What is Lower Nanyang in old China? What is Nanyang?

Lower Nanyang, Fujian, Guangdong and Taiwan provinces are also called "national vassals", which belong to Fujian-Guangdong dialect and refer to making a living in Nanyang.

1. During the historical period from the end of Ming Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty, civil wars continued and the people were poor. At that time, people in Fujian and Guangdong were terrified, poor and poor, with a large population and little land, and the lives of ordinary people were extremely difficult to maintain. In order to make a living, maintain family life, change the fate of individuals or families, and avoid war, ordinary people in Fujian and Guangdong sneaked into Nanyang in batches again and again to make a living. According to the survey of China Pacific Society 1935, 69.95% of the refugees went abroad because of "economic oppression". At that time, some people who went to Nanyang were full of hope for the future, while others could not stay in their hometown.

2. Generally speaking, in the last years of China's feudal dynasty, most of them were accompanied by peasant uprising, foreign invasion and dynasty change, and ordinary people who suffered from war and lost their political power emigrated overseas. Due to its geographical proximity, Southeast Asia has become a place of immigration and refuge for China immigrants.

3. Nanyang under British and Dutch colonial rule is in the process of accelerated development, and the demand for labor is very great. In order to attract China workers, Southeast Asian countries have successively issued a series of preferential policies. For example, Sarawak, Malaysia's largest state, issued a special notice during the reign of Pope II: giving immigrants enough free land for planting, and the government providing temporary housing to resettle immigrants; Free supply of rice and salt for one year; Provide transportation, set up police stations to protect the safety of Chinese, and Chinese can live permanently in Sarawak. Such a policy is very attractive to unemployed refugees who have lost their land in China. It was at this time that many people traveled across the ocean to Nanyang, either with their wives or alone.

Culturally, the Chinese nation is a farming nation. The biggest feature of farming people is that they like to stick to one acre and three points, and are willing to live a quiet life of "wife and children fever". It really takes a lot of courage to be a wanderer far from home, work hard and explore the new world.

Historical status quo

Today, the footsteps of China people have spread all over the world. The largest group of overseas Chinese is Southeast Asian Chinese. Most of them are descendants of pioneers who fought out of Nanyang hundreds of years ago. According to incomplete statistics, about 10 million of Indonesia's 200 million people are Chinese. Malaysia has a population of 25 million and about 6 million Chinese. Thailand has a population of 65 million and about 20 million Chinese, accounting for nearly one third; Singapore has a population of 5 million, with Chinese accounting for about 75%. It is the country with the highest proportion of overseas Chinese in the total population of the host country.

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geographical position

Jiangsu coastal provinces

Nanyang is the name of Southeast Asia in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is a concept centered on China. Include Malay Archipelago, Philippine Archipelago and Indonesian Archipelago, as well as the coastal areas of Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Peninsula. The geographical concept of Nanyang mainly refers to the vast area including the ten ASEAN countries today. In a broad sense, Nanyang also includes India, Australia, New Zealand and nearby Pacific islands.

Geographical reasons

In the refugee tide in Lower Nanyang, they came from most provinces in China, but Fujian and Cantonese accounted for the vast majority (more than 95%), which was related to their geographical and cultural factors. Fujian and Guangdong provinces have twists and turns along the coast, and people learn from the sea, which is unmatched by mainland people; The two provinces are close to Nanyang, which is convenient to travel back and forth, and the road is close and economical, which is more "selective" than going to Latin America and other places.

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Before and after history

Historical immigrants

China's contacts with Southeast Asia can be traced back to the Han Dynasty two thousand years ago. According to Historical Records, History of Han Geography and other documents, China had contacts with Myanmar, Viet Nam and other countries around 1 century. In the Tang dynasty, immigrants began to increase and were called "Tang people" by local people. But it was not until the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty that China people's road to South Asia became wider and wider.

Mass migration:

1. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, thousands of China Confucian scholars and military and political officials fled to Vietnam.

2. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people from the Central Plains moved to zhina.

3. In the late Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao attacked Guangzhou, and Cantonese fled to Southeast Asia.

When the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed by the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of adherents also stayed here.

5. At the end of Ming and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, a large number of refugees, peasant troops scattered by Qing soldiers, remnants of Ming army who failed to resist Qing Dynasty, and Ming adherents who were unwilling to work for Qing court set off a climax of emigration to Southeast Asia. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Shangchuan, the commander-in-chief of Gao, Lei and Lian, and the deputy commander-in-chief led more than 3,000 family members and more than 50 warships to the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam, so this place was called "Ming Township". From 65438 to 0659, the families of officers and men who followed Emperor Li Yong into exile in Myanmar, some fled to Siam (now Thailand), and some were placed in remote places in Myanmar. Today, Gui and Min in northern Myanmar are descendants of these officers and men.

Historical influence

The influx of a large number of Chinese into Southeast Asia has had a great impact on local production, life and economic construction. On the one hand, many China people are engaged in business activities in their host countries, responsible for managing overseas trade, buying local native products and selling goods from this country, thus forming a commercial network to communicate China with overseas trade. Most of these people are also relied on by the local government. The Siamese royal family once said, "Without overseas Chinese, the imperial court could do nothing." On the other hand, a considerable number of China people are engaged in handicrafts, such as bakers, tailors, shoemakers, goldsmiths, silversmiths, sculptors, locksmiths, painters, plasterers and weavers. There are also a large number of overseas Chinese engaged in agriculture, horticulture and fisheries, and they also play an active role in the daily life of local society.

In the process of economic development in Southeast Asia, industry and mining have always been a very important aspect. In Kalimantan, Indonesia, Chinese are the sole operators of local gold mines. At the peak, there are more than 90,000 miners, and the annual output of gold ore is generally over one million ounces (1 ounce is equal to 28.35g). /kloc-Before the 9th century, almost all tin mines in Malaysia were developed by overseas Chinese. At present, many large tin mining areas called "West Lake" are dug by overseas Chinese. It is precisely because of the hard work of overseas Chinese that Malaysia's tin production has long accounted for more than half of the world's total tin production.

China people "going south to South Asia" have thus become the main force of local economic development. Their diligence and efforts have changed the economic backwardness of the host country. Even Rui Tianxian, the British Governor of the Straits Colony, admitted that the prosperity of the Malay Peninsula was "all caused by overseas Chinese". "The maintenance of Malay States depends on tin mine tax ... tin mine workers, the first batch of overseas Chinese. Because of their efforts, half of the world's tin consumption is supplied by the peninsula. Their talent and labor created today's Malay Peninsula. " "The Malay government and people are grateful to overseas Chinese who are so diligent, hardworking and law-abiding."

While China people are changing the economic situation of their host countries, many people have completely changed the fate of themselves and their families. There are hundreds of millionaires and multimillionaires among Chinese in Southeast Asia.

At the same time, the political status of Chinese in Southeast Asia is getting higher and higher. Philippine President Arroyo's husband is from China, and former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra is from China. In the Thai parliament, two-thirds of the members are also Chinese. In Malaysia, the success of Chinese in politics is no longer news.

"Going to South Asia" has become a major historical event comparable to "going to the East" and "going to the West", and it is also driven by the joint efforts of "pushing" and "pulling". In terms of thrust, "economic oppression" is the most dynamic "hormone". According to a survey conducted by China Pacific Institute 1935, 69.95% of refugees go abroad because of "economic oppression". In terms of tension, Nanyang under British and Dutch colonial rule is in the process of accelerated development, with strong labor demand, short supply and many employment opportunities. Moreover, in order to attract China workers, Southeast Asian countries even adopted the "most attractive conditions". For example, Sarawak, the largest state in Malaysia, issued a special notice during the reign of Pope II: giving enough free land for transplantation; The government provides temporary housing for transplant recipients; Free supply of rice and salt for one year; Provide transportation; Establish a police station to protect the safety of China people; China people can live permanently in Sarawak. This is very attractive to unemployed refugees, from which we can understand why many refugees "can't even find their own place".

For the inflow areas, South China University of Technology has always been a new force in the development of Nanyang, and it is a cheap and inexhaustible labor resource. Rui Tianxian, governor of the Straits Colony, said that the prosperity of the Malay Peninsula was "all caused by overseas Chinese" and that "the maintenance of Malay States depends entirely on the tax revenue of tin mines". ..... As tin workers, the first batch of overseas Chinese. Because of their continuous efforts, half of the world's tin consumption is supplied by the peninsula. Their talent and labor have made today's Malay government and people on the Malay Peninsula grateful to this hardworking and law-abiding overseas Chinese beyond words. "(Li Changfu: colonial history of China)

The refugee tide of "going south to South Asia" also had a far-reaching impact on the outflow, which played an important role in alleviating "economic oppression". In A Brief History of Immigrants in China written by Ge et al., there is a simple calculation: during the 90 years from 1840 to 1930, the average number of refugees exported by Fujian and Guangdong provinces each year was more than100000, which was enough to offset the annual natural growth, alleviate the local population pressure and at least reduce the social oscillation caused by it.

China workers have accumulated a lot of capital through hard work. They invested their money in modern industry and commerce, which promoted the social transformation of China. For example, Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory, the first machine silk reeling factory in China, was founded by overseas Chinese Chen Qiyuan. Qiao Ming Match Factory is the first national match factory in China founded by overseas Chinese Wei Shengxuan. According to statistics, from 1862 to 1949, the number of overseas Chinese investing in Guangdong, Fujian and Shanghai alone reached 255 10.

Opportunities in the new century

History has entered 2 1 century, and China people's steps towards Nanyang have not stopped. But the reasons and motives have changed a lot.

On the street of Penang, there is a young man who is only 20 years old and has been in Malaysia for more than a year. "My uncle asked me to come." The young man told us that the reason why he came to Malaysia was simple. The competition in the national college entrance examination is too fierce, and his grades cannot guarantee a better school. So he followed in the footsteps of his uncle who came to Malaysia in the 1990s and went to Malaysia to "break into the world". However, the road in Malaysia is not very easy. The young man has been to Singapore and Thailand, but he still hasn't found a suitable school. Now I have to help my uncle look after the shop while learning the language. In the future, we should "look".

In recent years, many people in Kuala Lumpur have also "gone to South Asia" and achieved success. Guang Zhi Travel Agency is a famous travel agency in China. As early as 200 1, the shareholding system reform was implemented. The largest shareholder of its Malaysian company is China Li Zhongping. The company's customers are very stable, the business volume is gradually rising, and the income is becoming more and more considerable.

It can be predicted that with the further improvement of China's economic strength, more and more China people will "go to South Asia". With the acceleration of the construction of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area and the implementation of the strategic concept of "one axis and two wings" regional economic cooperation, China people's road to South Asia will become wider and wider.