What contracting modes are there in the construction?

First, according to the contract pricing method

1. lump sum contract contracting is divided into fixed lump sum contract and adjusted lump sum contract according to the total price.

2. The contractor in unit price contract shall fill in the unit price of each subdivisional work, and the sum of the product of unit price and quantity, plus the start-up fee, basic fee and designated subcontracting fee constitute the price tag.

Second, according to the location of the contractor

In project contracting, different contracting units, as well as different relationships and positions between contracting units and construction units, have formed different contracting methods.

1. Parallel contracting. In this way, the owner entrusts the task to several design units and construction units respectively, and the relationship is parallel.

Parallel contracting is suitable for projects that are designed and constructed at the same time and involve a wide range of industries. This is beneficial to quality control. However, the project organization and management is difficult; It is not conducive to investment control and schedule coordination.

2. General contracting. Let a contractor be responsible for organizing and implementing all the work in the whole construction process or a certain stage of the project. Adopting the general contracting method is beneficial to the owner's project management, but it has advantages and disadvantages to the schedule and quality control. For the contractor, the responsibility is great, the risk is high, the management level is high and the practical experience is rich.

3. Subcontracting. Subcontracting is relative to the general contractor, which means that the contractor is responsible for a part of a project and the on-site activities are arranged by the general contractor as a whole.

There are two ways of subcontracting: first, the owner designates, directly signs a contract with the owner and is directly responsible to the owner, but only the on-site activities are arranged by the general contractor. Second, the general contractor chooses its own subcontractor (subcontractor), and the subcontractor directly signs a contract with the general contractor and is responsible for the general contractor, but the premise is that the choice of subcontractor must be approved by the owner (this is an international practice).

4. Subcontracting. Subcontracting means that the winning contractor transfers the contracting right of the project to another contractor, and can charge a certain subcontracting fee or free of charge, or set other contract conditions as needed. In different countries (regions) in the world, different laws and regulations have different restrictions on subcontracting. Subcontracting is illegal in China, but it is legal in some countries (regions) or international organizations.

5. Joint contracting. When the scale of the project is huge or the technology is complex, and the competition in the contracting market is fierce, and it is difficult for a company to contract under normal circumstances, several companies can unite to form a consortium to compete for contracting contracts, and give full play to their respective characteristics and advantages.

III. According to the content (scope) of the contract

1. Design and construction general contracting. This contracting method is also called "turnkey" or "general contracting". For the owner, project management, investment control, schedule control and contract management are all beneficial, but because there are relatively few contractors with this ability, the owner's choice is small, and the contracting risk is high, the contract price is high and the quality control is difficult. For the contractor, although the risk is great, the profit is also considerable.

2. Stage contracting. The content of the stage contract is a certain stage or several stages of the project. Such as feasibility study, design task, survey and design, building installation and construction. In the construction stage, according to the different contract contents, it can also be divided into: material contract, partial material contract and no material contract.

3. Special contracting. Because of its strong professionalism, a certain stage of the project is contracted by a professional subcontractor, which is also called professional contracting. Such as engineering address survey and water supply source survey in the survey and design stage; In the construction stage, deep foundation construction, metal structure fabrication and installation, ventilation equipment, elevator installation, etc.

Four, the cost plus compensation contract

This contracting method is characterized by the actual cost of the project plus the agreed total management fee and profit. It is suitable for the case that the project content is not very clear before construction, such as emergency projects designed and constructed at the same time, or projects that need to be repaired after disasters such as earthquakes and wars. Specific practices:

1. Cost plus fixed percentage fee. The contractor and the owner negotiate remuneration in advance to pay the company's management fees and profits. With the progress of the project, the owner pays the direct cost of the project.

2. Cost plus fixed expenses. Project expenses are reimbursed, but the remuneration is a fixed amount agreed in advance.

3. Cost plus floating expenses. This contracting method needs to estimate the expected level of project cost and reward in advance. If the actual cost is exactly equal to the expected level, the project cost is the cost plus fixed remuneration; If the actual cost is higher than expected, the reward will be reduced; If the actual cost is lower than expected, the reward will be increased.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) CM pattern and series bidding contract

1.CM mode. CM (construction management) mode, also known as two-stage bidding, or fast tracking. This originated in North America in the 1960s and 1970s, and its basic starting point is to shorten the construction period.

When CM mode was adopted, the early intervention of CM Company changed the disadvantages of decoupling design and construction under the traditional contract mode, so that designers could get suggestions on construction technology and methods at the design stage, thus reducing the project cost and improving the project quality to a certain extent. CM mode can be divided into two basic types: CM/ non-proxy and CM/ proxy.

2. Series bidding and contracting. Series tendering and contracting refers to that after a company successfully completes a project contract, several other similar projects are awarded the contract according to the same unit price, technical specifications and contracting conditions.

Sixth, BOT mode.

BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) is a model of build-operate-transfer. Sometimes called "public * * * project concession", it is a financing and construction mode of infrastructure construction that rose abroad in 1980s to make up for the lack of government investment in public infrastructure. During the concession period stipulated in the agreement, the project company has the ownership to invest in the construction of the facilities, recover the investment by charging appropriate fees to the users of the facilities and get reasonable returns, and hand over the facilities to the government departments of both contracting parties free of charge after the concession period expires.