What kinds of fencing competitions are there? What is the difference?

Men's events include foil, epee and sabre, while women's events include foil, epee and sabre. There are individual competitions and team competitions. The team competition is an inter-team competition of 3 people per team. In the individual competition, the group round robin is adopted first, and then ranked in the group according to the performance index, and the single defeat elimination system is carried out. In round robin, the winner is the person who hits five swords first in four minutes. The single-defeat elimination tournament lasts for 3 minutes each game, and the fencing times are accumulated. The first sword to hit 15 wins, with a break of 1 minute, with a maximum of 3 games. According to the results of individual competition, the team competition will be directly defeated and eliminated.

Fencing is one of the sports. Athletes wear fencing clothes and protective gear and stab each other with swords in one hand on the fencing field. It is the sword that is hit by the effective part of the body first. There are various offensive and defensive techniques, and various tactics are used to win within the scope permitted by the rules.

Men's events include foil, epee and sabre, while women's events include foil, epee and sabre. There are individual competitions and team competitions. The team competition is an inter-team competition of 3 people per team. In the individual competition, the group round robin is adopted first, and then ranked in the group according to the performance index, and the single defeat elimination system is carried out. In round robin, the winner is the person who hits five swords first in four minutes. The single-defeat elimination tournament lasts for 3 minutes each game, and the fencing times are accumulated. The first sword to hit 15 wins, with a break of 1 minute, with a maximum of 3 games. According to the results of individual competition, the team competition will be directly defeated and eliminated.

Fencing history

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Fencing is a traditional sport with a long history. As early as ancient times, the sword was a tool for human beings to fight and hunt wild animals in order to survive. With the development of human history, swords developed from stones and bones to bronze and iron, and finally to steel. As a weapon of war, it has gradually entered the historical stage. Fencing is very popular in ancient Egypt, China, Greece, Rome, Arabia and other countries. 1 1 century BC, fencing classes appeared in ancient Greece, and swordsmen gave lectures. As for the ancient forms of fencing, the reliefs about fencing can be seen in some historical buildings and monuments in Greece, Egypt and other countries.

In medieval Europe, fencing, riding, swimming, hunting, playing chess, reciting poems and throwing guns were listed as the seven big noble movements of knights. In order to study and promote the development of fencing technology, European countries have set up fencing guilds (associations and schools). Spain is considered as the cradle of modern fencing. The first fencing book was written by two Spanish coaches. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, dazzling chivalry appeared in Spain, France and Italy. They won a wide reputation for their superb fencing. Since then, nobles from all over the world have followed suit and become fashionable in the upper class for a time, so that they have developed to solve disputes among nobles, and often draw swords against each other and decide life and death with one sword.

It was during the period of Henry III and Henry IV that fencing really developed in an all-round way. 1776, a famous French fencing master? Boissiere invented the mask, which further promoted fencing to an elegant road. People can safely carry out a series of offensive and defensive confrontations by wearing masks, gloves and fencing clothes. The appearance of masks is a milestone in the development of fencing. France became the development center of fencing in Europe at that time.

Dueling prevailed in Europe at the end of 16 and the beginning of 17. In this situation, in order to meet people's hobbies and needs for fencing without harming their lives, a new type of sword with short body, quadrilateral shape and tip wrapped in a thong was designed, which was widely welcomed by people and developed widely. This is the embryonic form of aluminum foil now. Since then, in European martial arts schools, fencing halls and professional schools, foil fencing methods have gradually formed and improved.

Gentlemen and nobles who are keen on dueling started from 1885. When practicing in the martial arts school, they used triangular swords to fight against unlimited positions. This is the epee that continues to this day.

/kloc-At the end of 0/8, the Hungarians reformed the arc-shaped short knives used by the early cavalry of the Persians, Arabs and Turks in the East, and installed crescent-shaped hand guards on the handle to protect fingers during fencing. Later, Italian fencing master Giuseppe? Rada Yeli further improved it, so that it can be used for fencing and dueling, and according to the characteristics of cavalry combat, it was stipulated that the effective part was above the belt, which became the predecessor of modern sabre. At this point, people can freely choose foil, epee and sabre when they are engaged in fencing.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, under the initiative of French fencing authority Lafarge, the weights of three different styles of swords, Hua, Chong and Pei, were further reduced, and some technical principles and tactical significance were deeply studied, and competitions were often held in some European countries. Fencing has gradually become an international sports competition and the first member of the Olympic family.

Modern fencing is a traditional event of the Olympic Games. 1896 held in Athens 1 Men's foil and sabre competitions were held in the modern Olympic Games. The men's epee competition was included in the second Olympic Games held in Paris in 1900. Women's foil competition was added to the 8th Olympic Games held in Paris from 65438 to 0924. At the 25th Olympic Games held in Barcelona from 65438 to 0992, women's epee was listed as an official event. Women's sabre was officially listed as an Olympic event at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games.

1913165438+1On October 29th, the International Fencing Federation was established in Paris, France. 1965438+ The rules of fencing competition were adopted in Paris in June 2004, which made the fencing competition more fair and reasonable.

193 1, the epee competition uses electric referees. The foil referee was also used in the 1995 competition. 1989 electronic referee was used in sabre competition. The invention of electronic referee is also a milestone in the history of modern fencing. It makes the fencing competition more fair, and at the same time pushes the development of fencing technology to a new height.

France, Italy, Russia, Germany and Hungary are all fencing powers in different periods. Leading the world fencing development trend, representing a classical fencing school, their basic technical movements and tactical styles are obviously different. In the past 50 years, fencing techniques and tactics have developed rapidly.

Competition equipment

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Epee: The sword length110cm, and the weight does not exceed 770g. The sword body is made of steel, with a length of 90cm, a triangular cross section and a maximum bending angle of 1 cm. The head of the sword is about 8mm in diameter and1.5cm in length.

Aluminum foil: length110cm, weight less than 500g. The sword body is made of steel, 90 cm long and rectangular in cross section. The maximum diameter of the armguard is 12cm, and the bending angle should be less than 1cm. The head of the sword is 5.5-7mm in diameter and about1.5cm in length.

Fence sub-item

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Foil paper

(1) One of the fencing sports equipment. China was once called "lightsaber", but it was later renamed as 1973. It consists of a handle, a sword body and a hand guard. The total length shall not exceed110cm, and the weight shall not exceed 500g. The sword body is made of steel, with a length of less than 90 cm and a rectangular cross section. The length of the handle is less than 20 cm. The armguard is round and installed between the body and the hilt, and its diameter is less than 12 cm. No favoritism. There are electric foil and ordinary foil. The front end of the former body is wrapped with 15cm insulation, and the hilt is insulated from the body and the armguard. The head of the latter sword is 5.5-7mm in diameter and about1.5cm in length.

(2) One of the fencing events. There are men's and women's individual competitions and team competitions. Only the effective parts of the opponent's trunk are allowed to be stabbed during the game, and chopping is not allowed. Electric foil is used in the official competition, and athletes wear metal vests in the effective parts. When they hit the metal heart, the electronic referee will display colored lights. Click on the invalid part to display white light. When hitting the opponent, the referee will make a judgment according to the principle of priority jurisdiction. If both sides attack at the same time and hit (or one side hits) the invalid part, the game will continue without judgment. Because the foil is light and small, the effective hitting area is small, so it pays special attention to skills and tactics.

Electricity will be the referee from 1955. There are four events in the Olympic Games: individual men (included in 1896), team (included in 1904), individual women (included in 1924) and team (included in 1960).

Heavy fencing

(1) One of the fencing sports equipment. It consists of a handle, a sword body and a hand guard. Total length does not exceed110cm, weight

No more than 770 grams. The sword body is made of steel, with a length of less than 90 cm, a triangular cross section and a width of 2.4 mm at most. The length of the handle is less than 20 cm. The hand guard is circular, with a depth of 3-5.5cm, a maximum diameter of 13.5cm and a maximum eccentricity of 3.5cm. ..

(2) One of the fencing events. There are men's and women's individual competitions and team competitions. During the competition, athletes are all effective parts, only allowed to stab, not allowed to split. It is the earliest fencing event with electronic referee. Both sides hit each other simultaneously in 1/25 seconds. If one side hits after 1/25 seconds, the electric referee only displays the light of the first hit side. In modern sports competitions, fencing is an epee, and the outcome is decided by fencing. Because the effective area is large and there is no rule of priority jurisdiction, athletes are more cautious and pay attention to the timing.

There are four events in the Olympic Games: individual men (included in 1900), team (included in 1908), individual women (included in 1996) and team (included in 1996).

sabre

(1) One of the fencing sports equipment. China was once called "Fancy Sword", which was renamed as 1973. Protected by hilt and body.

Hand board composition. The total length shall not exceed 105cm, and the weight shall not exceed 500g. The sword body is made of steel, with a length of no more than 88 cm, a blade and a back, and a straight cross section. The length of the handle shall not exceed17cm. The hand guard is circular, and the size shall be subject to the fact that it can be placed diagonally in the rectangular inspection tube of 15cm× 14cm.

(2) One of the fencing events. Men's and women's events include individual events and team events. In the competition, chopping is the main way, and thorns can also be used. Above the waist (including the head and thighs) is the effective part. Wear metal clothes and a metal mask on the effective part. When hitting the effective part, the electric referee displays colored lights; When the invalid part is hit, there is no light display. When hitting the opponent, the referee will make a judgment according to the principle of priority jurisdiction. If both sides attack and hit at the same time, the game will start again in the same place without judgment. Because of the large movement range, fast attack speed and strong threat, athletes are required to be flexible in footwork and quick in tactical response.

The electric referee has been used since 1989. There are four Olympic events: individual men (included in 1896), team (included in 1908), individual women (included in 2004) and team (included in 2008).

team competition

Team fencing competition. Each team consists of three players, and the order is decided by the captain. Substitutes are allowed. The encounter between teams must be played in 9 games, each game is limited to 4 minutes. Five swords were played in the first game, 10 sword in the second game, 15 sword in the third game, and so on until 45 swords were played in the ninth game. If the score specified in the relay race is not reached at the end of 4 minutes, the next couple will continue the race from the original score. The team that wins 45 swords first or more swords at the end of the specified time is the winning team. If 1 players and 1 substitutes abstain or are expelled, the team will be negative. At the end of the specified time of the last relay, if the scores of both sides are equal, the winning and losing rights will be decided by drawing lots, and then 1 minute will be added, and the last two players will decide a sword.

Sabre: the longest is 105 cm, and the weight does not exceed 500g. The body of the sword is made of steel, the longest is no more than 88 cm, the cross section is approximately rectangular, and the bending angle should be less than 4 cm. The size of the hand guard should be able to pass through a cuboid gauge with a section of 15cm× 14cm and a height of 15cm.

Fencing rules

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Before the Sydney Olympic Games, the International Fencing Federation announced to the outside world that it would use the wireless frequency meter for the first time to calculate the effective hitting times in fencing competition, replacing the electronic instrument that has been popular for half a century.

Fencing is a double competition. In the competition, one side attacks the opponent with the tip of the sword, so that the tip of the sword can accurately hit the effective part, which has the nature of puncture. Finally, the party that clicks more effectively wins. According to the rules, the round robin is played five times in four minutes and the knockout is played fifteen times in nine minutes. Hit your opponent effectively first, or hit your opponent a few more times when the time is up. In the team competition, the team that hits the opponent 45 times first wins.

Fencing has three weapons: epee, foil and sabre. The effective hit points and competition rules of the three weapons are also different, so each weapon has its own competition characteristics. Comparatively speaking, foil is more athletic, sabre is the fastest, and epee needs more skill and accuracy.

1. Ready

The competition was held on the kendo with a width of 1.5 to 1.8 meters and a length of 14 meters. When the referee announced that he was ready for the game, the players from both sides took emergency positions two meters away from the center line. Players should stand sideways, the sword must point at the opponent, and the hand without the sword should lean against the back. Every time an athlete scores a point, he must return to this position to compete again.

score

Playing with epee, foil and sabre is to stab the opponent directly with the tip of the sword, so that the tip of the sword can clearly and accurately hit the effective part, which has the nature of puncture. A blow to any part of the opponent's body is a tangible, substantial and substantial blow. In order to make it an effective hit and score point, the landing point must be within the effective part stipulated by the relevant sword species.

Epee is a complete stabbing weapon. Only the tip of the sword is effective, and the horizontal stroke of the blade is invalid. The effective parts of the attack include the whole body, that is, trunk, legs and feet, hands and arms, and helmet. Unlike foil and sabre, epee is effective every time it hits. If both sides hit each other within a quarter of a second, each side will get a hit count. The most vulnerable part is the hand. Therefore, the epee competition needs high accuracy, and the good time to attack the opponent is often when the opponent begins to attack. The tips of the two contestants are equipped with red and green detectors respectively. When hit, the tip of the sword will produce strong light.

Foil is a complete stab weapon. Only when the tip of the sword hits, the cross stroke of the rapier is invalid. The effective hitting position is the upper body. The effective part of the hit is covered with a metal coating, so that electronic instruments can distinguish between effective and invalid hits. Foil competition also pays attention to hitting the ball first Whoever attacks first will score. The attacked person must resist effectively before attacking and hitting. Both sides hit at the same time, no score. In this case, it is difficult to distinguish the sequence of blows. For example, sometimes the sword touches the arm, which is an invalid part of the foil.

Sabre is a weapon for splitting and stabbing. In actual combat, get more points by splitting. Effective parts are the upper body, helmet and arms. The effective part of the hit is covered with a metal coating, so that electronic instruments can distinguish between effective and invalid hits. Sabre competition also pays attention to hitting first. Whoever attacks first will score. The attacked person must resist effectively before attacking and hitting. Both sides hit at the same time, no score. Sabre is the fastest and usually takes the shortest time.

If the electronic instrument shows a player's score, the referee will stop the game immediately, and both players will continue the game when they are ready.

draw pictures

Within nine minutes, if the two sides are equally divided, we will play overtime for one minute and use the sudden death method. In order to prevent both sides from over-defending, a lottery was drawn before overtime to decide who would win if neither side scored in overtime.

4. Team competition

In the team competition, each player takes turns to compete with the other three players. The player who scores 5 points first wins, then the players cross the competition, and the team who scores 45 points first wins.

5. Fouls and penalties

After the game is restarted, it usually starts from the same place (except for the penalty of losing the venue). Penalty for losing the venue is generally to move the competition site to the illegal group by one meter. If both legs touch the baseline, the player will be punished for hitting the sword.

After warning, if you make the same mistake again, you will be punished by hitting the sword. Like the sprint collision in sabre, intentional physical contact in foil and pushing the opponent in epee are also intentional physical contact behaviors. Will be punished for hitting the sword.

It is illegal to turn your back on your opponent, illegally drag and stab the tip of the sword again on the court, or cover it with a hand without a sword to avoid being hit. The first time you give a yellow card warning, if you do it again, you will get a red card and be punished by the other side. For those serious fouls, such as revenge and rough collision, collude with opponents and directly show black cards to expel them.

Watching etiquette

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Fencing competition, like any sports competition, is a competition that requires interaction between athletes and spectators. The good behavior of the audience not only helps to watch the game smoothly, but also helps the athletes to maintain a good game mood on the court.

(1) Spectators should enter and leave the venue in an orderly manner and generally arrive at the venue in advance, which is the minimum respect for athletes, coaches and referees.

(2) Glass bottles and cans are not allowed to enter, only soft-packed drinks are allowed to enter. When leaving, the garbage should be taken out by itself in a convenient bag or paper bag.

(3) Smoking is prohibited in the competition venues.

(4) At the beginning of the game, be sure to keep quiet, and don't eat, chat with each other or talk loudly.

(5) Flash lamps cannot be used in fencing venues.

(6) The mobile phone should be turned off or set to vibrate or mute.

(7) When the athletes perform well, the audience should applaud; If you don't play well, give support and encouragement to the athletes, and don't boo them. The referee is not only a law enforcement officer on the court, but also controls the rhythm and atmosphere of the game to a certain extent. When the confrontation between the athletes of both sides is over and the referee gives a "stop" password, the audience should keep quiet. After hearing the referee's decision, the audience can applaud and cheer for the athletes of both sides. When the referee gives the password to start actual combat, the audience should keep quiet and let the athletes hear every password given by the referee clearly, so as not to affect the normal progress of the game.

(8) After the competition, medals will be awarded to the winners and their national anthem will be played at the same time. At this time, the audience should all stand up and be silent.

The Development of Fencing in China

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Fencing in China began in the 1950s. From 65438 to 0955, Khrushcheva, an expert from the former Soviet Union, started fencing courses at Beijing Institute of Physical Education (now Beijing Sport University) and began to introduce fencing to China.

1959, fencing was listed as 1 National Games performance. It was listed as an official event in the 2nd National Games on 1965. 1973, the Chinese fencing association was established and joined the Asian fencing Federation in the same year. 1974 Joining the International Sword Federation marks the entry of China fencing on the international stage.

1978 In March, Luan Jujie, a fencer from China, won the second place in the 29th World Youth Championship held in Madrid. This is a historic breakthrough in fencing in China, which caused a sensation in fencing. 1984, at the 23rd Olympic Games, Luan Jujie lived up to expectations and won the women's foil championship in one fell swoop, which once again caused a sensation in fencing. 1992, in the 25th Olympic Games, Huifeng Wang won the runner-up in women's foil. In the 27th Olympic Games in 2000, China's "Three Musketeers" won the runner-up in the men's foil team. In the 28th Olympic Games in 2004, Tan Xue won the runner-up in women's sabre, Wang Leyan won the runner-up in men's epee, and the men's foil "Three Musketeers" went to the Olympic Games again, winning the impressive record of runner-up in men's foil team. From June 5th to1October, 2006, Wang Leyan won the men's epee championship and the women's epee team championship at the World Fencing Championships held in Turin, which was another major historical breakthrough in the fencing history of China.