Reflections on reading philosophy books

Through the study of philosophy, I came into contact with many theories that I was not familiar with before, especially the philosophy part. The following is the relevant information of my carefully compiled books on philosophy, hoping to help you!

Reflections on the first volume of philosophy

Through the study of the course "Philosophy", I have come into contact with many theories that I was not familiar with before, especially the philosophical part, and I admire its explanation of the essence of things. In my spare time, I found the principles of Marxist philosophy, looked at them roughly, and had some simple feelings.

After reading Principles of Marxist Philosophy, the sacred and abstract term of Marxist philosophy gradually became clear in my mind, and I had a more comprehensive understanding and a deeper understanding of Marxist philosophical theory. In fact, if everyone who understands these ideas can relate these philosophical principles to their own reality and explain their own lives, instead of just defining Marxist philosophy as a sacred theory, we will benefit a lot from it. At the same time,

First of all, I have some feelings about the inevitability and contingency of things. Take us humans for example, because human organisms need energy input, so people have to eat. Eating is "inevitable"; What to eat, when to eat, and how much to eat are accidental. Similarly, because people are organic life, and organic life always goes through the process of growth, maturity, weakness and death (natural law), so people always die. It is inevitable that people will die, but when and how they die are accidental. I woke up this morning and found that the road was wet (as a result). It can be speculated that it may have rained last night, but it may have been watered (carelessly). If there was a heavy rain last night, we would say in a positive tone that the road must be wet this morning. We are used to finding out the reason of one thing, and if possible, we'd better find the final reason. Human nature has a curious thirst for knowledge about things. The ancient Greeks faced all kinds of worlds and wanted to find out the final explanation of the existence of this world. From Thales' world originated from water to Plato's idea, people are not satisfied with the empirical explanation of events, hoping to find a final, inevitable and rational explanation.

Hegel, the master of dialectics, has reached the pinnacle of dialectical logic in his interpretation of contingency, inevitability and their relationship. "Accidental things, because it is accidental, so some basis, because it is accidental, so there is no basis; Accidental is inevitable, and you must define yourself as contingency. On the other hand, this contingency is quite absolute inevitability. " Marxism inherited Hegel's dialectical thought and became the foundation of its own philosophy. The understanding of contingency and inevitability naturally has a more ingenious explanation. However, one shortcoming is that in the field of historical view, the idea of economic determinism is often criticized by the world.

The idea of economic determinism gives people a new historical impression. There is no doubt that economy is a powerful material foundation to promote the progress of history, but the occurrence of historical events is full of variables that are not conditional on the amount of material. Psychological factors, external factors, traditional customs, and the personal behavior of great men are all factors that cannot be ignored. The statement of historical inevitability often causes people's disgust, because inevitability ignores the individual's actions and significance.

Human society is moving towards globalization, which is a post-modern trend. Humans began to move from a narrow personal space to an information age with closer and more frequent contacts. There are more and more accidental factors, and the preaching of inevitability is increasingly unrecognized. In the era when inevitability occupies the position of arrangement, when people talk about ideals and the meaning of life, they all point to an eternal inevitable field: the world of truth, the world of value and the world of concept in which inevitability plays a role in arrangement. Nowadays people still believe that there are not many such eternal worlds, so how can life be meaningful? My answer is: live in a real accident and experience the world that the accident shows me with all my heart. There is no need to believe what is destined to happen in this world. Because it's fake and unreliable? There is no need to pursue a so-called eternal truth? Because there are basically no unchanging eternal truths? The inevitable truth is just an accidental fact, which is only revealed by chance in life. It's no big deal.

Then, throughout history and the world, Marxist theory is the most scientific, rigorous, complete and vital theoretical system.

Marxist philosophical theory leads the times forward and keeps pace with the times. The history of Marxist development is to treat the history of Marxist philosophy with a scientific attitude. Marxist philosophy is bound to develop with the practice of the times and scientific development.

There are differences and connections between the basic principles and concrete conclusions of Marxist philosophy. Marxism is a theory of development and an open system. It always grasps the changes of the objective situation, summarizes the fresh experience of the people, absorbs the latest achievements of contemporary science and culture, constantly enriches and develops itself, maintains itself in development and develops in maintenance. This is the real connotation of Marxist philosophy. In short, it is the theoretical quality of Marxist philosophy to develop itself in an all-round way and keep pace with the times.

Marxist philosophy regards social change and human liberation as its own task and purpose. Forgetting the people and their interests will be the essence of Marxist philosophy, that is, abandoning Marxism. The interests of the people are not a label, not an abstract thing, but a concrete, deeply moving and most emotional thing.

Only by truly representing the interests of the overwhelming majority of the people can we develop and innovate Marxist philosophical theory.

To develop a well-off society in an all-round way, we should combine social progress with people's all-round development. Marxism holds that promoting the all-round development of human beings is the essential requirement of socialism, and the all-round development of human beings is intrinsically related to social development. Marxist concept of social development includes the all-round development of human beings. It is also the objective requirement of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Only the all-round development of human beings can ensure the all-round construction of a well-off society. Therefore, the all-round development of human beings is the value goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in China.

As a newcomer in the new era, I am duty-bound to develop a well-off society in an all-round way.

To this end, we should develop ourselves in an all-round way in the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Once we choose, we will realize our ideals and goals rain or shine.

First of all, we should combine Marxist philosophy theory with modern practice theory, seriously study important ideas, put the interests of the masses and units first, unite and unite all employees, introduce talents and scientific skills, take the road of scientific factory, formulate a series of feasible, practical and humanized scientific rules and regulations, take the road of sustainable development, develop ourselves in an all-round way and keep pace with the times.

Second, study scientific knowledge seriously and assiduously, arm our minds with scientific knowledge, cultivate practical ability and innovative spirit, constantly improve scientific and cultural quality in practice, and take the road of running a factory scientifically.

Third, strengthen moral cultivation, improve ideological and moral quality, and strive to cultivate yourself into a new person with four qualities. Only in this way can we adapt to the development of building a well-off society in an all-round way.

Fourth, strengthen physical exercise, so that you have a strong body, because a strong body and agile thinking are the guarantee for building a well-off society in an all-round way.

I am not sure what tomorrow means to me, and I don't need to know exactly what will happen. But I'm sure tomorrow will be a new day for me, different from today and yesterday. It's the same for others.

Reflections on Philosophy II

Before, I always thought that philosophy was abstract and elusive, and that learning philosophy was something that an old top student with thick glasses could do. When I was in primary school, I often heard the teacher say some philosophical terms such as "outlook on life" and "world view". However, at that time, we were just like listening to the gobbledygook, and the two monks were puzzled, and they didn't know what the outlook on life, world outlook and values were. In middle school, we began to learn politics. However, when faced with the obscure words in the textbook, I feel extremely entangled and annoyed. It made me afraid of philosophy and sincerely resisted it.

Some time ago, I was recommended the popular philosophy of Asic. I have to admit that when I heard that I wanted to read a book about philosophy, those painful and fearful experiences of learning philosophy suddenly reappeared in my mind. However, after reading Popular Philosophy, I really realized that philosophy is not as profound as we thought, and it is in everyone's life. As the book says, "Philosophy In people's life, everyone has his own philosophy. There is nothing mysterious, but because most philosophers talk about philosophy in abstruse words, most people are confused and think that philosophy is too difficult to understand and there is no way to approach it. This misconception seems to have been caused by people who used to talk about philosophy. " He said that philosophy is profound because philosophers act in this way on purpose. I think what he said is very reasonable. Perhaps many philosophers deliberately use abstruse words to talk about philosophy in order to show how high their level is, which makes it difficult for ordinary people to understand, so naturally they think philosophy is abstruse.

As a revolutionary soldier and a famous Marxist philosopher, Ai Siqi's historical position has been recognized in the modern history of China, the history of China's philosophy, the history of Marxism's spread in China and the history of Marxism's China. Although, as a historical figure, he also has his own weaknesses and shortcomings, but in any case, this can not hide his great historical achievements, and it is difficult to replace his historical position. Ai Siqi is not without weaknesses and shortcomings, and no one is perfect. However, we should also point out that Ai Siqi, as a Marxist philosopher, actually established his historical position as early as the period of popular philosophy in 1930s. In his later years, as a soldier and scholar, Ai Siqi continued to struggle. This is history, which has been written into the modern history of China and the contemporary history of China, and also into the history of modern philosophy.

I think the biggest feature of this book is to use the most popular brushwork, use the genre of daily dialogue, melt specialized theories, and derive profound philosophical knowledge from things that are often encountered in real life and daily expression. In this way, the philosophical point of view is easier to penetrate into people's thoughts and hearts, so that the public readers can accept it without great efforts, so that people can truly realize that philosophy is around us. For example, in the discussion about idealism, the author deduces the subjective idealism that "the world is born from my heart": "My parents are born from my heart, and I am born from my heart if my parents don't exist", which makes us clearly see the error and absurdity of this sentence. However, according to the general explanation of idealism in previous textbooks, we actually don't understand idealism thoroughly, so we can't feel its mistakes. I have heard that idealism eventually leads to religion, but I don't think so. But this example is vivid and vivid, and I suddenly realized that idealism can really lead people to religion.

So what's the use of learning philosophy? In my opinion, philosophy is more than just seeing the world clearly.

The world is to change the world and see it better in the process of change, so the view that philosophy has developed to the extreme can be said to be ridiculous and naive, because philosophy, like other sciences, is a developing science. But China has a terrible tendency to formalize everything, such as political lessons. Every student studies politics solely for exams. Where should he start his innovation? Especially philosophy. I used to hate political lessons very much, because dogmatic recitation was my worst thing, and the cramming teaching method made me miserable. But later, I had a deep understanding of philosophy in my life, thought about philosophy, and was confused, so I had the desire to learn philosophy. I have always believed that learning is learning to think. I hope China will have more thinkers and doers and fewer formalists.

This book is welcomed by many readers. I think the first reason is that it is closely related to the real political issues that the people are most concerned about, and it leads to philosophical thinking. In 1930s and 1940s, China people were most concerned about the political problems of the country and the nation. When talking about philosophy as people's fundamental view of the whole world, Ai Siqi, after talking about the world outlook of pessimism, fatalism, materialism and hedonism, further extended and analyzed the world outlook with three different views of the war of resistance: quick victory, national subjugation and protracted war. This book met the needs of the revolution at that time, that is, under the conditions of strong enemy aggression outside and fierce struggle inside, young people urgently needed the guidance of scientific thinking. At that time, only Marxist philosophy could undertake this task. The second reason is that he spread the dialectical materialism of Marxist scientific world outlook. Scientific world outlook is the premise of historical view, and world outlook and historical view are the premise of values and outlook on life. It leads young people to progress and revolution, which is logical. Third, because the style of this book has a strong appeal to the vast number of young people, it has made Marxism deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and guided them to learn from Marx.

Righteousness to guide their actions. And this is very similar to Comrade Ai Siqi's scholarship. He insisted on the style of study of putting facts and reasoning, convincing people by reasoning instead of oppressing them by force; The book provides a lot of fresh materials in daily life and science and analyzes them in simple terms, instead of focusing on abstract speculation and deduction with a straight face; Language and concepts are easy to understand, not abstruse and obscure. Ai Siqi used everyday things to explain philosophical principles, such as "camera" metaphor to illustrate "reflection theory";

After reading this book, I not only have a deeper understanding of what philosophy is, but also have a vivid and in-depth understanding of Marxist philosophy, which can not only improve my personal cultivation, improve my logic, speculation and integrity, but also strengthen my belief in adhering to Marxism.

This book is easy to understand, and every profound philosophical knowledge comes from things that are often encountered in real life and daily expression. China's well-known historical cases are used to analyze philosophical truth, without losing the essence of philosophy and inspiring people to learn philosophy.

Reflections on The Book of Philosophy (Ⅲ)

The Marxist theory I read comes from Principles of Marxist Philosophy edited by Liang Shufa and others (the first edition of Renmin University of China Press, September 2003).

This textbook "Principles of Marxist Philosophy" is provided by the Marxist theory of ordinary colleges and universities of the Municipal Party Committee. Our teaching materials are in accordance with the Basic Requirements for the Teaching of "Two Courses" in Colleges and Universities promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 2003? The compilation of Basic Principles of Marxist Philosophy attempts to make some new explorations in the content, style, form and style of the textbook, so as to improve students' interest in learning Marxist philosophy and help them master the basic principles of Marxist philosophy comprehensively and emphatically.

The first chapter of the book, Philosophy is the Wisdom of the World, introduces readers what philosophy is and how to establish a correct philosophy view. The second chapter expounds that Marxist philosophy is a scientific world outlook and methodology. The third chapter introduces us to matter and consciousness. And some later chapters tell us how to look at the world with philosophical thoughts.

The philosophy mentioned in this book is the theoretical system of world outlook, and the philosophy of righteousness is the essence of the theory of the times. Marx believes that any real philosophy is the essence of his own spirit of the times, and any philosophy is only the spiritual content of the times. Marxist philosophy correctly grasps the relationship between philosophy, reality and the times.

The book expounds that philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the times from three points: First, reality is the fertile ground for the development of philosophy. Undoubtedly, philosophical thinking is a highly abstract and theoretical thinking with speculative characteristics. Secondly, the times endow philosophy with distinctive features. Engels pointed out: "The theoretical thinking of each era, and thus the theoretical thinking of our era, is the product of history, which has completely different forms and completely different contents in different times." Finally, the philosophy of honesty is a concentrated expression of reality and the spirit of the times. All philosophies depend on their own times. Philosophy is multifaceted, which can be the essence of the spirit of the times or the dross of the spirit of the times. True philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the times, because it meets the requirements of the progress of the times, grasps the theme of the times and answers the urgent questions of the times.

Reading philosophy for the first time made me understand that the more important way to learn and seek wisdom lies in practice. Philosophy is "thinking", but it is not "meditation" or "thinking hard" divorced from reality. Without reality, the flower of philosophy will wither. "Read thousands of books and take Wan Li Road". In fact, philosophy is the most practical subject, and the life after philosophical rational examination is a meaningful life. It is of great significance for us to correctly understand the world outlook and guide practical activities to correctly grasp the philosophical view and philosophical thinking mode. Let our contemporary college students not be divorced from reality, what they have learned is in line with the society, so as to apply what they have learned!

Abstract: Marxist philosophy has practical characteristics, and he established the view of time as his primary view. As a new philosophy, its task is to change the world. Practicality is a basic understanding of Marxist philosophy. In other words, without the practicality of Marxism, it will not be scientific, revolutionary and open. All the essence and characteristics of Marxist philosophy are determined by its practicality. (P29)

The unity of practicality, innovation and science is the essential feature of all characteristics of Marxist philosophy. Marxist philosophy is a science about the universal laws of the development of nature, society and thinking on the basis of practice, and it is also a subject of constant innovation and advancing with the times on the basis of practice. (page 33)

The reason why we advocate learning Marxist philosophy is because it is a scientific world outlook and methodology, and it is a real "world wisdom". The fundamental reason why Marxist philosophy is a scientific world outlook and methodology lies in that it bases its philosophical foundation on an objective basis, that is, it regards the external world as an objective reality independent of human consciousness and will, and as an eternal developing world linked with human practice, thus it bases its Marxist philosophy on social understanding, that is, it insists on regarding the development of social forms as a natural historical process, which is always an objective historical process linked with human practice and containing human development. (47 pages)

I think the enrichment and development of philosophy itself and the exertion of its methodological function are not isolated, but organically unified. If you don't enrich your development and keep up with the trend of the times, you will lose your vitality and it will be difficult to play a guiding role; Enriching and developing it is by no means to exclude its methodological significance, nor is it to replace philosophy with concrete science. Marxist philosophy should advance with science and guide science.

Building socialism with China characteristics is a great historical practice of China people at present and for a long time to come.

Practice in the Construction of Marxist Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory System. As contemporary college students, they have the obligation and responsibility to build their own country and strive for the cause of a prosperous, strong and democratic socialist country, which requires us to learn this theory well.

Learning from Marx is not just for philosophers. Marxist philosophy, as a scientific world outlook and methodology, is of great guiding significance to our understanding and practice. Learning Marxist philosophy well can benefit us for life. Quality is a concept related to human nature and human development, which is an inherent attribute of human beings and determines their ability and development degree. It includes people's political quality, ideological quality, ability quality, physical and mental quality and so on. Philosophical accomplishment is also a quality of people, a quality about ideology and culture, but it is higher than the general ideology and culture and has a universal influence on all other qualities of people. As far as the influence of philosophy on people's ideological and cultural quality is concerned, the most direct and important influence is on people's world outlook, outlook on life and values. So learning this theory well is of great benefit to us.

First of all, studying Marxist philosophy helps people to establish a correct world outlook. In a broad sense, it can be said that everyone

Everyone has a world outlook, that is, everyone with sound intelligence will form a certain view of the objective world they face. But people's world outlook, like people's understanding of certain things, has conscious and unconscious problems in formation and correct and incorrect problems in nature. People who lack a certain philosophical accomplishment are not only unconscious and unsystematic in the formation of their world outlook, but also difficult to ensure that they are correct. As far as their unconscious and simple understanding of the world is concerned, they cannot be considered as people with strict world outlook. The essence of the world outlook problem is not whether people have a certain view of the world, but what kind of view people have, whether they have and how to establish a scientific world outlook.

Second, studying Marxist philosophy is of great significance for establishing a correct outlook on life. Outlook on life is a personal concern.

The fundamental thinking about the purpose and meaning of life is a question that everyone must face and answer, about why people live. Outlook on life is a philosophical problem. We admit that everyone should have their own goals in life, and people can't live without their own pursuits, but this is not the essence of the problem. The essence of the problem lies in what people should determine as their life goals and value pursuits.

Thirdly, studying Marxist philosophical theory is of great significance to establish correct values. The problem of values is a problem.

Important philosophical issues. It involves all aspects of human social life, and the core is the evaluation of life and things. Solving the problem of values is essentially to correctly handle the relationship between personal values and social values, and it is also a question of how to keep consistent with the orientation of social progress through the establishment and renewal of values.

Fourthly, studying Marxist philosophy enables us to learn the correct way of thinking. The meaning of thinking method is to guide people.

How do students think and deal with problems correctly? In this complete sense, philosophical thinking method is the whole content of Marxist philosophy, because every concept, category and principle of Marxist philosophy has the significance of fundamental method. In a direct sense, it is materialist dialectics. Thinking method is a universal and effective method. Because all human actions are carried out under the control of certain thoughts, the significance of thinking method is not limited to the thinking activity itself, but also lies in all human actions and their consequences under the control of thoughts. The fundamental significance of studying Marxist philosophy lies in mastering the correct way of thinking by studying the basic principles of Marxist philosophy.

There are many ways to learn Marxist philosophy. First, we should study the classic works of Marxist philosophy. Second, we should use our brains and be good at asking questions and thinking. Third, the fundamental way to learn Marxist philosophy lies in integrating theory with practice.

Moreover, in universities, reading books and teaching by teachers are necessary forms for learning Marxist philosophy, but learning Marxist philosophy well is not limited to this form. It is not enough to study Marxist philosophy correctly in school. On the one hand, it is something we have been studying all our lives; On the other hand, learning is the most important form in social practice.

At the same time, I learned from the book that studying dialectics is to apply dialectics, apply what I have learned, and better analyze and solve various contradictions in real life. This requires people to pay attention to integrating theory with practice in the process of studying dialectics. Only by combining people with understanding and solving practical problems can we improve the consciousness and timeliness of studying dialectics, thus enhancing people's initiative, creativity and foresight in practical work and constantly promoting the development of various undertakings. Dialectics teaches us to look at things in a dialectical and unified way, not in a fixed way.

The objective world is a universally connected world. Only by understanding things with related viewpoints and methods can we grasp the true face of things. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent falling into the metaphysical thinking mode of "seeing the trees but not the forest". Contradiction is the most basic law of the development of things. The law of contradiction reveals that the root of the development of nature, society and human thinking movement is the function of internal contradictions, which promote the continuous development of things from low to high. Contradiction is the source and motive force of the development of everything. Therefore, a correct understanding of contradictions will help us solve some difficult problems in our daily life. Didn't you say that failure is the mother of success, so no matter what kind of difficulties you encounter, don't be afraid, try to overcome them. After that, you will find that although there is no way to regain your doubts, Lu' an is actually another village. Since everything is opposite, the theory of contradiction also teaches us how to face our opponents. In fact, a real opponent can stimulate his potential and is also his greatest helper. It depends on how to make full use of the resources and superior conditions around him. Because the identity and opposition of contradiction are two basic attributes of contradiction, the identity of contradiction is also called the unity of contradiction, which refers to the interdependence and integration between the opposing sides of contradiction under certain conditions. Interdependence of contradictions refers to the premise that two mutually exclusive opposites are interdependent and interdependent in a system. For example, it doesn't matter if you don't go up; No high, no low; Without left, there is no right; Without beauty, nothing is ugly; Without life, there is no death; Wait a minute. Under certain conditions, the mutual transformation between contradictory parties is the transformation pointing to their own opposites, not to other things, so we should turn every difficulty into an opportunity in the face of setbacks, which is why Edison, who tried his best to fail the experiment the most times, was able to invent the electric light bulb. Therefore, failure is not terrible, but what can be photographed is that we bow our heads in the face of difficulties. We should face contradictions realistically and adopt appropriate methods to solve them, instead of avoiding and denying their objective existence. We should promote the continuous development of objective things by understanding and constantly solving contradictions in things. The book says: Understanding things is the dynamic reflection of human mind on the objective world on the basis of practice, which is the understanding of Marxist philosophy on the nature of cognition. (P 175) The author also discusses the structure and function of three elements in the cognitive system, namely, the subject and principle of subjectivity of cognition, the function and function of rational factors in cognition, and the function and function of irrational factors in cognition. In the cognitive activities of the subject, rational factors are generally the main factors, and irrational factors, as a supplement to rational factors, play an important role, but generally do not play a leading role.

Cognition is a system and a process. In Lenin's words, it is "from intuitive image to abstract thinking, from abstract thinking to practice." This is a dialectical method of understanding truth and objective facts. " On the basis of practice, cognition has risen from perceptual intuition to abstract thinking and reached rational cognition, which is the first leap in the development of cognition.

People have gained perceptual knowledge on the basis of practice and improved to rational knowledge through psychological processing; Rational cognition has been applied and practiced, and has been tested by practice. For now, the cognitive process is over. But in fact, everything is not that simple. The cognitive process described by the author above is only an abstract and idealized state. As Mao Zedong said, "In all practical work of our Party, all correct leadership must come from the masses and always go to them. That is to combine the opinions of the masses, publicize and explain them among the masses, turn them into opinions of the masses, make them persist, see them in action, and test whether they are correct among the masses. This cycle is more correct, more vivid and richer every time. This is the epistemology of Marxism. "

Therefore, we should proceed from reality, avoid being one-sided or out of context, and innovate in theory with practice in order to better understand things.

Marxist philosophical theory has indeed gained a lot. I know that human value is the unity of social value and self-value. Learning philosophy helps us to promote and sublimate our values. The unity of all-round development of human beings and society is the realistic goal of all-round development of human beings in the primary stage of socialism in China. As college students in the new era, they should realize all-round development, shoulder the historical mission of the future hope of the motherland, and strive to build China into a prosperous, strong and democratic country. This is inseparable from the efforts of each of us.

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