Traditional security threats and non-traditional security threats caused by non-traditional security threats

Report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: "The unjust and irrational old international political and economic order has not fundamentally changed. Uncertainties affecting peace and development are increasing. The factors of traditional and non-traditional security threats are intertwined, and the harm of terrorism is on the rise. Hegemonism and power politics have taken on new manifestations. Local conflicts caused by ethnic and religious contradictions and border territorial disputes are one after another. The gap between north and south has further widened. The world is still very restless and mankind faces many severe challenges. " This spirit has been absorbed by the newly revised senior three political textbooks. A correct understanding of traditional security threats and non-traditional security threats is of great significance to deeply understand the spirit of the 16th National Congress and improve the teaching level. First of all, the connotation is different: traditional security threats mainly refer to some high-level political security issues in the traditional sense, which are military threats facing the country and military factors threatening international security. Compared with traditional security threats, non-traditional security threats are not outstanding security threats that human society has never encountered or rarely seen in the past. Besides military, political and diplomatic conflicts, they are other factors that threaten the survival and development of sovereign countries and all mankind.

Secondly, the extension is different: traditional security threats can be divided into three categories according to the degree of threat: arms race, military deterrence and war. There are world wars, total wars and local wars, international wars and civil wars, conventional wars and nuclear wars, and so on. According to the object of threat, it can be divided into national defense issues, territorial disputes, sovereignty issues and military posture issues between countries. Non-traditional security issues mainly include: economic security, financial security, population explosion, ecological environment security, information security, resource security, terrorism, weapons proliferation, disease spread, transnational crime, smuggling and drug trafficking, immigration, piracy, money laundering and so on. First of all, sources and actors are different: actors and sources in traditional security issues are relatively clear, and generally come from conflicts and disputes of interests between sovereign States, mainly the result of state and government actions. The actors and sources of non-traditional security problems are more diverse, and many non-traditional security threats are not directly caused by state actions, but the results of various non-state actors' activities. For example, terrorism is committed by many individuals, organizations or groups.

Secondly, the manifestations are different: non-traditional security issues are more social, transnational and global than traditional security issues. Non-traditional security is not only an individual problem of a certain country, but also a problem related to the interests of other countries or all mankind. It not only poses a security threat to a certain country, but also may endanger the national security of other countries to varying degrees. Because non-traditional security issues are directly related to the personal behavior of special social groups, with the increasing development of human social communication and contact, the scope of activities of specific groups is also expanding. In this way, non-traditional security issues can easily transcend various political, geographical and cultural boundaries between countries and spread from one country and region to other countries and regions, so that these issues can multiply, evolve and spread around the world and turn the problems of individual countries into global problems.

Thirdly, the objects of infringement are different: the threat brought by traditional security is mainly related to the life and death of the nation, the country and the political power; The threats brought by non-traditional security problems mainly involve human survival, social development and environmental protection. First of all, the political background is different: the increasingly prominent non-traditional security threats occurred in the context of the end of the Cold War and the end of the bipolar confrontation pattern. The disappearance of the pattern of military confrontation between the two poles has greatly reduced the possibility of the international community suffering from all-round military confrontation and overall destruction, and kept the shadow of world war away. However, the contradictions covered by the past bipolar confrontation quickly surfaced after the Cold War, and a considerable part of them were non-traditional security issues, such as environmental pollution, terrorism and the very popular SARS. The traditional security threat has become a prominent problem in the early stage of the formation and development of international relations and during the Cold War.

Secondly, the economic background is different: the emergence of non-traditional security threats is under the condition of rapid development of economic globalization, and the impact of economic globalization on the world is actually a "double-edged sword". Economic globalization can indeed realize the optimal allocation of resources, bring benefits to all countries in the world, make countries get more compensation from the progress of the world, and solve problems that individual countries can't solve by their own efforts. However, the acceleration of economic globalization has also widened the inequality and the gap between the rich and the poor in the world, increased the fragility of the development of countries around the world, and triggered crises and turmoil in some countries, which has prompted some global problems, such as the internationalization of criminal activities and the global networking of terrorism. The traditional security threats appeared in the early stage of the rise and development of industrial civilization and the early stage of economic globalization. First of all, the security concept of solving problems is different: an old security concept is suitable for solving traditional security threats. In the old concept of security, the boundaries between enemies and friends are often divided by countries, and cooperative members often conduct collective defense or group security through mutual alliances, focusing on deterring and containing potential opponents. This kind of security concept often realizes the security of some countries at the expense of the security interests of other countries, which is very exclusive. The new security concept is produced in the process of solving non-traditional security threats. It plays down exclusive security cooperation and strengthens common security. It strengthens dialogue and cooperation among countries, establishes the concept of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and cooperation as the core, and establishes a new international security system to prevent and solve traditional and non-traditional security threats.

Thirdly, the means and ways to solve the problem have their own emphases: compared with traditional security threats, the means to solve non-traditional security threats emphasize its comprehensiveness, while the state emphasizes its cooperation. Non-traditional security threats cover a wider range than traditional security threats, and can no longer be dealt with by single military means or major military means, but by comprehensive use of political, economic, diplomatic, legal, scientific and technological means. The international community should actively engage in dialogue and adopt various forms of cooperation to effectively promote and develop security cooperation according to actual needs and from the perspective of security. (a) Traditional security threats

Mainly refers to the military threats facing the country and the military factors that threaten international security. According to the degree of threat, it can be divided into three categories: arms race, military deterrence and war. There are world wars, total wars and local wars, international wars and civil wars, conventional wars and nuclear wars, and so on. Traditional security threats have a long history. Since there was a country, there has been a military threat between countries. However, after the concept of national security and the new concept of security were put forward, people called military threats traditional security threats. 1943, American columnist lippman first proposed national security. The term "national security" defined by American academic circles as the threat, use and control of military forces has almost become synonymous with military security. Since 1970s and 1980s, people have called the security concept with military security as the core the traditional security concept, the military threat the traditional security threat and the non-military security threat the non-traditional security threat.

(2) Compared with traditional security threats, it refers to other factors that threaten the survival and development of sovereign countries and all mankind except military, political and diplomatic conflicts. Non-traditional security threats Non-traditional security issues mainly include: economic security, financial security, ecological environment security, information security, resource security, terrorism, weapons proliferation, disease spread, transnational crime, smuggling and drug trafficking, illegal immigration, piracy and money laundering. If the contradiction of non-traditional security issues intensifies, it may be transformed into relying on traditional security military means to solve it. Non-traditional security issues mainly have the following characteristics: First, they are transnational. Non-traditional security issues have obvious transnational characteristics from generation to solution, which are not only individual issues of a certain country, but also issues related to the interests of other countries or all mankind. It not only poses a security threat to a certain country, but also may endanger the national security of other countries to varying degrees. The second is uncertainty. Non-traditional security threats do not necessarily come from a sovereign country, but are often carried out by non-state actors such as individuals, organizations or groups. The third is transformation. There is no absolute boundary between non-traditional security and traditional security. If the contradiction between non-traditional security issues intensifies, it may turn into a military solution relying on traditional security, or even turn into an armed conflict or a local war. The fourth is dynamic. Non-traditional security factors are constantly changing. For example, with the development of medical technology, some epidemic diseases may no longer be regarded as a threat to national development; With the escalation of terrorism, anti-terrorism has become an important part of safeguarding national security. The fifth is sovereignty. The state is the subject of non-traditional security, and the sovereign state has the right to decide to solve non-traditional security problems independently. The sixth is cooperation. Strengthening international cooperation in dealing with non-traditional security issues aims at minimizing threats.