. Fourth, to strengthen the conservation of energy and resources and ecological and environmental protection, and enhance the capacity for sustainable development; fifth, to promote coordinated regional development, narrowing the gap between regional development; sixth, to accelerate the development of social undertakings, and comprehensively improve people's lives.