What is day-to-day management, what does it do, and what is your understanding of it?

What is daily management, what is its role, and how do you understand it?

Day-to-day management is a control mechanism in the budgetary system that readily identifies problems in the implementation of the budget and provides timely assistance to increase the likelihood that the budget will be reached.

First, the post norms

1. To comply with the office hours, not late, not leave early, not absenteeism. For reasons of lateness and leave time, must be notified in advance, when it is too late must be contacted by phone.

2. Do not gossip at work, do not casually leave their posts, do not engage in private matters unrelated to their work, keep quiet in the office, do not make a lot of noise in the corridor.

3. The work of their own minds to be active, and can work hard and happily, so that they get exercise through the work of growth, but also mutual understanding, trust, and the establishment of rapport between coworkers.

4. When you receive instructions from your supervisor, you should y understand the intention, make a record, repeat what you have been instructed to do, and check whether the contents and results of the instructions are consistent. Comply with the method and order of instructions from the supervisor.

5. If you need assistance from another department to implement a decision, you should contact them in advance.

6. When implementing tasks, consult with your supervisor when in doubt, report to your supervisor on the progress and results of your work, and report to your supervisor immediately when your work cannot be completed by the deadline and ask for a reminder.

7. After the work is done, immediately report, summarize the main points, according to the facts to express their own opinions.

8. When the work is frustrated, report it first, accept the opinions and criticisms with an open mind, summarize it carefully, the same failure can't have a second time, can't lose confidence, and don't avoid responsibility.

9. Office supplies and files must be properly stored, returned to the designated place immediately after use, not to take home, need to take away must be authorized. File storage can not be handled arbitrarily, or forgotten on the desk, bookcase, important records, evidence and other files must be stored to the specified period of time, after processing the file, according to the company's designated file number at any time to file.

10. When off duty, files, stationery, paper, etc. to organize, to clean up the table, chairs to the place, close the doors and windows, check to deal with fire and electricity and other security matters.

11. Ensure sleep, eliminate fatigue, avoid dozing during work. In order to eliminate physical fatigue, relieve work pressure, should be appropriate to participate in physical activities.

12. Going out on business in accordance with the provisions of the leave procedures at each level, no special reasons can not telephone, oral message leave, need to explain to colleagues or supervisors to work, to ensure that the work of articulation. During the period of time outside should protect the company's contact, go out and return in time to cancel the leave, to report to the supervisor of the work outside.

Second, the image of norms

1. Dress should be generous, neat, decent, must wear professional clothing to work clothing formal, neat, intact, coordinated, no stains, buttons complete, not missed, wrong button.

2. When wearing a suit, play a good tie and fasten the collar button. The jacket pocket is less loaded with things, the pants pocket is not loaded with things, and do not pull up the cuffs and pants legs, shirt down? Bundle into the waist and skirt waist, cuffs buckle, underwear is not exposed.

3. Shoes and socks are kept clean and hygienic, with clean uppers, in the workplace *** undershirts, *** suspenders, no bare feet, *** slippers, *** shorts.

4. Appearance should be natural, generous, dignified, hair neatly combed, do not dye colorful hair, do not wear exaggerated ornaments, face and arms to keep clean, do not keep long fingernails, do not dye colorful fingernails, to keep the mouth clean, avoid eating onions, garlic and other food with *** sexual odor before work.

5. Male workers are well groomed, with long hair that does not cover the forehead, the side does not cover the ears, and the back does not touch the collar.

6. Female workers light make-up on duty, grooming elegant, and with the age, identity, can not be made up in public during working hours.

7. Demeanor should be elegant, polite, spiritual, keep smiling, gaze calm, not looking right and left, absent-minded.

8. Sit in a good posture, the upper body naturally straight, shoulders balanced and relaxed, back and chair back to maintain a certain gap, do not use the hands to support the cheeks. Do not cross your legs, do not shake your legs, the chair is too low, female employees knees together side to side.

What is the role of the channel in Photoshop (channel)? How do you understand it?

More role and understanding of the constituency, estimated ps use more so think

What is the reference standard, what is its role? How to manage

reference standard is "the standard of measurement that usually has the highest metrological characteristics in a given area or within a given organization, and from which measurements made in that area are derived". The role is to have a basis for doing something.

What is a tripole? What does it do?

Introduction to Triodes

Structure and Types of Crystal Triodes

A crystal triode, one of the basic semiconductor components, has current amplification and is a core component of electronic circuits. Triode is a semiconductor substrate on the production of two close to each other on the PN surface, the two PN surface of the block semiconductor is divided into three parts, the middle part of the base area, the two sides of the part of the emitter and collector area, the arrangement of PNP and NPN two kinds of,

from the three areas lead to the corresponding electrodes, respectively, for the base b emitter e and collector c.

The emitter and the base area of the PN interface between the emitter and the base area is called the emitter. The PN junction between the emitter region and the base region is called the emitter junction and the PN junction between the collector region and the base region is called the collector. Base area is very thin, while the emission area is thicker, the impurity concentration is large, PNP-type triode emitting area "emission" is the hole, the direction of its movement and the direction of the current is the same, so the emitter arrows to the inside; NPN-type triode emitting area "emission" is the free electrons, the direction of its movement and the direction of the current is the opposite direction, so the emitter arrows to the outside. The emitter arrow points outward. The emitter arrow points to the direction of conduction of the PN interface under the forward voltage. Silicon crystal triode and germanium crystal triode have PNP type and NPN type two types.

The package form of the triode and pin recognition

The package form of the commonly used triode has two categories: metal package and plastic package, and the arrangement of the pins has a certain pattern,

the bottom inspection position, so that the three pins form the apex of the isosceles triangle, from left to right, in order of e b c; for the small and medium-power plastic triode according to the figure so that the plane toward their own, three pins placed downward, and the three pins placed downward, and the three pins placed downward, and the three pins placed downward.

Crystal triode current amplification

Crystal triode has current amplification, in essence, the triode can control the collector current with a small change in the base current to control a large change in the collector current. This is the most basic and important characteristic of a triode. The ratio of ΔIc/ΔIb is called the current amplification of the crystal triode, and is expressed by the symbol "β". The current amplification is a constant value for a given triode, but it can change as the base current of the triode changes during operation.

Three states of crystal triode

Cut-off state: when the voltage added to the emitter junction of the triode is less than the on-state voltage of the PN interface, the base current is zero, the collector current and the emitter current are zero, the triode loses current amplification at this time, and the collector and the emitter are equivalent to a switch between the disconnected state, which is called the triode in the cut-off state.

Amplification state: when the voltage added to the emitter junction of the triode is greater than the on-state voltage of the PN interface, and at a certain appropriate value, the triode emitter junction forward bias, collector junction reverse bias, then the base current on the collector current plays a controlling role in the current amplification of the triode with current amplification, and current amplification multiplier β = ΔIc / ΔIb, which is then in the amplification state of the triode.

Saturated conduction state: when the voltage added to the emitter junction of the triode is greater than the on-state voltage of the PN surface, and when the base current increases to a certain extent, the collector current is no longer increased with the increase in base current, but is at a certain value of the vicinity of the not so much change, the triode loses the role of current amplification, the collector and the emitter of a very small voltage between the collector and emitter is equivalent to the collector and emitter. The on-state of the switch. This state of the triode we call saturation conduction state.

According to the work of the triode of each electrode potential, you can identify the triode of the working state, therefore, electronic maintenance personnel in the maintenance process, often take a multi-meter to measure the triode of the feet of the voltage, so as to identify the work of the triode and the working state.

Using a multi-meter to detect the triode

Triode base discernment: According to the structure of the triode schematic, we know that the base of the triode is a triode in the two PN contacts in the male **** pole, therefore, in the discernment of the base of the triode, as long as to find out the two PN contacts of the male **** pole, that is, for the base of the triode. Specific method is to adjust the multi-purpose meter to the resistance of the R × 1k block, the first red pen on the triode body on a foot, with the black pen to touch the other two feet of the triode body, if the two all through, then the red pen is put on the foot of the triode body is the base of the triode. If one did not find, then the red pen to the other foot of the triode body, and then measured twice; if not yet found, then the red pen and then change, and then measured twice. If it is not found, then change the black pen on a tripod foot, with the red pen to test twice to see if all through, if not successful once and then change. This is not measured up to 12 times, you can always find the base pole.

Triode type discrimination: Triode only two types, that is, PNP type and NPN type. Discriminate as long as you know the base is P-type material or N-type material can be. When using a multi-meter R × 1k block, the black pen on behalf of the power supply positive, if the black pen connected to the base of the conductive, then the base of the triode is extremely P-type material, the triode that is the NPN type. If the red pen is connected to the base on, it means that the base of the triode is N-type material, and the triode is PNP type.

What is a microprocessor, what is its role

Microprocessor by a piece or a few pieces of large-scale integrated circuits composed of a central processor. These circuits perform the functions of control components and arithmetic logic components.

Role: The microprocessor can accomplish the operations of fetching instructions, executing instructions, and exchanging information with external storage and logic components, and is the arithmetic control part of a microcomputer. It can be used with storage and peripheral circuit chips to form a microcomputer.

Difference between microprocessor and traditional processor: Microprocessor has the advantages of small size, light weight, and easy modularization compared to the traditional central processor. The basic components of a microprocessor are: a transient memory stack, an operator, timing control circuits, and a data and address sink.

What is Visual Basic MSDN and what does it do?

The help program for vb.

What is a "spore" and what does it do?

Spore - a special dormant structure

English name: spore, endospore

Definition of a spore

Some bacteria (mostly bacilli) are highly concentrated and dehydrated cytoplasmic under certain conditions, forming a highly resistant spherical or oval dormant body. A bacterial cell forms only one spore, some at one end of the cell, some in the middle of the cell. Because the spores are formed inside the cell, so it is also often called endospore, also known as spores. Each cell forms only one spore, so it has no reproductive function.

Morphology of the spores

In different bacteria, the spores are located in different places, some in the middle, some in the remote end, and some in the tip. The spores are generally round, oval and cylindrical in shape. In some bacteria, the diameter of the spores is smaller than the diameter of the bacterial body, these bacteria are called Bacillus, for aerobic bacteria; in other bacteria, the diameter of the spores is larger than the diameter of the bacterial body, so that the whole bacterial body in a shuttle shape or bulging shape, these bacteria are called Clostridium, for anaerobic bacteria. Among cocci and spirochetes, only a few species have spores.

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Spore formation and structure

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? Spore formation is an extremely complex process, including changes in morphology structure, chemical composition and many other aspects.

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? The results of light microscope and electron microscope observation and research show that the formation of spores in the structure of the main through the following stages: ① nuclear material fusion into axial filaments (rods). ② In the center or one end of the cell, the cell membrane is invaginated to form a septum enclosing the nuclear material, giving rise to a small cell. (iii) The small cell is surrounded by the original cell membrane and produces a prespore. The prespore is essentially a protoplast surrounded by two concentric membranes. Looking at unstained live bacteria under a light microscope, one can see that the prespore is a clear, distinctly different region from the rest of the bacterium. ④ The prespore is then surrounded by multiple layers of membranes, such as cortex and spore coat, and finally becomes a mature spore, which is released due to the collapse of the cell wall.

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? The process of budding vesicle formation also undergoes a great deal of change in terms of chemical composition. The cells of the budding spores take up calcium ions in large quantities and synthesize pyridine dicarboxylic acid in large quantities, which is not present in the nutrient cells. In mature budding spores, the budding protoplasts contain very high levels of calcium pyridine dicarboxylate, which is also present in the newly synthesized, chemically specialized outer layers (cortex and spore coat, and sometimes the outer wall of the budding spore). The walls of the spores contain a special peptidoglycan, essentially the same in all spores, but different from the cell wall peptidoglycan of the trophoblast. Also, the spores contain some special proteins.

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Characterization of spores

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? Because the spores are structurally and chemically different from the nutrient cells, the spores have a number of characteristics that are different from those of the nutrient cells. The most important characteristic of the spores is that they are resistant to high temperature, ultraviolet light, dryness, ionizing radiation and many toxic chemicals. At the same time, the spores have a strong refractive property. When looking at stained bacterial smears of spores under a microscope, one can easily distinguish the spores from the trophoblasts because the trophoblasts are stained with color, whereas the spores, being dye-resistant and highly refractive, exhibit a transparent and colorless appearance. Studies have shown that the resistance of budding spores to adverse environmental factors is mainly due to their low water content (40%). It also contains heat-resistant small-molecule enzymes, is rich in a large number of special calcium pyridine dicarboxylates and proteins with disulfide bonds, and has a multilayered thick and dense budding wall.

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? Free-existing spores have no apparent metabolism and maintain only a potential for germination, called hidden life. Once the environmental conditions are right, the sprouts can sprout into nutrient cells.

Outline of the characteristics of bacterial spores

The most resistant life form in the entire biological world, whether or not the spores can be eliminated is a measure of the most important indicators of various means of disinfection and sterilization.

Spores are the dormant body of bacteria, in the appropriate conditions can be re-transformed into trophic cells;

The preservation of spore-producing bacteria are mostly used for their spores. Spore-producing bacteria are mostly bacilli, but also some cocci.

The presence or absence, morphology, size and location of the spores are important indicators in the classification and identification of bacteria.

The chemical composition of the spores is quite different from that of the trophoblasts, and they can be easily observed under a light microscope. (Direct observation by phase contrast microscopy; staining of spores)

Heat resistance mechanism of budding spores

Osmotically regulated cortical swelling theory: the spore coat is very impermeable to polyvalent cations and water The high ionic strength of the cortex produces extremely high osmotic pressures to capture water from the core of the spore, resulting in a full swelling of the cortex. The cytoplasm of the core, however, becomes highly water-lost and, therefore, extremely heat-resistant.

Sprouting

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? Freshly formed buds are always dormant. Heat treatment (e.g., leaving at 65°C for a few minutes) accelerates the activation of the budding spores. Storage at low temperatures also has an activating effect, only slower.

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? Spore germination first occurred when the swelling effect, followed by the loss of refractoriness and resistance, followed by respiration began to show metabolic activity, 30% of the spore material (dry weight) into soluble material release, nutrient cell wall synthesis, and finally, the newly formed nutrient cells from the spore coat sprouting out. Sprouting usually has three ways: equatorial emergence, terminal emergence, and oblique emergence.

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The nature of budding

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? The reproduction of budding bacteria is all isotropic and transverse, with one mother cell giving rise to two daughter cells. There is no production of spores during their division; and giant, when spores are produced, one bacterium produces only one spore, and there is no increase in number.

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? It is generally believed that the spores are formed in the later stages of growth, when there is a lack of nutrients, and are therefore a product of adaptation to an adverse environment. In reality, however, this may not be entirely true. Some people in the culture of Bacillus subtilis, has made tracking observations. The results found that in the inoculation culture 4 hours after the spore generation. Subsequently, every 4 hours observation, the number of spores are proportional growth. At 24 hours, about half of the spores were produced; at 48 hours, all of them became spores. This situation indicates that there is a certain probability that the nutrient cells will turn to spore formation in this case. It is not necessary to wait until late in the growth period, much less until the growth stops completely, for spores to begin to form.

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? Therefore, spore formation is neither a necessary stage of the bacterial life cycle, nor a form of bacterial reproduction, nor a negative response to the environment, but the active generation of a new organ. The fundamental reason for determining spore formation lies within the bacteria, where the bacterial chromosome contains genes that control spore formation. These genes are usually not expressed when the bacteria are growing nutritively, and they may be controlled by a deterrent system that can lead to spore formation once this deterrent is removed.

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? The designation of spores, which are sometimes juxtaposed with pods, flagella, etc., and collectively referred to as specialized bacterial structures, is also debatable. Because the nutrient cells in normal growth do not themselves have spores, and when spores are formed, the nutrient cells cease to exist. Although in some bacteria, there are some bacteria after the formation of spores remain, but then the body has lost the role of nutrient cells, can no longer be like no spores when the body of the bacterium for life activities. The pods and flagella are different, they do not affect the life of the bacterial activities, accompanied by the survival of nutrient cells and the existence of. Therefore, it may be appropriate to think of the spore as an independent dormant body, a new life form or new organ that is actively produced.

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The role of spores

?1. Classification and identification of different bacterial spores have different characteristics, from the shape, size, surface features, until the relationship with the bacterium, etc., so it can be used as a basis or reference for classification and identification.

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?2. Scientific research materials Because of the unique way of producing spores, it becomes a good material for studying morphogenesis and genetic control.

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?3. Storage of strains The spores have a strong resistance to adverse environments, and can remain viable for decades, enabling bacteria to survive harsh environments in nature, and are a good material for storing strains in the laboratory.

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?4. Isolation of strains The heat resistance of the bacterial spores helps in the isolation of bacterial spores. Heat treatment of bacterial-containing suspensions to kill all nutrient cells can screen out the bacterial species that form spores.

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?5. Biocides Some bacteriophages can produce a biconical crystalline inclusion called a companion spore crystal, a protein toxin that kills the larvae of certain insects (especially Lepidoptera) while producing spores. The toxicity of the protein crystals is highly specific, and they are completely non-toxic to other animals and plants. Therefore, they become an ideal biological insecticide, the production of this insecticide, and does not need to isolate the protein, just cultivate a large number of bacteria, in the formation of spores and produce crystals harvested, dried, and made into powder can be.

Utilization of spores

Spores can survive adverse conditions and are extremely resistant to drought and high and low temperatures. When conditions turn favorable, 1 spore can form a bacterial cell. Some bacterial spores, in dry conditions, can remain for more than 10 years or longer can still sprout, some can withstand -253 ℃ low temperature, some in the boiling water after 30 hours still have the vitality, but there are also spores in 80 ~ 90 ℃ for a few minutes that is dead. Therefore, sterilization of surgical procedures or syringes must be autoclaved. Bacteria that can form spores are all species of the genus Clostridium and Bacillus in the family Bacillaceae. In addition, there are a few species of the genera Helicobacter, Orphanomyces and Octococcus. The study of spore formation and germination is of great theoretical and practical importance. This is because some bacteria that can form spores are human pathogens. In the food, medicine, as well as the fermentation industry should completely eliminate the bacterial spores. Some bacillus can be used to kill pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, cyanobacteria, bacillus borer, etc. in the formation of spores, but also produces protein companion cell crystals, lepidopteran insects have a strong poisoning effect. Therefore, these bacilli made of insecticides, the implementation of bacteria to cure insects, and called bacterial pesticides.

Harmful effects of bacilli

Bacilli also have harmful effects on humans. One of the most common scenarios is that when food is stored by heating, the spores tend to cause the storage to fail. This is because the spores are extremely heat-resistant and cannot be killed by normal heating, but when they germinate into nutrient cells and multiply, they can cause food to spoil. Therefore, it is necessary to use autoclaving method (121 ℃, 30 min) to kill the spores, in order to make the long-term storage of food. Medical devices also need to be sterilized by high temperature to ensure safety. In recent years, the development of radiation sterilization method, the main killing object is also spores.

Parasporal crystals

Parasporal crystals (parasporal crystals) A few bacilli, such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillus thuringiensis) in its formation of spores at the same time, the formation of a rhombic or biconical shape of the spores next to the formation of an alkali-soluble protein crystals - δ endotoxin, called parasporal crystals. The crystal is called companion spore crystal. Characteristics: Insoluble in water, insensitive to proteases; easily soluble in alkaline solvents. Companion spore crystals of more than 200 kinds of insects, especially the larvae of Lepidoptera have a poisonous effect, so this kind of production of companion spore crystals of bacteria can be made into a biopesticide conducive to environmental protection - bacterial insecticides.

What is a culvert? What is its function?

In the water channel through the highway, in order not to hinder the traffic, the construction of the road under the road culvert, so that the water from the highway under the flow and then turned over to the ground, the shape of the pipe, box, and arch, etc. It is based on the principle of connectors. It is based on the principle of connectors, commonly used brick, stone, concrete and reinforced concrete and other materials built.

The principle of connectors is that when the liquid does not flow, the level of the liquid in each container, which is based on the same liquid height, speed is 0 when the pressure on the bottom of the container is equal to the reasoning made.

When there is an opening on top, the liquid level is flat, so the water in the culvert does not bubble out

What is a header? What does it do?

In modern computer electronic documents, the top area of each page is generally referred to as the header.

It is often used to display additional information about the document, such as the time of day, a graphic, a company micro-label, a header schematic document title, a file name, or the author's name. This information is usually printed at the top of each page in the document. The "lorem" area, as indicated by the arrow on the image, is the header.

To add a new header, click the menu command View → Header and Footer to open the Header and Footer toolbar, and the header editing area will be editable. You can click in the header edit area with your mouse to enter the desired text.

What is a patch? What does it do?

A patch is an update to a piece of software or a piece of software that fixes a bug.

The function is to make the software perform more smoothly and perfectly.