Advantages and disadvantages of various personality traits?

Advantages and disadvantages of various personality traits? Personality: psychological characteristics in attitude and behavior towards people and things; Such as: brave, strong, cowardly, rude, etc.

Introduction to Personality Types —— Six Kinds of Classification

Realistic type

Realistic people like outdoor, mechanical and sports activities or occupations. I like dealing with "things" rather than "people". I like making and repairing things. I like operating devices and machines, and I like seeing tangible things. Perseverance, diligence, lack of creativity and originality. I like to do things in a familiar way and set a fixed pattern. Thinking is often absolute. I prefer ambiguity to abstract theory and philosophical speculation. Is a traditional conservative person, lacking good interpersonal and language communication skills. When you become the center of attention, you will feel uncomfortable and not good at expressing your feelings. Some people think he is shy, but most realistic works adhere to the realistic life and work style.

Exploratory type

Exploratory people are curious and ask questions. We must understand, explain and predict what is happening around us. Passion for scientific exploration. There are many negative and critical attitudes towards unscientific, simplistic or supernatural explanations. Be able to focus on what you like to do without distractions. Independent, like to do things alone. I don't like being in charge of people, and I don't like being in charge. I like to look at problems from a theoretical and speculative point of view. Like to solve abstract and vague problems, creative and often fresh, it is often difficult to accept traditional values. Escape from a highly structured and restrictive environment. Step by step, handle things accurately and methodically, and have confidence in your intelligence. I often feel embarrassed in social situations and lack leadership and persuasion skills. Interpersonal relationships are rigid and rigid. Not being good at expressing emotions may give people an unfriendly feeling, and the exploratory type should pay more attention to its own development and innovative spirit.

artistic

People with artistic cells are creative, expressive, principled, naive and individual. I like to be different and strive to be an excellent person. Do not like to engage in heavy physical activities, and do not like highly standardized and stylized tasks. I like to express things and myself through works of art, hoping to get everyone's attention and appreciation, and I am very sensitive to criticism. They are often unrestrained and unconventional in their clothes, words and deeds. Like to work without supervision, impulsive. He attaches great importance to beauty and aesthetic taste, and his feelings are rich and complicated. Like abstract work and unstructured environment. Seek others' acceptance and praise, and feel that intimate interpersonal relationships are stressful and evasive. I communicate indirectly with others through art to make up for my sense of alienation. I often reflect on myself, my thoughts are unconstrained and my divergent thinking is strong.

Social type

Social people are friendly, enthusiastic, outgoing and cooperative. I like to associate with people. Have insight into other people's feelings and problems. I like to play the role of helping others, such as teachers and consultants. I like to express myself and be persuasive in the crowd. I like to be the focus and the center of the team. Sensitive to life and getting along with others, idealistic and cautious. I like philosophical issues, such as life, religion and moral ethics. I don't like dealing with machines or data, and I don't like dealing with people with tight and repetitive structures. Get along well with people, naturally express your feelings, and be tactful when dealing with people, giving people the impression of being kind and helpful. If they can be recognized by the society, they will make great contributions to the country.

Management type

Managers are extroverted, introspective, persuasive and optimistic. I like bold activities and dare to take risks. Dominant and interested in management and leadership. Usually like to pursue power, wealth and status. Good at rhetoric, always trying to make others accept their own views, with the ability to persuade and deploy people. I feel very popular with others and lack the patience to do meticulous work. I don't like jobs that require long-term intellectual activities. Managers are clear-headed and quick-thinking, which is the guarantee of reliable life and society.

Conventional type

Conventional people are methodical, stubborn, down-to-earth, like to do activities such as copying and calculating, reliable, efficient and serious. Dependent groups and organizations gain a sense of security and strive to be good members. They are satisfied with the general work of large institutions and do not seek leadership positions. When you know what you should do, you will feel relaxed. I'm not used to making judgments and decisions on things by myself, so I don't like ambiguous instructions. I hope to know exactly what I am asked to do, and I can complete the clearly defined tasks well. Tend to be conservative and follow tradition, and be used to obeying and carrying out orders from superiors. I like working in a pleasant indoor environment and attach importance to material enjoyment and property. Self-control and restraint express their feelings, avoid tense interpersonal relationships, and like natural interpersonal relationships. You will feel comfortable in the familiar crowd. I like to do things in a planned way, but I don't like to break the rules and engage in heavy manual labor. This type of life basically follows social laws.

Holland, an American career guidance expert, believes that everyone is a different combination of these six types, but the dominant type is different. The working environment of each occupation is also composed of six different working conditions, one of which is dominant. Whether a person's career is successful, stable and satisfactory depends largely on the adaptability between his personality type and working conditions.

Personality structure and its characteristics

1, the attitude characteristics of personality

The attitude characteristics of personality refer to the general characteristics of individuals' attitudes towards all aspects of real life.

2. Rational characteristics of personality

The rational characteristics of personality refer to the psychological characteristics of individuals in cognitive activities. In terms of perception, they can actively observe according to certain purposes and tasks, belonging to the active observation type, while others are obviously influenced by the environment and belong to the passive observation type; Some tend to observe the details of objects, which belong to analytical type, while others tend to observe the whole and outline of objects, which belong to comprehensive type; Some tend to perceive quickly, which belongs to the fast perception type, while others tend to perceive accurately, which belongs to the accurate perception type. In imagination, there are active imagination and passive imagination; There are broad imagination and narrow imagination. In memory, there are active and passive points; There is a difference between being good at image memory and being good at abstract memory. In thinking, there are also active and passive points; Have independent thinking and rely on others; There are deep and shallow points.

3. Personality and emotional characteristics

The emotional characteristics of personality refer to the psychological characteristics of individuals in emotional expression. In terms of emotional intensity, some emotions are strong and difficult to control; Others are weak and easy to control. In terms of emotional stability, some people have great emotional fluctuations and changes; Others are emotionally stable and calm. In terms of emotional persistence, some people have a long emotional duration, which has a great impact on work and study; Other emotions last for a short time and have little effect on work and study. In the dominant mood, some people are often full of emotions and happy; Other people are often unhappy.

4. Will characteristics of personality

The will characteristics of personality refer to the psychological characteristics of individuals when they regulate their psychological activities. Conscience, firmness, decisiveness and self-control are the main characteristics of will. Self-consciousness refers to having a clear purpose before action, determining the steps and methods of action in advance, overcoming difficulties in the process of action and persistently implementing them. On the contrary, it is blind obedience or arbitrariness. Perseverance refers to being able to take certain measures to overcome difficulties in order to achieve your goals. The opposite of firmness is stubbornness and vacillation. The former will not take effective measures and go its own way. The latter is to change or give up your plan easily. Decisiveness means being good at distinguishing right from wrong in complex situations and making correct decisions quickly. The antonym of decisiveness is indecision or arbitrariness and recklessness. Self-control refers to being good at controlling one's behavior and emotions. The opposite of self-control is willfulness.

A method

sample

The samples were taken from 139 students in the summer school of the teaching research institute of Chengchi University and the Department of Primary Education of Beijing Normal University in 1995. The average age is 38 years old (between 24 and 58 years old), marital status 103 people are married, 33 people are unmarried or divorced, and 3 people are unknown.

tool

There are two tools: First, the Adult Life Questionnaire (Lin Tiande, 1994) is used to measure people's customs clearance skills. The higher the score, the stronger the customs clearance skills; The second is "How to behave", which is a self-made questionnaire. The interesting items are taken from the symptoms defined in DSM-IV (Lin Tiande, 1995). In order to prevent the subjects from recognizing their own personality, all the symptoms are arranged in a mixed way; For the convenience of answering, each symptom is given to the first person, and the following explanation is attached: Although dealing with people is very complicated, I have my own set, you have your own set, and he has his own set. This questionnaire is to explore the rules of communication with others, you and me. Honesty is the most important thing when you answer every question. Because I only do a survey, I don't need your name for matching, so I don't want you to register. I don't know your answer, and neither do others. Please write down your answers according to the questions on the answer sheet. If you think the problem matches your description, write down "3"; Half true and half false, write down "2"; All false, write "1".

Table 1 points out that the reliability of internal consistency of five personality disorders, such as delusion, dependence, narcissism, escape and borderline, is greater than 0.60. Although there is no public cut-off value in academic circles, based on research experience, I think there is no doubt about the consistency of clinical symptoms of these five personality disorders. In other words, if the total is used for diagnosis or research, its meaning is clear and definite, and there should be no problem. On the contrary, personality disorders such as split, split, compulsion, acting, antisocial and running in the dark need to be corrected, especially antisocial personality disorders. The reliability of internal consistency of the factor scale in Table 4 is higher than 0.60 except the fifth factor. This shows that tearing personality disorder can be corrected. Let's test Table 3 and Table 5. The correlation between the first factor scale and the primary performance personality disorder is 0.69, and the correlation with other personality disorders is significantly lower. So this factor should be performance personality disorder. Looking at its content, Table 3 points out that this factor only stores "sexual temptation", "not good at using emotions" and "attracting attention", plus "being in a bad mood, being argumentative", "knowing ghosts and gods, being psychic or having immortal feelings", but removes symptoms such as "discomfort" and "exaggerating feelings". This seems to say, for example, if we focus on external seduction, we will not intervene.

Inner feelings, its meaning should be more clear and meaningful. Table 5 points out that the correlation between the second factor and schizophrenia personality disorder is as high as 0.83, far exceeding the correlation with other personality disorders.

Related. So this factor should be schizophrenic personality disorder. Table 3 points out that except for "little activity" and "unmoved by others", most of them retain the original symptoms, but add the symptoms of "fear of acquaintances" and "workaholic". This seems to mean that if we only make some amendments to the personality disorder of schizophrenia and focus on the indifference of interpersonal relationships,

The meaning of factor three seems to be mainly antisocial personality symptoms, but the symptoms of "fraud, fighting, irresponsibility and no repentance" in the original meaning are retained, while the symptoms of "non-compliance, impulsiveness and neglect of safety" are gone. On the contrary, it brings symptoms such as "doing the right thing in secret, not being understood, doubting others, ignoring others, flirting with others". Therefore, this factor shows that it is easier to explain "antisocial personality disorder" if it is limited to irresponsible behavior between people.

The fourth factor is personality disorder that didn't exist before. Call it impulsive personality disorder. It is characterized by impulsiveness, impressiveness, rebellion and regret, and neglect of safety. Factor 5 is similar to obsessive-compulsive disorder, but focuses on the "Excellence" side of things. Because there are only five projects, and three of them have nothing to do with "Excellence", the reliability is lower than the original (see table 1 and table 4).

The factor analysis results of the two scales do not support the clinical trisection. Table 2 points out that there are two factors, but the characteristic value of the second factor is much smaller than that of the first factor, so it is almost a single factor. When six personality disorders are replaced by five factors, only one factor will be obtained. In other words, DSM's top ten personality disorders are only convenient for clinical diagnosis. There is actually only one dimension between the two. This discovery needs to be verified in another sample.

Table 1 supports the hypothesis of the third research theme. Except antisocial personality and narcissism, others are negatively correlated with interpersonal skills. Therefore, the stronger people's skills, the less likely they are to get personality disorder. However, perhaps sociopaths and narcissists have strong self-awareness and show close interpersonal skills, so they are not related. In a word, this study points out that among the eleven personality disorders in DSM-IV, the definitions of five personality disorders, such as paranoia, dependence, narcissism, escape and borderline, can be used as before. However, four personality disorders, such as schizophrenia, compulsion, behavior and antisocial, should be modified and supplemented according to their main characteristics. As for the two types of personality disorders, they can be deleted, because what they contain has been replaced by their personality disorders. In addition, we should consider adding "impulsive personality disorder". But these personality disorders are separated only for the convenience of clinical diagnosis, because they are highly related. Because the more skilled people are, the less likely they are to suffer from personality disorder, which means that personal training methods can help alleviate personality disorder, but moral and social norms should be emphasized when treating antisocial and narcissistic people.

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