What are the basic characteristics of China's traditional political research?

I. Primitive social and political system

Primitive society refers to millions of years from 654.38+0.7 million BC to 265.438+0 century BC. Because human beings are in the stage of evolution, their main activity is to find food for survival, and there are few political activities. Primitive society can be divided into two stages: primitive group period and clan commune period.

In the primitive group period, human social organization was loosely organized by blood relationship. Their main activities are * * * to work together, * * to resist wildlife and natural disasters, and * * * to spend together. Their life is simple and there is no political system at all.

During the clan commune period, due to the progress of human beings and the needs of production and life, a political system gradually began to appear. During the matriarchal clan period, the political system was characterized by: women were in a dominant position in the commune, the lineage was counted from the matriarchal family, and the property was inherited by the matriarchal family. In the historical development period, the political system has made great progress: men are in a dominant position in the commune. Public ownership of property is implemented, and property is inherited by the paternal line. During this period, the famous military democratic system and abdication system appeared. With the development of productive forces, the relations of production are also progressing, and the property ownership in primitive society began to be destroyed, resulting in private ownership, thus the Chinese nation entered a higher social period-the slave society period.

Second, the political system of slave society

The Chinese nation developed in the slave society for about 1000 years (2 1 century-BC1century), and created splendid material civilization and spiritual civilization after Xia and Shang dynasties. The political system of this period has the following characteristics:

1. Hereditary system of the throne-China laid the tone of China's political system for two thousand years from Dayu to Zi. The establishment of the hereditary system of the throne is an important event in the ancient history of China, which marks the disintegration of the clan commune system and the emergence of the state machine to protect private ownership and the exploiting classes.

2. The form of government organization is different-since the Xia Dynasty changed from abdication to hereditary system, the state came into being and the class came into being. In order to safeguard the interests of this class, the state organization of Xia and Shang dynasties must be produced. The state organizations of Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty have both similarities and characteristics. The king is called the son of heaven, and there are hundreds of officials under the king. There are also laws and penalties to suppress slave resistance. The difference between them lies in the names of hundreds of officials and the types of criminal laws.

3. Political system based on the same economic foundation-they have the same economic foundation, namely private ownership of land, slave owners' rule and exploitation of slaves. When slavery seriously hindered the development of social productive forces, the Zhou Dynasty, which represented advanced productive forces, eliminated the slave Shang Dynasty, and China entered the feudal society.

Third, the political system of feudal society.

The feudal society from the Zhou Dynasty lasted for more than 3,000 years in China, which not only created brilliant achievements, but also seriously hindered the development of China due to powerful conservative forces, and finally fell behind the world, resulting in a century of humiliation. These thousands of years, the political system is similar, the same strain. In one sentence, it can be summarized as follows: Qin Shihuang's legalist political rule-highly autocratic centralization; The Duke of Zhou and the Ideological Rule of Confucius and Mencius' Benevolence and Righteousness —— Confucianism of Jun Jun, Ministers, Three Cardinals and Five Permanent Members. Its general characteristics and changes are discussed as follows:

1, the supreme monarchy. Although the Zhou emperor claimed to be the king, he was actually the emperor, and the imperial power was supreme. King Zhou is the supreme ruler. He is not only the leader of the central organization, but also the Lord of the governors. He combined the patriarchal clan system with the political system to rule the world. In the two thousand years after Qin Shihuang unified China, the emperor was called the emperor.

2. The vassal enfeoffment system. Since Zhou Wuwang destroyed Shang Dynasty, the national territory was divided into brothers, grandchildren and heroes until the Opium War in Qing Dynasty. In order to unify the family, successive emperors enfeoffed uncles, brothers, sisters, children and grandchildren. Because the enfeoffment of princes led to many internal wars, the princes with one sovereignty were eventually weakened into empty princes who only enjoyed the right to food and clothing tax!

3. Three provinces and six departments-central organization system. For thousands of years, China's central institutions have generally followed the model of Qin Shihuang's three provinces and nine departments. Even the system of three provinces and six departments since Sui and Tang Dynasties has followed its path, but it has changed slightly according to the needs of their respective periods.

Qin Shihuang's three fairs: the first prime minister of a hundred officials; Qiu is in charge of military affairs; The censor in charge of supervision. Jiuqing: in charge of ancestral temple etiquette; Corps commander, who is in charge of the palace guards; Wei Wei, in charge of the palace gate; A servant in charge of royal chariots and horses; Ding Wei is in charge of criminal law; Guests in charge of foreign affairs and ethnic affairs; Zong Zheng, who is in charge of the royal genealogy; Responsible for the internal history of financial management; Shaofu, which was in charge of mountain and sea taxes, inherited the Qin system in Han Dynasty, but the Qin system did not change much in Han Dynasty. Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reformed and established the Chinese Dynasty (Imperial Palace), which further strengthened centralization. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty made great changes to the three fairs and set up a bookshop, which made the three fairs unworthy of the name, and there was a situation that "although the three fairs were set up, things returned to the Taiwan Pavilion". Since then, it has gone through Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Three provinces: Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, each headed by the Prime Minister. The six departments are: the official department, the household department, the ritual department, the military department, the criminal department, and the industrial department. Each department is headed by Shangshu, and the adjutant is Assistant Minister. Officials of three provinces and six ministries are in charge of all the power of the country like three officials and nine ministers.

4. County system. The county system began in Qin Dynasty, which is the result of Shang Yang's political reform, the product of historical development and the need to strengthen centralization! Since Qin Shihuang implemented the county system, it has been followed by every dynasty for two thousand years. Although it has been changed several times, it is in the same strain. The county system began with Qin Shihuang and ended in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Northern Zhou Dynasty. The county system began in the Sui Dynasty and continued until the late Qing Dynasty. The system of provinces, prefectures and counties began in the Yuan Dynasty.

Ps: Today, we are still continuing the above system.

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