What does the horizontal grid mean in Mongolian?

The Biography of Huang Hui in Song Dynasty is "contrary to Su Jing, it has been experienced by first frost. It's a transliteration of Mi Tong, an

What does the horizontal grid mean in Mongolian?

The Biography of Huang Hui in Song Dynasty is "contrary to Su Jing, it has been experienced by first frost. It's a transliteration of Mi Tong, and it's a submarine war. Transliteration is the translation of foreign languages according to similar syllables in Chinese. However, it does not have the original meaning, but only retains the pronunciation and writing form.

In ancient China, many ethnic minorities once moved inward and even ruled the Central Plains. And there weren't so many translators at that time. What's more, there are very few people at the bottom who can read and hyphenate. Therefore, simply transliteration of the names of ethnic minorities is not only convenient to avoid, but also can make more people remember.

(a), not free translation, there are reasonable.

The Yuan Dynasty was an empire established by Mongols, whose territory once spanned Eurasia. Although the Four Great Khan Countries exist in name only, their territory is still unmatched.

However, the transliteration of the supreme leader of the Yuan Dynasty makes people feel awkward. Unlike previous ethnic minorities, such as Tuoba Hong of Xianbei, Lu Ye Chu Cai of Qidan, Wan Yan Zongbi and Wan Yan Han Zong of Jin State. Although these people are transliterated, they give the impression that China people have compound surnames and names.

1. An awkward transliteration name.

In the variety "Tucao Conference", an artist once said that he liked the culture of the Yuan Dynasty best, especially the worship of Li in Borzijit Banner. For nothing else, because the name is long, it doesn't matter if he takes a word or two. Borjikin is the surname of the golden family, and the following names are his, which adds up to eleven words.

Borjigin was translated as Borzijit in Qing Dynasty, just like the Horqin Grassland Department to which sourdrang queen belongs, which is a derivative of this surname. There are many transliteration of this surname, such as Borzijite and Borzijin. According to China Minority Dictionary edited by Mr. Gao Wende, the free translation of this surname is blue eyes.

Besides Yuan Renzong, there are many names of rulers in Yuan Dynasty, which are hard to read at present. Just like Zong Yi Ban in Yuan Ning, his wife Hong Jiladari also lost their queen. The couple's names are difficult to pronounce. If you read it for the first time, it's easy to admit your mistake.

2. Chinese has changed.

At that time, transliteration only transliterated Mongolian names with Chinese characters. You know, Chinese at that time was not exactly the same as Chinese today. So it is very likely that it was not awkward to read at that time, but it will be strange to read it in Mandarin today.

Like many ancient poems, they all pay attention to rhyme. But Mandarin doesn't rhyme, and Minnan and Cantonese feel very smooth. But the characters haven't changed. Although simplified Chinese characters are used now, they are gradually derived from traditional Chinese characters.

No one can guarantee that the Mandarin spoken now is the same as that spoken at that time. Mandarin is also the dialect where the administrative center of each dynasty is located. In the early Ming Dynasty, after Nanjing Mandarin moved to Beijing, it merged to some extent. Prior to this, the Song Dynasty was dominated by Heluo Mandarin.

Even after Jian Yan crossed the south later, the DPRK minister still spoke Heluo Mandarin. This has caused modern people to feel strange and ambiguous when reading the transliterated names of people at that time. After all, the capital of each dynasty is different, so their Mandarin is different. The words haven't changed, so reading the words at that time in modern language will naturally feel a little strange.

(2) Many factors are difficult to decide.

Modern society pays attention to national unity and 56 ethnic groups live in harmony. But the communication between the two nationalities was very difficult at that time. Many times, it is impossible to find a free translation of its name directly. First of all, it takes time and energy; Secondly, I understand that free translation is of little use.

There are not many historical materials about the Yuan Dynasty. Moreover, most of them are written in ancient Mongolian, and there is little communication between Mongolian ancient culture and Chinese culture, and the compatibility is also very poor. Only some experts can translate them.

1. cannot be translated directly.

In the eyes of a thousand people, there are a thousand Hamlets. Every expert and scholar will have his own opinion on one thing. Therefore, it is not advisable to simply translate the names of people in Yuan Dynasty. Just like a generation of Tianjiao and Genghis Khan, Temujin has not yet reached a complete conclusion.

The Secret History of Mongolia records that when Temujin was born, his father had just defeated the enemy chief Temujin Wu Ge. So in order to commemorate this battle, he was given this name. This Temujin is the leader of the Tatar Department, and they use Turkic. Tiemu, literally translated as iron, can be understood as an iron man or a resolute person.

But you can't always say that Genghis Khan's name is Iron Man, which is a bit of a joke. Free translation is not only troublesome, but also difficult to use. Therefore, when translating names in Chinese, transliteration is mostly used, rather than free translation. However, there are naturally differences in pronunciation between the two language families.

2. Incompatibility of languages

Mongolian belongs to Altaic language family in ancient times, but because the Mongolian plateau is too vast, the languages used by various tribes are not the same, so it is called "different sounds in ten miles". Moreover, they are scattered tribes themselves, not complete nations. It was not until a conference was held at the head of the source of Wannan River that Genghis Khan established Great Mongolia.

At that time, the northern region was ruled by the state of Jin, so the language was very similar to that of Jurchen, while the proximity of the western region to Uighur and Turkic naturally influenced it. Chinese was very different from these languages at that time. It is impossible to translate their names completely according to their own national language and habits.

The first and last names of ancient Mongolians were very long. Before the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, there was little contact between the two peoples. So after they entered the Central Plains, they didn't have much time to have their names translated. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty all spoke Mongolian, so they naturally didn't care so much about their Chinese transliteration names.

Because it is transliteration, it doesn't matter which word you use. But in order to show respect for the rulers, the words are naturally very particular. Instead of saying, just use any word. If so, it is disrespectful to the king. In the era of centralization, this made a big taboo.

(C), the diversification of names

A name is a sign of a person, so their parents put a lot of effort into their children's names. There are also some simple names, the purpose is to "raise a good name." However, as a golden family, children should never be named casually, which is related to the family status and face of the ruling class.

1. Influenced by religious factors

Before the army began, all tribes on the Mongolian plateau believed in Shamanism, that is, primitive religion. Each tribe has its own wizard, who can communicate with eternal life. But there will always be people who want to control power through religion. At that time, Kublai Khan decided to convert to Tibetan Buddhism, that is, Lamaism, after meeting with the Tibetan monk Batba in Liupanshan.

Of course, this belief did not spread to the four great khanates, and most of them converted to Islam. The Yuan Dynasty took the road of believing in Buddhism, so when they named their descendants, they naturally had a lot of Buddhist colors. For example, as mentioned above, Yuan Renzong loves to educate Ba Li Baba Bada, whose name comes from Sanskrit.

Because Buddhism was introduced into Tibet from India across the Himalayas. Mongolian transliteration is so complicated, not to mention India, which is 108 thousand miles away. There is also the Yi Yi qualitative category, which is taken from Tibetan. The diversification of the sources of names is also an important factor in the strange pronunciation of names in Yuan Dynasty.

After all, there was little communication with other places at that time, and the Han nationality was not the dominant nationality. So there will naturally be some deviations in this respect. After believing in Tibetan Buddhism, many people took their names from Tibetan or directly from India, the source of Buddhism. For Chinese transliteration, these are tantamount to adding insult to injury.

2. The influence of Mongolian and Chinese culture

In fact, not all transliteration is so awkward. For example, Darmabala's name is transliterated directly from Sanskrit, while free translation means legal protection. His successor's name is Külüg qaγan. His name is taken directly from the Chinese meaning.

In addition, Yuan Wuzong also promoted the Han culture, actively promoted the religious reform, and pursued the policy of religious freedom. This is also the only emperor named after Chinese among the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. Besides being influenced by Lamaism, most of them are actually influenced by Mongolian national culture.

For example, Yuan Xianzong Mungo, Yuan Wenzong TuTimour and Hui Yuan Zongtuohuan Timur. It is precisely because the names of people in the Yuan Dynasty are so diverse that they have to be transliterated directly, so they will naturally be varied and not suitable for the traditional context of the Han nationality. Of course, the names of ancient Mongols should not be evaluated from the viewpoint of modern Han people.

The nobles in Yuan Dynasty generally believed in Tibetan Buddhism, so they took various names. Some are influenced by religion, some are committed to returning to their own culture, and some are used to living in Han areas and influenced by Chinese culture. So their names are very miscellaneous, and it is not surprising that they sound so awkward.

Conclusion:

In ancient times, the Han nationality and the Mongolian nationality were two completely different nationalities, so the names of other nationalities could not be required to be pronounced according to their own customs. And the translation level is very limited. The ancient concept is also different from the present. Of course, Chinese has not been static for thousands of years.

It is possible that these names, which are difficult to read now, were easy to read at that time. The biggest problem is the incompatibility of languages in different countries. Although unfamiliar to many Han people, they all have their own meanings. In the eyes of native people, it is a very normal name. Transliteration, after all, is just transliteration.

References:

Secret history of Mongolia

the yuan dynasty history