How to understand the historical form of western ecological humanism

First, the origin of western humanistic spirit

1, humanistic spirit

Its core idea is: caring for people, putting people first, attaching importance to people's value, and opposing theology's suppression of human nature.

2, the wise (after the middle of the 5th century BC)

(1) background

After the middle of the 5th century BC, the economy of ancient Greece prospered, and the slavery democracy in Athens developed highly.

People are more and more involved in political life, and their position in society is increasingly prominent. Some scholars' research regards "man" as the core issue of research.

(2) Representative: protagoras.

(3) Research field and proposition

Research field: taking people and human society as the exploration theme, studying human beings and reflecting on themselves.

Advocate:

Man is the measure of everything.

Progressiveness: people's feelings are the yardstick to judge everything, and denying God's will is the yardstick to measure everything, which establishes people's dignity and authority. It embodies the essence of Greek cultural humanism; It denies the role of supernatural forces such as God or fate in social life, which is the concentrated embodiment of humanistic spirit.

Limitations: too much emphasis on personal subjective feelings, ignoring people's understanding of the same sex, opening the door to subjective randomness and extreme individualism.

The school of the wise opposes superstition, emphasizes freedom, and thinks that all systems, laws and morals are man-made products.

(3) In terms of social morality, everyone has his own judgment standard, and should not force uniformity.

(4) Significance

His thoughts denied the role of supernatural forces such as God or fate in social life, established human dignity and played a positive role in the ideological enlightenment and liberation of the Athenian people.

(2) Some of its ideas are the initial embodiment of humanism in the history of western thought.

③ A useful attempt to observe the world through people's eyes, and draw different conclusions from their own methods.

Socrates (famous Athenian philosopher)

(1) idea

(1) "A thoughtful person is the measure of everything", hoping to rebuild people's morality.

② The philosophical pursuit of "knowing yourself" mainly focuses on the proposition of knowing yourself and pays attention to ethics.

(3) "Knowledge is virtue", virtue comes from knowledge, the highest knowledge is moral knowledge in people's minds, and virtue is knowledge about goodness.

④ It is pointed out that goodness is the inner soul of human beings. No one in the world is willing to do evil, and people do evil out of ignorance. And put forward "the importance of education to virtue".

(2) Significance

Socrates' study of human nature itself has created a new direction of philosophy and is an important manifestation of human spiritual awakening. He made philosophy truly a "human" knowledge.

His rational spirit of advocating knowledge and free exploration had a far-reaching influence on later western philosophy.

4. Plato's Republic (Socrates' student)

(1) Claim

(1) focus on human society and establish an ideal country ruled by philosophers;

② "Idealism": People and the world around them are considered unreal, while the "conceptual" world outside the world is real, and ideas are the origin of all things.

(2) Significance

He encouraged people to think independently and rationally, which laid the foundation for the development of rationalism.

5. Aristotle (Plato's student) (382- 322 BC)

Advocate:

(1) emphasizes rationality and admits that feeling is the origin of cognition;

(2) Contribution: Through scientific investigation and study of nature, a strict logical argumentation system has been created, which fully embodies the humanistic spirit of human beings' constant pursuit of truth and understanding of the unknown. Make philosophy an independent science.

Inquiry: What are the similarities and differences between ancient Greece and China in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?

Similarities:

Difference:

Second, the Renaissance (14-16th century) (exposing the corruption and evil of the church and giving up religious belief)

1, the first reason for its rise in Italy.

(1) economic base:14th century, Italy's economy flourished and capitalism sprouted.

(2) Class foundation: The emerging bourgeoisie needs to create a new culture and break through the shackles of Catholicism for its own interests.

(3) Ideological origin: Italy has preserved a large number of cultural heritages of ancient Greece and Rome, which provided support for the emergence of new culture.

(4) Social foundation: Italy is in a state of political division and there is no cultural autocracy, which provides a relatively relaxed environment for the development of cultural undertakings and becomes a gathering place for scholars and artists.

2. Essence: the first ideological emancipation movement (bourgeois ideological and cultural movement) reflecting the requirements of the emerging bourgeoisie in Europe.

3. Core: Humanism, that is, attaching importance to human value and advocating humanity; Advocate the pursuit of freedom and encourage adventure; Advocating rationality, advocating science and pursuing knowledge.

Query:, achievements, significance

Third, the religious reform (16th century) (wearing a religious cloak, opposing the religious privilege of the church and not abandoning religious theology. )

1, background

(1) Thought: The influence of the Renaissance made the authority of the Catholic Church questioned by more and more people, which greatly impacted the spiritual dictatorship of the Catholic Church.

(2) Economy: The development of capitalist economy makes the emerging bourgeoisie want to get rid of the shackles of Roman Catholicism. (basic)

(3) Politics: The oppression of Europe, especially Germany by the Catholic Church has deepened the contradiction between the Catholic Church and the people.

(4) The fuse: 15 17, the Pope sells redemption vouchers.

2. Nature: Anti-feudal and anti-Catholic social ideological reform movement launched under the cover of religious cloak.

Step 3 exercise

(1) Prelude:1517 "On the Outline of 95"

(2) Claim:

Core: "Justification by faith" means salvation by faith. As long as there is sincere belief, the soul can be saved without buying a redemption ticket;

Advocating that every Christian has the right to read and interpret the Bible directly;

Simplify religious ceremonies.

(3) Achievement and expansion

Lutheranism, Calvinism and Episcopal Church

4. Influence

(1) Under the influence of the religious reform, he began to break the superstition of the Roman church, emancipate his mind, and further spread and develop humanism;

(2) Promoting the development of national culture and education in Western European countries;

(3) The return of secular power strengthens the autocratic monarchy system politically and economically, and strengthens the power of the emerging nation-state.

Fourth, the Enlightenment (17-18th century) (completely broke away from the Catholic Church, overthrew the authority of the Catholic Church and denied the right to teach. )

1, background

(1) Thought: Under the impetus of the Renaissance and the Religious Reform, great progress has been made in natural science, which provides a new basis for people to understand human society;

(2) Economy:17-18th century, with the further development of capitalist economy, the strength of the bourgeoisie is growing day by day;

(3) Politics: feudal autocracy has become an obstacle to the development of capitalism, and the bourgeoisie has put forward the requirement of opposing autocracy.

2. Nature: the bourgeois anti-feudal and anti-church ideological and cultural movement is also the second ideological emancipation movement.

Step 3 advocate

(1) is not satisfied with respect for human nature, but demands the liberation of human beings themselves;

(2) Core: Rationalism. It is emphasized that people should judge by scientific methods, not by providence or providence. "Rationality" refers to the ability of people to think for themselves and use their intelligence to know, judge and understand things.