Basic knowledge of drugs

Medicine is a special commodity. Drugs refer to substances used to prevent, treat and diagnose human diseases, purposefully regulate human physiological functions, and specify indications or functional indications, usage and dosage, including Chinese herbal medicines, Chinese herbal pieces, Chinese patent medicines, chemical raw materials and their preparations, antibiotics, biochemical drugs, radioactive drugs, serum, vaccines, blood products and diagnostic drugs.

2. What is western medicine?

Western medicine is an organic chemical, inorganic chemicals and biological products have chemical names, and the structural formula and dosage are more accurate than traditional Chinese medicine, usually in milligrams.

3. What is Chinese patent medicine?

Chinese patent medicine is a kind of Chinese medicine product with different dosage forms made from Chinese herbal medicines, including pills, powders, ointments and pills. It is the essence of effective prescription created and summarized by China medical scientists through thousands of years of medical practice.

Chinese patent medicine, which people often say in life, refers to ready-made drugs made from Chinese herbal medicines according to certain therapeutic principles, such as various pills, powders, granules and so on. It has the advantages of ready use, emergency, convenient storage, easy carrying, no need of decoction process, and elimination of peculiar smell and bad stimulation when taking traditional Chinese medicine decoction. The disadvantage is that the composition and dosage ratio of the drug remain unchanged and cannot be flexible, and can be added or subtracted according to the symptoms.

In addition, in recent years, toxic reactions and allergic reactions caused by Chinese patent medicines have also been reported. For example, Zhusha Anshen Pill can cause stomatitis and proteinuria, and in severe cases, it can cause drug-induced enteritis; Long-term use of black tin will lead to serious lead poisoning; Lingqiao Jiedu Pill or Yinqiao Jiedu Pill can cause severe anaphylactic shock. Although these reactions are rare, they are all serious once they occur. Therefore, those who are poisoned or have allergic reactions due to taking Chinese patent medicines must remember that they should not take the same medicine in the future.

4. What is the dosage form?

What is a dosage form? -making drugs into dosage forms suitable for medical or preventive applications, which is convenient for clinical use, giving full play to the role of drugs and reducing or avoiding adverse reactions. Such as tablets, capsules, ointments and the like. The same drug can be made into different dosage forms according to clinical needs. For example, nimodipine has tablets and injections, and different dosage forms have different usage characteristics. The same drug, with different dosage forms, has different functions.

The dosage forms include: liquid dosage form, injection, infusion, ophthalmic dosage form, powder, leaching dosage form, tablet, capsule, pill dosage form, ointment type, suppository, aerosol, long-acting preparation, film agent, sponge, microcapsule, liposome, long-acting preparation, etc.

5. What is a fake medicine?

In any of the following circumstances, it is a counterfeit drug:

(1), the ingredients contained in the drug are inconsistent with the ingredients stipulated in the national drug standard;

(2) passing off non-drugs as drugs or passing off other drugs as drugs.

Drugs under any of the following circumstances shall be treated as counterfeit drugs:

(1), which is prohibited by the State Council Drug Administration;

(2) Production or import must be approved without approval according to law, or sales must be inspected without inspection according to the provisions of this Law;

③ deterioration `;

(4) being polluted;

(five) the production of raw materials that must obtain the approval number but not the approval number;

(six) the indications or functional indications are beyond the prescribed scope.

6. What is inferior medicine?

If the content of drug ingredients does not meet the national drug standards, it is inferior.

Drugs under any of the following circumstances shall be punished as inferior drugs:

(1), the validity period is not indicated or changed;

(two) the production batch number is not marked or changed;

(3), beyond the validity period;

(4) The packaging materials and containers that come into direct contact with drugs are not approved;

(5) Adding colorants, preservatives, spices, correctants and auxiliary materials without authorization;

(6), other do not meet the requirements of drug standards.

7. What are prescription and over-the-counter drugs?

In addition to the special management of narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs, health care drugs are generally divided into prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs.

Prescription drugs (Rx drugs for short) refer to drugs that can only be prepared, purchased and used by licensed doctors or licensed assistant doctors;

Over-the-counter drugs are drugs that can be judged, purchased and used by themselves without a doctor's prescription. Prescription drugs are called prescription drugs, ethical drugs and over-the-counter drugs. Over-the-counter drugs (Over The Counter), referred to as OTC, has become a common name all over the world.

8. How to distinguish between prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs?

Article 7 of the Interim Provisions on the Administration of the Circulation of Prescription Drugs and Over-the-counter Drugs (Trial) points out that for prescription drugs entering the field of drug circulation, production enterprises should conspicuously print corresponding warning words on the drug packaging or instructions. The specific contents are: prescription drugs: sold, purchased and used according to doctors' prescriptions. Besides, don't they? OTC？ Signs; emblem

Article 7 of the Administrative Measures for the Classification of Prescription Drugs and Over-the-counter Drugs (Trial) stipulates that the packaging of over-the-counter drugs must be printed with the proprietary logo of the OTC designated by the state.

Article 7 of the Interim Provisions on the Administration of the Circulation of Prescription Drugs and Over-the-counter Drugs (Trial) points out that for over-the-counter drugs entering the field of drug circulation, production enterprises should conspicuously print corresponding advice words on the drug packaging or drug use instructions. The specific content is: please read the instructions carefully and use them according to the instructions or purchase them under the guidance of pharmacists!

9. How to identify the expiration date of drugs?

Validity refers to the approved use period of drugs, which means that the quality of drugs can be guaranteed under certain storage conditions. In chronological order, the validity period of drugs can generally be used for a certain year or month. If the expiration date is June 2003, it means that the drug will expire on July 1 day, 2003. The Drug Administration Law also stipulates that the production batch number, production date and expiration date should be indicated on the packaging box or instructions of drugs. Imported drugs must also be written in Chinese according to the above expressions for public reading.

10, generic name and trade name of the drug.

General drugs have three names, namely, generic name, chemical name and trade name. The generic name is legal and shall be stipulated by the State Pharmacopoeia Committee; Chemical name refers to the chemical composition of drugs; Trade name is the name registered by the manufacturer according to the marketing needs of the product. Generally speaking, the generic name and chemical name of drugs are the same.

Due to different manufacturers, the trade names of drugs are also varied. Like a cold medicine compound paracetamol amantadine? Gankang? More than 10 names. Do you have vitamin AD drops? Boethling. 6~7 names. Azithromycin has more than 10 trade names, such as Tlit and histamine. The commercial names of cefotaxime sodium include Kaidilong, Kefulong, etc. 10. Aspirin has more than 20 trade names. What's more, there are more than 60 trade names of the antibacterial drug levofloxacin.

1 1. How to read the drug instructions accurately?

Drug instructions are one of the bases to guide how to use drugs, and they have legal effect. Accurate reading and understanding of instructions before medication is the premise of safe medication.

The first thing to know is the name of the drug. Regular drug instructions all have the generic name, trade name, English name and chemical name of the drug (among which over-the-counter drugs have no chemical name). As long as the general users know the proper name of the drug, that is, the generic name, they can avoid repeated drug use. Because a drug has only one generic name (that is, the legal name stipulated by the state), unlike several trade names. In the column of indications, patients who use over-the-counter drugs can judge whether their diseases meet the indications, prescribe the right medicine, and choose to buy with the help of pharmacists.

Secondly, we should understand the usage of drugs, such as taking them before meals, after meals and before going to bed once or three times a day. Whether it is oral, external use or injection, you should look carefully.

Third, pay attention to the dosage of drugs, and be sure to use drugs according to the instructions. Doses in general instructions are * * doses, which must be accurately converted before taking by the elderly and children.

Pay special attention to contraindications, adverse reactions, drug interactions and precautions when reading the instructions. If you have any questions, you should consult your pharmacist or doctor.

12, how to see a doctor's prescription

The contents of a doctor's prescription usually include:

(1) The patient's name, age (actual year must be indicated for pediatric patients), gender, prescription date, consultation room or inpatient department, and medical record number above the prescription.

(2) In the text of the prescription, the doctor should clearly write the name and dosage form (such as tablet, powder, capsule, injection or ointment, etc.). ), dosage and quantity, and drug usage. Doctors usually occupy two lines for each list of 1 drugs. The name, dosage and quantity of drugs are 1 line, and the usage is 1 line. Usage includes dosage per administration, daily administration times and administration route (such as subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, intravenous injection, oral administration, external use, etc.). ). The daily dose is generally written in molecular formula, such as three times a day, 1 time every four hours, 1/4 hours, etc. , or abbreviated in Latin.

The foreign abbreviations of dosage and usage on the prescription are as follows: gram, mg, mg,? G- μ g, ml-mL, U- unit, qw-1, biw-1, twice, tid- 1, three times, QID- 1, four times, QO. Q2h-65438 +0 times every 2 hours, q8h-65438 +0 times every 8 hours, qn-65438 +0 times every night before going to bed, 2-3 times a day. Subcutaneous-subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection-intramuscular injection, intravenous injection-intravenous injection, intravenous drip-intravenous drip (i.e. intravenous drip).

(3) Drugs are generally arranged in the order of main drugs and auxiliary drugs.

(4) The doctor at the bottom of the prescription needs to sign the full name to take effect.

(5) emergency medication, the doctor indicated in the upper right corner of the prescription? Urgent? Words.

13, what are the requirements for drug storage?

Pharmaceutical trading enterprises must formulate and implement a drug storage system and take necessary measures such as cold storage, anti-freezing, moisture-proof, insect prevention and rat prevention to ensure the quality of drugs. The storage and distribution of drugs must implement the acceptance system.

14. What are the requirements for selling medicines?

Drug trading enterprises must sell drugs accurately and correctly explain the usage, dosage and precautions; The prescription must be checked, and the drugs listed in the prescription shall not be changed or replaced without authorization. Prescriptions with incompatibility or overdose should be refused to be prepared; When necessary, it can be prepared only after being corrected or re-signed by the prescriber. When selling Chinese herbal medicines, pharmaceutical trading enterprises must indicate the place of origin.

What are the meanings of "H", "Z", "B", "S", "T", "F" and "J" in 15 and drug approval number respectively?

The letter "H" stands for chemicals, the letter "Z" stands for traditional Chinese medicine, the letter "B" stands for health care drugs rectified by the State Administration of Pharmaceutical Products, the letter "S" stands for biological products, the letter "T" stands for in vitro chemical diagnostic reagents, the letter "F" stands for pharmaceutical excipients and the letter "J" stands for imported sub-packaged drugs.

16. How to paste the classification marks?

Answer: The classification marks should be posted reasonably, beautifully and conspicuously. The oval "OTC" sign should be posted on the upper left corner of the counter. "Over-the-counter" Chinese character logo should be posted on the counter plane near the sales staff, and the font should be customer-oriented. The oval "OTC" sign with the words "OTC" should be posted in the upper left corner of the showcase; Other signs should be posted uniformly according to this requirement.

17, four methods to identify the deterioration of Chinese patent medicines

Most of the previous proprietary Chinese medicines had no production date, shelf life and expiration date, so some proprietary Chinese medicines were kept for several years or even longer.

At present, the batch number and expiration date of Chinese patent medicines are printed on the packaging box according to regulations. But individual drugs only have batch numbers. As for personal preparation? Secret recipe? There is nothing in the medicine. When should I throw away these Chinese patent medicines? The answer is? Throw it away if it goes bad? . There are four ways to tell whether Chinese patent medicine has deteriorated.

(1), and observe its shape. If the shape has lost its fixed shape, such as powder or granules, it is now sticky or deliquescent into paste, or the capsule becomes flat and sticky.

(2) Look at its color. Discoloration of tablets, capsules, sugar-coated tablets, aqua and syrup is the manifestation of deterioration.

(3) Have a taste. If the syrup turns sour, pills and tablets smell bad, which is the result of deterioration.

(4) smell it. Chinese patent medicines all have their own peculiar smell. If they have a rancid and moldy smell, it is also the result of deterioration.