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Brief introduction of caves in northern Shaanxi

Northern Shaanxi is located in the northern part of the Loess Plateau, where loess, cohesive soil, limestone and sandstone are widely distributed. Local residents use these materials to build caves with strong local characteristics. According to the different materials used, caves in northern Shaanxi can be divided into four types: earth kiln, combined kiln, stone kiln and brick kiln [1]. The earth kiln is built on the loess slope with loess as the basic material; The interface kiln is an earth kiln, and the kiln mouth is arched with stones or bricks to reinforce the kiln mouth; Brick kilns are made of clay bricks; Stone kilns are made of stones mined by manual prying and blasting. Because the stone kilns in northern Shaanxi are representative at present, this paper takes the stone kilns as the analysis object.

The cave architecture in northern Shaanxi is quite particular. In terms of cave site selection, in the past, local people used to ask local famous Feng Shui masters to explore the landscape before repairing the cave. Now it is based on sunny, leeward, ventilation and convenient transportation. The most important thing is that the mountain back is solid, the soil is solid, and gullies are avoided. In architectural technology, the cave fully utilizes the arch-bearing principle similar to an arch bridge, ensuring the stability and safety of the cave. In terms of materials, caves make full use of local soil resources and stone resources. In terms of life, cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi show the traditional ecological thoughts of being a monk and nature, living in harmony with nature, and using nature, emphasizing the harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

Second, the low-carbon concept in cave architecture in northern Shaanxi

Low-carbon economy makes low-carbon buildings become the general trend of the development of the construction industry. The concept of low-carbon economy first appeared in the British white paper "Building a Low-carbon Society" in 2003. It is an economic model based on low energy consumption, low pollution and low emission, and its essence is to use energy efficiently, develop clean energy and pursue green GDP. On the road of developing low-carbon economy, "energy saving" and "low carbon" of buildings will inevitably become an unavoidable topic. The development of low-carbon buildings is to reduce the use of fossil energy, improve the application of clean energy such as solar energy, wind energy and bioenergy, and reduce the carbon dioxide emissions in the whole life cycle of building materials and equipment manufacturing, construction and building use.

According to the concept of low-carbon economy and low-carbon architecture, the low-carbon concept contained in cave architecture in northern Shaanxi can be summarized as follows:

(A) the concept of saving. Cave architecture in northern Shaanxi has the outstanding characteristics of saving cultivated land and land. Cave buildings are generally built along the slope according to the terrain, and indoor space is obtained by transverse excavation, and undisturbed land is used as the kiln wall and roof to the maximum extent. The northern Shaanxi area itself is dominated by mountains, and there is little arable land. Cave buildings are built on the mountain, which is conducive to protecting limited cultivated land and land. In particular, the original soil excavated in the construction process of the cliff kiln can also be used to fill the slope and make land. This kind of subtraction essentially contains great potential for saving land. In addition, the cost-saving principle of cave architecture is also very obvious. Cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi are rich in loess and stone resources, and the mining cost is low, even zero. Loess is easy to dig, and the required manpower and material resources are not very heavy, and the labor cost in the construction process is low. Using the raw soil formed in the process of excavation to build earth platforms, earth furniture, etc. Raw soil can also be used to build cave walls and fire pits, saving the use of bricks.

(2) The concept of energy conservation. The concept of energy saving in caves in northern Shaanxi is quite rich. In the construction process, manual labor is the mainstay, and mechanical equipment is rarely used, and gasoline is hardly used as the power raw material, so the carbon emission of the whole construction process is very small. In terms of building technology, the stone kiln building adopts an arched dome, and the gap between the roofs of the arched stone kiln is watered with mud and gravel, which has very good stability and replaces the demand for cement and steel bars, thus indirectly helping to reduce carbon emissions. In terms of thermal insulation, loess has good thermal insulation and thermal storage functions. Most caves are wrapped in thick soil layers, and the indoor temperature changes little day and night. In addition, caves themselves are generally built in the sun, which is warm in winter and cool in summer, reducing the consumption of electricity, carbon and wood. In the internal design, kilns in northern Shaanxi generally connect kang, stove and chimney, and the heat in the stove is transferred through the arc channel designed in the kang, which can heat a larger area of the kang and improve the efficient use of energy.

(3) the concept of environmental protection. The caves in northern Shaanxi also shine with the bright spots of environmental protection. As for the decoration of the cave, it is mainly to paint the inner wall and ceiling of the cave with mud at the intersection of native soil and wheat straw, to chisel the outer wall into fine-line stones by hand with a chisel, or to use square stones as the hole surface with a hammer. On the whole, the decoration is mainly based on local materials, and does not involve any building materials containing chemical components or volatile harmful gases. In addition, caves also have the functions of heat insulation, air defense and earthquake prevention, noise isolation and radioactive substances in the atmosphere. Living in caves for a long time is less likely to suffer from asthma, rheumatism, skin diseases and other diseases. In addition, in the long run, even if the cave is invalid or collapses, it is easier to dismantle it. After a series of weathering and complex changes, the original raw soil will become mature soil and return to nature for reuse. The construction waste finally formed in the cave has no destructive effect on the natural environment.

(4) the concept of harmony. As a classic folk house, cave dwelling in northern Shaanxi also embodies the harmonious coexistence between man and nature and between people. Cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi snuggle up to nature in a natural way, and nature accepts human beings in a human way. Man, nature, caves and villages are integrated. Cave dwellings generally use the primary colors of building materials in building colors. Yellow and cyan are the two main colors of caves, which complement the true colors of the Loess Plateau. As a carrier of culture, caves also inherited the simple tradition of our ancestors. During the day, what we see is an open scene, the sky is like a dome, the fields are covered with cages, the sky is a quilt, and the floor is a bed. Sleeping on a heatable adobe sleeping platform at night, breathing the fresh mountain breeze and feeling the pulse of the earth, in such a shrinking universe, living in a cave for a long time, people can be suddenly enlightened without oppression and bondage. The openness of caves has also cultivated the simple folk customs and bold and unconstrained characters of people in northern Shaanxi, such as respecting the old and loving the young, cooperating with each other, being close and harmonious in neighborhood, and the internal unity between man and nature.

Thirdly, the enlightenment of low-carbon concept to cave architecture in northern Shaanxi.

(A) architectural development should always adhere to the concept of adapting to local conditions and relying on local advantages. The energy-saving concept of cave architecture in northern Shaanxi lies in its efficient use of local natural conditions, and energy-saving runs through every detail. This quality has made cave architecture in northern Shaanxi last for thousands of years. It can be seen that in the development of architecture, we should try our best to use the most environmentally friendly and green building materials in the local or surrounding areas, and try our best to develop local natural energy sources such as wind energy and solar energy for the building, so as to reduce the dependence of the building on traditional energy sources and make the building itself have tenacious vitality and healthy body.

(2) Re-examine the relationship between architecture and people. The cave architecture in northern Shaanxi is people-oriented, practical and comfortable, with a strong tradition of simple ancestors, which fully embodies the principle of "people are the main body and architecture serves people". In modern architecture, although people live in the same building, they don't interact with each other. The cold indifference of reinforced concrete suppresses people's inherent nature of pursuing harmony and friendship. To develop low-carbon buildings, we should strive to create humanized architectural models and communities, completely eliminate the dilemma of building bondage, bondage and oppression, and realize the dominant position of people in buildings.

(3) Remodeling the relationship between architecture and nature. The caves in northern Shaanxi are integrated with nature, born out of nature, close to the earth and return to nature. This enlightens us that low-carbon buildings should proceed from nature and always embody the basic principle that architecture is an inseparable whole of nature, and be integrated with nature and accepted by nature. Especially in the whole life cycle of architecture from birth to death, the negative impact on nature and environment should be reduced as much as possible to avoid architecture becoming a heavy burden of environmental development.