Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional festivals - The Significance of Reading Classical Chinese
The Significance of Reading Classical Chinese
2. What does classical Chinese mean? 1. Definition: Classical Chinese is a written language based on ancient Chinese.
Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period. Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, and neat melody, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and other styles.
2. Features: The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of speech and writing, concise writing. Compared with vernacular Chinese (including spoken and written language), the characteristics of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in grammar and vocabulary.
3. Structure: (1) The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject. Its common form is as follows: 1). "... Zhe, ... is also" ",... is also" ",... Zhe also" "... Zhe, ..." "... Zhe also" and so on.
For example, "Chen She people are also from Yangcheng." (historical records. Chen She family)-Bobby Chen is from Yangcheng.
(2) "Although Cao Cao is a famous Han Xiang, he is actually a Han thief." (Zi Jian) ③ Yi, an ancient sharpshooter.
("Guanzi Situation Solution" back to 64) 4 "Four people, Lu Zhi, father of Changle Wang, father of Yu, father of An Shangchun." (Wang Anshi's trip) (5) If you are shocked, Zhou didn't make a move.
2) Adverbs "Nai", "Namely", "Ze", "Du", "Shi", "Cheng" and "Wei" are used to express judgment. This is the autumn when I was in service.
"(1) I don't know the palace in the sky, what year is this evening. (2) is now in the tomb.
(3) Fu Liang that chu will Xiang Yan. (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
3) Use the negative adverb "Fei" to express negation. Such as: "Six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars, bad Qin.
"(1) Climb high and recruit, and you can see far without lengthening your arms. (2) The city is not high, the pool is not deep, the soldiers are not strong, and there are not many meters.
(3) The North Sea is not too mountainous. Passive sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of action, which is a passive sentence.
Its common types are: 1). See ... see ... in the passive voice. For example, "I often laugh at a generous family.
"(1) I'm afraid to see deceives you. (2) Qin Cheng was afraid that he could not get it, but saw his bullying.
(3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, deceives in yi cheung. (4) Li, seventeen years old, is good at classical Chinese and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu.
2) For, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for Yu ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... For ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for
"(1) to die, laugh for the world. (2) For the country, no ambassador will be taken away by Wikipedia.
(3) Serve the Group in terms of income. (4) first fear for fuck.
Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese are relative to the sentence order in modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion. 1). Preposition object The so-called prepositional object is the component that is usually used as an object and placed in front of the predicate verb to express emphasis.
For example, the word "zhi" in "disagree" is the prepositional object. Preposition objects are usually divided into four situations.
(1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. What is the king doing here? Wes, who are we going home with? (2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects.
For example, "ancient people are not arrogant." (3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi".
For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I'm confused." "Studying hard is urgent and rare.
(4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases. For example, "Why else would the book be here?" 2) Attributive postposition usually puts the attribute before the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put the attribute after the head word.
For example, "Earthworms have no advantages as minions, but their bones and muscles are strong. They eat soil and drink yellow water, but also with their hearts. " Among them, "benefit" and "strength" are post-attributes.
The attributive postposition in classical Chinese has the following situations. (1) Postposition the attribute with "zhi".
For example, "How many people are there in a big world?" (2) Use the postposition of "zhe". For example, "a horse can travel thousands of miles and eat one stone at a time."
"3. Adverbials are postpositioned in ancient Chinese. Preposition structures are adverbials and are often placed after sentences as complements. For example, "to be rich" is a prepositional phrase that is placed at the end of a sentence as a complement.
4). verb inversion is rare and is often used to express strong exclamation. I'm very sorry, but you are not well.
""come on, wind. " "Beautiful, I am a youth in China.
"[Exercise] Judge the sentence patterns in the following sentences. (1) It is impossible to protect the people and be king.
(2) There is no difference in love between the king and the people. (3) What is virtue, then you can be king? (4) How do you know I can do it? Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese generally contain ellipsis. Grasping the ellipsis helps to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.
The provincial sentence in classical Chinese is usually: 1). Omit the subject. (1) Carry forward the former provinces.
For example, "there are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white." (2) carry forward the province.
For example, "Pei Gong said to me,' Gong' I'm going to join the army and enter the army. ""(3) self-reported provinces.
For example, "(giving) love is a stream. When it enters two or three miles, (giving) is the home of those who are particularly unique." (4) Dialogue province.
Such as: "(Mencius) said:' solo music (yuè) music (lè), tongle music (yuè) music (lè), which music (lè)? "(The king) said,' If you are not with others. "2). Omit the predicate.
For example, "One drum is full of energy, then (drum) will decline and three drums will be exhausted." 3). Omit the object.
For example, "You can burn it and leave." 4). Omit the prepositional object.
For example, "read it in public, let the mink out and cover the door." 5). Omit the preposition "Yu".
Today, the clock was put in the water, although no sound was heard in the storm. [Exercise] Fill in the omitted components in the following sentences.
(1) ran's taste in also, so the surname is creek for Ran Xi. (2) Therefore, Ximen Bao is a famous imperial edict.
(3) It's two strategies, not passive music. (4) all the mountains are flat and covered.
Fixed structure (1) and questionable fixed structure are: helpless, how, how, how, what, what, if ... what, such as (nai) ... what, which is it, is it ... which one is it? Take my treasure instead of our city What can we do? (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) My son brought his elk to our city to relax. What? (Battle of the Wars) How about 3 being different from each other? ("Zuo zhuan Qi Huangong Chu") (4) What about pot calling the kettle black? (。
3. What does "or" mean in classical Chinese? The meaning of the word "or" in classical Chinese is as follows:
1, indicating function words: indicating selection or enumeration. A choice between different or dissimilar things, situations or behaviors.
Example:
(1) is still a drop in the bucket. -Tang Hanyu's essays
(2) Are you honest or forgiving? -Answering Sima Suggestions by Wang Song Anshi
2. Say a hypothesis.
If (if, if), maybe, maybe. Express uncertainty.
Such as: or (maybe; Maybe); Or fear (maybe; Maybe);
If you look carefully, you may find it.
3. Sometimes, sometimes.
Example:
(1) or the cigarette is gone. -Song Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower"
(2) even fight. -Qing Ji Cloud "Yuewei Caotang Notes"
4, through the "confusion", confused.
Example:
(1) In the middle of the night, while the city is noisy, the enemy will either. -Mozi's Biography of Preparing Moths
(2) A king with nothing or ignorance. -"Mencius Gaozi Shang"
Pronunciation: [Hu]
1. Maybe, sometimes, the word expressing uncertainty is ~ xu. ~ people (a. maybe; B. conjunctions, used in narratives, express the relationship of choice. Also use "or" alone). ~ naturally. ~ then.
2. Someone, someone: ~ Tell me.
4. Interpretation in Classical Chinese The story of the pronuclear ship shows that there is a clever man who can make palaces, vessels, figures, even birds and beasts, wood and stones out of wood with an inch diameter, and Wang (W M?ng) has his own modality because of the situation rather than pictographs.
Taste a nuclear ship, cover the big Su Pan Chibi Cloud. The length of the ship is about eight minutes, and it can be as high as two meters (sh incarnation).
Ch m 4 ng is a cabin covered by a canopy. There are small windows on the side, four on the left, four on the right and eight on the * *.
When you open the window, the carved columns are opposite. If it is closed, the words "the mountain is high and the moon is small, the bottom is clear" are engraved on the right, "the breeze is Xu Lai, the water waves are quiet" are engraved on the left, and the words "Shi Qing San" are engraved.
There are three people sitting in the bow, Dongpo with a crown and beard, Fo Yin on the right and Lu Zhi on the left. Sue and Huang have read books.
Dongpo's right hand is holding a curly tail, and his left hand caresses Lu Zhi's back. Lu Zhi held the end of the book in his left hand and the book in his right hand, saying something.
Dongpo's right foot, Lu Zhi's left foot, all the micro-sides, compared with their knees, are hidden in the folds (zhě). Is a unique Maitreya Buddha, topless, holding her head high, her expression does not belong to Su and Huang.
Lying on your right knee, you can punt with your right arm, while standing on your left knee with your left arm leaning on it-beads can be counted vividly. The stern is sideways.
There is a boat on each side. The person who lives on the right has his back, his left hand leaning against a log, and his right hand climbing his right toe, making him scream.
The person who lives on the left holds a banana fan in his right hand and touches the stove in his left hand. There is a pot on the stove, and their eyes are silent. If they listen to the sound of tea. When the ship's back was slightly thinner, it was engraved with an inscription saying, "Autumn Day in Rennei (xū), just engraved with a letter from King Yushan". Fine as a mosquito's foot, hooked and painted, and the color is ink.
He also used the seal (zhàn) 1, which read "Chu Pingshan people" and its color was Dan. Row a boat for five; Window 8; Make tents, pots, stoves, pots, hand rolls and rosaries; Couplets, titles and seal scripts are * * * with thirty characters and four characters.
It's not long enough. Cover the peach pit and trim it.
Hey, the skills are also strange! In the Ming Dynasty, there was a man named Wang Shuyuan, who had a good skill. He can carve palaces, utensils, people's things, even birds, animals, trees and rocks with one inch of wood. There is nothing that does not simulate the shapes of those things according to the original appearance of wood, and each has its own appearance and posture.
(He) once sent me (the author) a boat engraved with peach stones, which should be engraved with Su Shi's trip to Chibi. The boat is a little over eight minutes from beginning to end, about two yellow rice grains high.
The high and spacious part in the middle is the cabin, which is covered with a canopy made of bamboo leaves. There is a small window next to it, four on the left, four on the right and eight on the left.
Open the window, and the carved railings are opposite. Close the window, see "the mountain is high and the moon is small, the water comes out" on the right, and see "the breeze is Xu Lai, the water is quiet" on the left.
Paint the carved grooves with azurite. There are three people sitting in the bow. The man with a tall hat and many beards in the middle is Su Dongpo, with Fo Yin on his right and Huang Tingjian on his left.
Su Dongpo and Huang Tingjian look at a picture together. Su Dongpo held the right end of the scroll in his right hand and stroked Lu Zhi's back in his left hand.
Lu Zhi left hand holding the left end of the banner, right hand pointing to the picture scroll, as if to say something. Su Dongpo showed his right foot, Lu Zhi showed his left foot, and each turned slightly. Their knees, which were close to each other, were hidden in the folds under the picture scroll.
Fo Yin is very much like Maitreya Buddha. He opened his heart and looked up. His expression is different from that of Su Dongpo and Huang Tingjian. Fo Yin put his right knee flat, bent his right arm and supported it on the boat, and erected his left knee. His left arm is leaning against his left knee, and there are beads on it, which can be clearly counted. There is an oar at the stern.
There is a boatman on the left and right sides of the paddle. The man on the right wears a cone-shaped bun, with his face up, his left hand leaning against a crossbar, and his right hand pulling his right toe, as if shouting.
The boatman on the left holds a palm leaf fan in his right hand and touches the stove in his left hand. There is a pot on the stove. The man's eyes looked straight at the tea stove and looked calm, as if listening to whether the tea had been boiled. The top of the boat is flat, so the name is engraved on it. The word is "the apocalypse is endless in autumn, and the book of King Yushan has just been engraved". (handwriting) as small as a mosquito's foot, with clear hooks and clear pictures. Its color is black.
There is also a seal engraved with the words "Chu Pingshan people" and its color is red. A total of five people were carved on a boat; Carved with eight windows; An awning, an oar, a stove, a teapot, a scroll of calligraphy and painting and a string of prayer beads carved with bamboo leaves; Couplets, titles and seal scripts are engraved with 34 words * * *.
However, it is less than an inch long. It was originally carved from a long and narrow peach pit. Gee, what an amazing skill! The word "odd" is ambiguous: Wang Shuyuan was called by a wise man in the Ming Dynasty-odd, odd, odd, odd.
The length of the ship is about 0/8, the remainder. Yes: There is a clever man named Wang Shuyuan-yes.
The length of the ship is about eight minutes-use the word "you" between integer and zero. Uses: Carving palaces, vessels and figures.
The corridor in the middle is the cabin.-Yes. Ke: Gao Yue.
The number of beads can be counted-the end can be reached: Dongpo holds the end of the roll in his right hand-noun, "the right end of the roll" and his human eye is silent-adjective, "positive, positive" wood: the wood that can be measured in inches. Even birds and animals, wood and stones-trees.
Interviewer: The cabin is spacious.
Some people who live on the right lie on their backs.
Some people say: There is a wise man named Wang Shuyuan-Wen Yue: "Autumn is a fan: small windows open on the side, four on the left, four on the right, and eight on the * * *. The left quantifier holds a palm leaf fan in his right hand-open it: open the window to watch. Moreover, it is not long enough-a turning point, but it can be used to taste a nuclear ship with a diameter of wood-even birds and animals, wood and stones-and even special sentence inversion. The original sentence should be: taste the nuclear ship. The original sentence should be: use another seal.
The original sentence should be: cover bamboo slips and trim peach stones. Inverted sentence table emphasizes.
The title of the ellipsis sentence is above, omitted, and the original sentence should be: nomination is above. Double negation doesn't care about the potential pictographs, but he doesn't care about any of them.
5. What is the significance of reading classical Chinese? Mr. Wang Li, one of the founders of modern linguistics in China, pointed out in the book "Ancient Chinese": "Classical Chinese refers to the written language of ancient Chinese based on pre-Qin spoken language and the language in the later works of ancient writers."
Classical Chinese is what we call ancient Chinese. Classical Chinese, as a stereotyped written language, has been used for thousands of years, from pre-Qin philosophers, Han Dynasty Ci Fu, Tang and Song historical prose and ancient prose to stereotyped writing in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In other words, classical Chinese is the ancient written language of China and the source of modern Chinese. The first "text" in classical Chinese refers to written chapters, "words" refers to writing, expression and recording, and "classical Chinese" refers to written language.
The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre. Classical Chinese is relative to spoken Chinese, which is also called vernacular Chinese.
In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in "spoken language" and "written language". For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, the verbal expression is "Have you eaten?" But in written language, it means "rice?" . "Fanbu" is a classical Chinese, and the word "fan" in "Fanbu" is a noun used as a verb, meaning to eat.
Before 19 19, China's articles were all written in classical Chinese. Most of the cultural heritage handed down by thousands of years of civilization in China is preserved in written classical Chinese. If we want to make use of these documents, we must overcome the difficulties in learning languages.
The purpose of learning classical Chinese is to improve our ability to read classical Chinese, so as to get in touch with the thoughts of the ancients and refine their wisdom in reading classical Chinese. .
6. What does it mean to order classical Chinese?
(voice. From black, occupation sound. Original meaning: spot)
Tiny black spots
Point, black also. -"Shuo Wen". Publishing house, Xiaohei Yuedian.
Another example is: ink dots; Spots; Stain; Shortcomings (defects, shortcomings); Paint (described as extremely black)
drip
In the fragrance of rice and flowers, people talk about the harvest of a year, and frogs croak in their ears, as if in a bumper harvest year. -Song Xin Qiqi "Xijiang Moon"
Another example: raindrops; Drop some (sparse raindrops); Point leaves (spots on leaves); Point wall (point of white wall)
Chinese character stroke name. Such as: horizontal, vertical, left, point and fold. It also refers to the ","symbol and its actions used in reading and commenting articles in the old days. Such as apostrophes (dots and apostrophes in text)
Mathematical terms. Mathematically, the symbol for decimal is called decimal point, and the province is called "point".
A geometric system, especially one of the undefined parts of Euclid's geometric system. The straight line between two points is the shortest.
A unit of time in ancient nights. There are five classes in one night, and one class is divided into five classes.
At three o'clock, let the imperial secretary see the flowers with a golden cart. -Tang Wang Jane's Hundred Poems in Palace Style
Hour, a unit of time, is equal to a quarter of every day and night. At nine o'clock in the morning
Cake dessert. Such as: early; Naming point; Tea and cakes
Aspects. Such as: characteristics; Key points; From this point of view,
Rhythm; Defeat. Tap (the beat of music)
A special kind of sounder, whose two ends are cloud-shaped, is called cloud disk, also called point. In the old days, government offices and mansions all used dots as signals to report events and gather people.
I haven't finished reading Rain Village, but I suddenly heard. -A Dream of Red Mansions
Retail stores selling various products, supplies and equipment initially served sparsely populated areas. It is said that Gong Wenbao opened a shop in Baixiang Temple.
A punctuation mark somewhere or to some extent. Such as: stronghold; boiling point
Specified time, such as: the ship is late; The train arrived on time.
"Move"
Expand to defile
Enough to laugh and nod. -"Hanshu Sima Qian"
Tang Yu was burned. -"Chu Ci, Complaining about others"
Another example: defilement (defilement, especially rape); Spot dyeing (dyeing)
Add some dots with a pen. It is often used to describe objects, judge texts and sentences, or express the meaning of deletion.
Extinction point -"Erya Shi Qi". Note: "Take the pen as the point."
Another example: stippling (landscape with strokes; Make a makeover of previous poems); Click (to read the correct words or sentences); Punctuation (word change); Order books (circle books); Count (make-up; Dress)
Specify, select
Khan, go and be a soldier. -Mulan Poetry, a Collection of Yuefu Poems
Another example is: click on the line (select recruits in the order of the roster); Spread (spread); Order food; (of a commander in chief) summon officers and assign them combat tasks.
Appointment and removal of officials in the old society. Such as: point difference (assignment)
Guide the maze. Such as: dialing; Small convulsion (finger); Nod (wave; Pointing); Nod and you'll know it's over. The description is very clever)
Hint. For example, he will understand at a certain point; Eye-catching (deliberately attracting attention with a certain action)
Check, check. Such as: counting; Inventory; Click (View, View); On-site investigation (inspection); Spot check (check and verify one by one); Point set (roster collection); Click to read (check by name)
Light, light. Such as: lighting firecrackers; Light incense sticks; arco lamp
comment
Pointing out the maze, inspiring words, the dirt in Wan Huhou that year. -* * * "Changsha Qinyuan Spring"
Another example: stippling (commenting on articles); Erase (comment)
Rush, soak. Such as: order soup (make soup with boiled water powder; Customs of song dynasty. Guests come to serve tea and guests come to send soup); Order tea (the method of making tea with boiling water; Make tea)
In, with. Such as: lighting drums (drumming)
Short contact
The monkey's head has only half a toe, so it is difficult to jump. -"Travel Notes of Xu Xiake"
Choose, choose. Such as: point game (selecting and specifying game items); Simple (metaphorically choosing the object to play); Acupoints (superstitious people watch Feng Shui in the cemetery, looking for the place where Long Mai tied the knot. I thought it would be a blessing to be buried here. Embroidered mother (choosing maid-in-waiting)
Slightly downward. Such as: dragonfly water; Nodding to know (describing being good at observing faces and colors); Nod your head and spit out your tongue (to describe surprise and admiration)
Dropping, leaking, overflowing or squeezing into droplets. Such as: eye drops; Try it (try dropping some eye drops);
Decoration. Such as: point view (decorative bonsai); Decorations; Point lining (decoration)
Some but uncertain quantity, number, scope or degree. Give me some paper; Read some books by Lu Xun.
Represents a small amount. Dianerhua
A little lonely, firefly. -Green tea Shen Xing's "What I saw in the boat night book"
7. Du Yan, the word Shichang, is from Yinshan, Yuezhou. Du Yan worked hard to sharpen his moral integrity from an early age, paying special attention to learning. Palace examination was elected as a Jinshi Jiake and was appointed as the magistrate of Pingyao County. The emperor sent a letter to recommend a good official and was promoted to the magistrate of Ganzhou. Later transferred to Fengxiang magistrate. After withdrawing the county magistrate and returning to Beijing, people from Fengxiang and Ganzhou greeted him all the way and said, "Why did you take our good satrap away?" After the imperial court sent Du Yan to Hedong Road to inspect the prison, and tried unjust cases when he visited Luzhou. Gao Jisheng is in charge of Shizhou, and some people accuse him of conspiring with fans to rebel. Gao Jisheng was arrested and imprisoned and could not be finalized for a long time. Du Yan distinguished the case file, made it clear that Gao Jisheng was framed, corrected it, and imprisoned the false accuser to make amends. General Ninghua garrison extorted a confession by torture and sentenced people to death, which was unfounded and corrected after Du Yan's examination. Zhang Xi 'an sent messengers to appease Huainan. Before the messenger came back, she asked Du Yan how she was. The emissary reported the situation of Du Yan's ruling the country to the Empress Dowager. Zhang Xian sighed: "I have long known Du Yan's way of governing the country."
Du Yan was cautious in politics and never used harsh criminal law to urge his subordinates, but his subordinates and the people still feared his incorruptibility. Later, Du Yan was also responsible for the selection and awarding of official positions. It turns out that the rules for selecting and awarding official positions in the official department are complicated and lengthy, and the officials in charge can't see them all, so the lower-level officials in charge take the opportunity to ask for bribes. After Du Yan took office, he asked his subordinates to submit all the rules and regulations for selecting and appointing officials, and asked them, "Have all the rules and regulations for selecting and appointing officials been submitted?" The subordinate replied, "All of them have been submitted." Du Yan worked hard to read all the books and mastered the rules of selecting and awarding official positions by the official department. The next day, Du Yan ordered his subordinates not to go to court, only to wait for orders in their respective departments, and the appointment and removal of officials was entirely up to him. From then on, officials of the official department can no longer practice favoritism and malpractice, sell officials and titles, and enrich themselves. A few months later, Du Yan's reputation shook the capital. Later, Du Yan was transferred to the Imperial Examiner's Court, and the management style was the same as that in the official department.
Qidan and Yuanhao fought in the north of the Yellow River, and Fan Zhongyan, who participated in politics, pacified Hedong and planned to send troops to defend. Du Yan said: "The two countries have just fought, and the enemy has no time to take care of himself. It will certainly not invade me. We can't just send troops. " Fan Chongyan struggled before the emperor, slandered (accused) Du Yan, and his words were fierce. Fan Zhongyan once served Du Yan like his father, and Du Yan didn't hold a grudge. Liu Santo, the son-in-law of the Khitan Emperor, surrendered to Dasong for escaping guilt. Minister Fuzheng advocated a good reception and taking him in to understand the inside story of Qidan. Ouyang Xiu, the remonstrator, also advocated taking in Sanju, and the emperor asked Du Yan for advice. Du Yan said: "China's contacts with its neighbors are based on good faith. If we break our vows and surrender, we will bear the responsibility of indefensible. Besides, as the son-in-law of Emperor Qidan, Liu Sanwei fled Qidan to join Dasong. Even so, he still plans for himself. Is it worth planning state affairs with this person? What are the advantages of accepting him? It is better to send him back to Qidan. " The emperor finally listened to Du Yan's advice and sent Liu back to Qidan.
Du Yan likes to introduce sages, but most of the villains who prevent speculation from making profits don't like him. In the seventh year of Li Qing, Du Yangang entered the age of seventy, that is, he asked for retirement, which was rejected by Prince Shao Shi. Died at the age of eighty. Make your own will before you die, which roughly means: "Don't neglect the border defense because of the long-term security of the world, and don't waste money because of the abundant state treasury. You should establish Chu Jun as soon as possible to calm people's hearts." Wills have nothing to do with personal affairs.
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