Bai people's dietary customs

Since ancient times, China has had a tradition of emphasizing customs, "for the government must first study the customs", "to see the customs, know the gains and losses" is the monarchs of successive generations to abide by the ancestral teachings. The supreme ruler not only to personally ask about the customs of the people, but also to appoint officials to investigate the people's customs, in the formulation of state policy as an important reference, and by the historian in the history of the country for the future generations of governance to leave the experience of governance customs. The following is my collection of Bai ethnic dietary customs, welcome to read, I hope you can enjoy.

Bai dietary customs

Bai people like to eat sour, cold, spicy and other flavors, and good at curing ham, bowfin, screw sauce, oil chicken fir, pig liver blessing and other kinds of delicious dishes. Dali and other central areas of the Bai people, but also like to eat a unique flavor of the "raw meat" (or "raw skin"), that is, the pork roasted into a half-cooked, half-cooked, and then cut into slices of meat or shredded meat, accompanied by ginger, green onions, vinegar, chili pepper, in order to entertain guests. In addition, there is white wine made from glutinous rice, stewed plums with Cangshan snow and sugar made of "snow plums", Dengchuan special "milk fan", "milk cake" and so on are also very tasty.

White wedding banquet customary "Xizhou soil eight bowls" hospitality, by eight hot dishes: add red currant rice red stewed meat; hanging egg batter deep-fried crispy meat; add soy sauce, dry pickles buckle steamed five-flower three lines of meat sheet; with the addition of sweet potatoes or potatoes steamed pork; pig's head, liver, pork brined dry incense; covered with minced meat, egg crumbs of white lentil ; fungus, tofu, water, shredded egg, vegetable stalks blanch minced; bamboo shoots with fried pork strips. In addition, a packet of betel coconuts for each guest, sumptuous but not extravagant.

The Bai people dining is very polite, dining elders to sit on, the younger generation in turn on both sides or across the table, the younger generation should be ready for the elders to add vegetables and soup.

The Bai people like to drink tea. General drinking roasted tea, with a small ceramic tea canister will be baked yellow tea, rushed to the boiling water, when the heat fluctuating, fragrant. Roasted tea is generally washed water three ways, while simmering baked side of the tea: the first drink felt its taste slightly bitter, and then taste is sweet and mellow, the last one more feel its sweet taste, the more taste more beautiful, full of teeth, people more than just a reminiscent of. This is called "the first bitter, two sweet, three aftertaste." Some places in the second tea, but also to the tea into the walnut kernel pieces, brown sugar, milk fan, etc., the third tea to add a few peppercorns or cinnamon, a distinctive flavor. Guests to the home, must grill tea hospitality, each time only a shallow half cup, after drinking the mouth and mouth, hot thirst suddenly quenched, the mouth has a mixture of bitter and sweet sense of comfort.

Yunnan "March Street": a thousand years to catch a street, a street to catch a thousand years

Yunnan's "street", known as the "set" in the north, so there are The "street", "catching the set" said. Ancient Dali street, is a twelve-genus chronicle of the street period, the son of the day for the rat street, ugly day for the cattle street, chen day for the dragon street ...... So, to date, Dali still have rat street, cattle street, dragon street and other place names around the world. Later, the street period has changed, some seven days a street, some five days a street, and some places a day a small street. Some places to catch the street and catch the integration of the meeting, such as the first five days of the first month of Dali San Wenpen Village "Ge Ge will", February 15 eryuan three camp "crops will", April 15 "Butterfly Spring will" and the Mid-Autumn Festival

March Street

March Street has been known as "a thousand years to catch a street, a street to catch a thousand years" reputation. Once upon a time, March Street is also known as the March meeting, Guanyin City, Guanyin Street, Guanyin Street and other sacrifices, and today is called the March Street National Festival, is the traditional grand festival of the Bai people and the folk material exchanges and cultural and recreational activities event. Ming Dynasty Bai scholar Li Yuanyang compiled "Yunnan Tongzhi" has this record: "Guanyin City, March 15 in the Cangshan trade under the goods of the provinces. Since the Tang Yong Hui period to the present, the dynasty has changed, this city does not change, know is the Guanyin into Dali, the descendants to the day of burning incense, the four sides heard the wind, each with goods to come also." According to a variety of historical records to analyze, Dali March Street to a large extent related to the introduction of Buddhism, arising on the basis of folk Buddhist sermons. Xu Xiake in the Ming dynasty in western Yunnan travel, during the inspection, Dali March Street made a factual record: "fifteen days, is the beginning of the street, cover the Yu city (i.e., Dali) has Guanyin Street children gathered, set up in the west of the city in the performance of the martial arts arena ...... thirteen provinces of the thing is not to, the barbarians in Dianzhong thing is also not to. " Xu Xiake also made a record of the March Street horse racing activities: "Yu is a mile and a half westward from the west gate, into the martial arts field, all the scaffolding for the city, the ring wrong confused. The north of the horse field, a thousand horsemen, several horsemen riding in the middle, more teams to spy on the high and low ...... "Qing Dynasty" Dali County Zhi Zhi Manuscript "describes March Street in full swing:" Sheng time department store business is quite large, the four sides of the merchants, such as Shu, Gan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Gui, Qin, Guizhou, Tibet, Myanmar and other places, and the province's counties and counties gathered in the city of March Street. The province's states and counties of the collection of the people is 100,000, horses and mules, medicinal herbs, tea, silk, wool, wood, porcelain, copper, tin and other bulk Dali trading, at least the value of the value of tens of thousands of dollars." At that time, as a folk market of March Street, the scale of prosperity, renowned in Asia. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Dali students in Japan, the Bai musician Li Xiexi, has written such a "March Street Bamboo Branch Lyrics": "In the past, the prosperity of a few springs and autumns, millions of money like water. The city of Sichuan, Suzhou and Hangzhou exquisite goods, buying and selling shopping malls crown Asia."

Eryuan Fisherman's Pool

The Mid-Autumn Festival on the fifteenth day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar is also the traditional Eryuan Fisherman's Pool, which was originally located on the north shore of the Erhai Sea in Shaping Fisherman's Pool slope in the 70s of the last century, relocated to the Shaba, the western Yunnan region is second only to the March Street of Dali, the exchange of materials, the meeting period of eight days. In the Bai people circulated this legend: a long time ago, at the foot of the Cangshan Mountain fishing pool slope inside a fish hole inside a fish spirit, usually sleep soundly, encountered when the thunder, the fish hole gushed out many oil fish, people will go to the mouth of the hole to catch oil fish. One year on the 15th of August, the fish suddenly woke up, opened his mouth and swallowed a lot of fishermen, scared people do not dare to fish again, and do not dare to fishing slope. Later, after several years of observation, people found that the fish spirit only August 15 to make a monster, so every year on this day, the white people in the fishing pool slope on the sale of fishing equipment, livestock and production of household utensils, but also in the slope to play the dragon play lion, singing and dancing. Fish spirit heard people roar horse screaming, sound unceasingly, scared to dare not out of the hole for chaos, fishing pool will be the custom of generations down.

Dali most areas of the street, "the middle of the day is gathered, the sunset is off". In Dali City, Xizhou town, there is "early in the morning to set, to the afternoon on the loose" of the morning street; in the first large village of the Bai people - Zhou City and Eryuan Goneseed Bi and other places, there is "late afternoon to set, to the evening to be scattered" of the evening street. In recent years, the ancient city of Dali has become one of the most popular places in the world. In recent years, the street in Dali Old Town has become a hot spot for trade, tourism and shopping due to its unique beautiful scenery and its location in the main transportation route of western Yunnan; the Shaping Slope, which is located under the Yunlang Peak of Dali Cangshan Mountain, is a colorful ethnic market on Mondays; and the street of digging color in the lakes and mountains on the eastern shore of Erhai Sea of Dali, as well as the Evening Street of Zhoucheng in the afternoon of every day, have been favored by the tourists from both at home and abroad, and have become a "Foreigner Street" following the ancient city of Dali. It has become the most popular rural "foreigner street" for overseas guests after the "foreigner street" in Dali Old Town.

Dali Bai folk "pick up the three princes" custom

Every year, the beginning of the second month of the lunar calendar, Dali Bai folk "pick up the three princes" custom. This custom began in Nanzhao, continued for more than 1300 years, and still exists.

In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the fine Nu logic in today's Weishan Yi Hui Autonomous County around the establishment of the local regime Nanzhao state, became the founder of Nanzhao. In 650 AD, he built the capital city Shan Yu Shan Long (spelling) Tu City on Shan Yu Shan Long (spelling) Tu Mountain in Weishan, until Pi Luoguo moved the capital to Taihe City in 738 AD, and during 73 years, there were three generations of Nanzhao kings who lived here.

The custom of "receiving the Three Princesses" first originated in the period of the Hinaolu Logic. Legend has it that the third princess of the white country Jin Gu, married from the Dali fine Nu Log, she is virtuous and kind, kind and charitable, loved by all ethnic groups in the Mengshe Chuan (now the Weishan area) and the Erhai area. Although the three Princess married far away, but the people of her hometown miss her very much, every year to take her from Weishan back to her mother's home for New Year's Eve. After the death of the three princesses, their descendants in the mountain in the mountain dragon (spelling) figure the south side of the mountain city built the day Mo Ya Temple dedicated to her, miss her. Subsequently, gradually formed the "pick up the three princes" folk activities.

Yang Guangliang, a scholar of history and culture at Weishan, said: "Every year on the twelfth day of the second month of the lunar calendar, the vast number of villagers in the Bai ethnic area, spontaneous villages as a group, accompanied by a group of people, all the way to blowing, singing and dancing, and left Cang'er to the Weishan Mountain Mountain in the mountain dragons (spelling) next to the figure of the city to pick up the three Princesses back to their homes, and the custom has been perpetuated for thousands of years. Three Princess charity love people, virtuous and intelligent, in the hometown of good reputation, very much loved by the people. After she married down to Weishan, people often miss her, and every season, they have to take the Third Princess back."

"Take the three princes" activities, people in addition to worship the three princes, but also to worship other gods, and finally to the Weishan Galan Temple worship. Yang Guangliang introduction: Galang refers to the Buddhist temple garden, also refers to the guardian temple of the gods, Buddhism is believed to have eighteen Galang. Legend has it that the fine Nu Log was also named Galan, he is the husband of the three princesses, so pick up the three princesses to Galan Temple worship, get his permission, in February 13 before dawn, the three princesses to pick up.

February 12 of the lunar calendar this evening, to participate in the "three princes" activities of the Bai and Yi ethnic groups, are to play songs and tunes, singing and dancing late into the night. Bai's songs and dances, Yi's singing, as well as the two nationalities of the king whip, octagonal drums, lusheng, knife dance, will be in the same melody to show off, the formation of national unity and harmony of the ancient Chinese chapter, uninterrupted for thousands of years.

"Receive the Three Princesses" activities include worship, chanting, praying for rain, entertainment, etc., the starting time for the first nine days of the second month of the lunar calendar. On this day, the Bai people depart from Dali to Weishan, and on the same day, they go to Weibao Mountain to pay homage to Hosinuluo and the Three Princesses. On the tenth day of the year, they arrived at Tianmoya Temple, and on the morning of the thirteenth day, they took out the Three Princesses and stayed in Dacang Town of Weishan at night. Fourteen days to arrive in Dali City, Xiaguan seven five villages, fifteen days to arrive in the ancient city of Dali Chenghuang Temple worship. Sixteen days to reach the Bay Bridge Town Bay Bridge Street, 17 days to reach the town of Xizhou Qingdong village Sheng Yuan Temple, so the whole activity is over.

Dali Bai playing old friends

Play: means to make friends; old: means lifelong, is from childhood to old age; friends: means the same gender and age of reliable good friends. To play old friends, that is, to make lifelong close contact with the same gender and age of good friends. This is a common custom in the life of the Dali Bai people.

The Dali Bai people play old friends, generally out of three situations. First, the teenagers themselves through a certain period of time in the life, study, labor in each other's interaction and understanding, ask each other to like, love, unanimously decided to use the form of old friends to play this form of friendship fixed for a long time. Secondly, the two teenagers are looking forward to their parents generation itself is to get along very well with the friends, and even they themselves already have old friends relationship, they want to pass their own children to play old friends, so that the old generation of friendship in the next generation to continue to maintain and develop. Thirdly, one of the parents of the teenagers, in the life of other people found that the corresponding teenagers at home in the character, learning, health and other aspects, worthy of their own children to learn and socialize, so through a third party in the middle of the work and become old friends.

Because playing old friends will be a major event affecting the children's lifelong life, therefore, the parents' generation is extremely cautious about their children's playing old friends activities. They not only have to examine each other's children's character, education, health and other aspects of the performance is worth befriending. At the same time, they also need to examine each other's family situation, such as each other's family is loyal, kind, hardworking, harmony, health, etc., the situation is not clear is not lightly promised.

Teenagers and young people when the two sides to determine to play the old friend relationship, the two sides of the family that is known as the dry relatives. In order to show the closeness of their relationship, both parents in each other's name generally will be "dry" word omitted. Within three years of the start of the relationship, both families must visit each other at least once a year. Both families must visit each other at least once a year. The reception of the first visit of the godfamily is a grand affair. In holding a sumptuous banquet reception, but also have to invite their relatives and neighbors to accompany, as playing old friends of young people on both sides, have to kneel to both parents, change the mouth of the other side of the parents of the fraud for the parents of the pro-daddy pro-ant.

The other relatives and friends of the name, and the old friend of the same name. Both parents, after picking up both sides of the fight old friends, to speak to the child some encouraging auspicious words, to give the child appropriate gifts. The gifts can be books, stationery, clothes, red packets, etc. Both parents also have to ask all the relatives, friends and neighbors present to take care of the two children in the future. In this way, playing the old friend relationship between the relatives, friends and neighbors of the two families in the open, legalized.

Thereafter, not only will the teenagers who beat up their old friends have frequent and close interactions with each other, but both families will also establish a close relationship, and no matter who has a big or small problem, they will have to inform each other in time and help out wholeheartedly. The relationship between the two families will be so-called not a relative but more like a relative.

The Dali Bai people through the old friend playing this kind of activity, a lot of young people and their families, to be able to effectively expand their interpersonal circle, the healthy growth of young people and their families in the community are not without benefit.

Dali Bai Wedding Customs

Dali Bai and other brother ethnic groups in China, as well as the same, experienced by the group marriage, couple marriage, individual marriage stage. Nowadays, they are married outside the clan, and monogamy is the basic form of family organization. The family is divided after the marriage of the brothers, and the parents generally live from the youngest son. The son-in-law has the right to inherit the family property, and women have a higher status in the family.

Dali area Bai young men and women, pre-marriage is relatively free, most of the marriage by their own decisions. Finding a partner is generally through the "song" to recognize as a confidant, and then through the marriage, betrothal, welcome the new, married a few stages. The marriage proposal is made by the parents of the man and woman, and the matchmaker goes to the woman's home to propose marriage. The woman's father agreed to get engaged, engaged to choose an auspicious day to send wine, rooster and bride price to the woman's home, the bride price must be with "six words". Tea three catties six taels or six catties six taels, six catties or six bottles of wine, candy six catties six taels, etc., meaning "blessed with fortune". The woman's family to "three tea" to treat the consent, also known as the "marriage chicken wine gift.

Marriage is usually held for three days, the ceremony is very solemn. The day of the wedding is called the "day of the positive". The first day before the wedding is called "stepping fence", the day the man to the dowry carried to the woman's home, the evening in the man's home to blow suona, singing "blow blow cavity" and "Dabenqu" until dawn to celebrate. The day of the wedding, "the man should be accompanied by friends and relatives to the bride's home to meet the bride", the bride to cry goodbye to her parents and siblings. Drummers to play the blowing blowing cavity "to receive the bride tune, suona sound from time to time with the bride crying intertwined. Along the way blowing sound, teasing sound, companions walking to the bride sprinkle rice flowers, but also from time to time pinch the bride to express "blessings". Welcome the bride to the door of the home, the groom's peers need to be brothers will be the bride back and the new room, at this point there are still early years of the "wedding" custom.

The new room are burning fire. Bride into the room when the family to burn spicy noodles in the fire, so that the bride coughed, in the bride's wine and food with pepper powder to make it difficult for the bride to swallow in order to express the "intimate" and "rich", the white language, "spicy, hemp! "and" pro, rich "homophonic. Bride and groom to worship heaven and earth, worship parents and uncle, with the white eight big bowl feast. At night there is a ceremony to recognize relatives, the elders to give the bride to meet the money, the same generation is to make trouble in the new room. When the bride to take out the bride's family from the stewed plums, carved plums, fruits, candied fruit and other food respectfully to the peers to taste, also known as "shaking fruit wine". People eat and make noise until late at night.

On the third day, the bride should be in the kitchen to make fish to honor the in-laws. Three to eight days after the wedding back to the door, the woman's family to pick up the son-in-law and daughter home for dinner. Seven days later to go to the village of the Lord of the temple to sacrifice the Lord, to ask the Lord to protect the family peace, early birth.

Bai funeral rituals in the "speak filial piety hundred"

"Speak filial piety hundred, as the name implies is to refer to the filial piety and virtue of a hundred things to comment on. It is an important part of the mourning ceremony in the Bai ethnic area. It is an ancient and simple form of education that pursues the pursuit of good death, benevolence, filial piety, and ethical and moral education through the spirit of the dead as the main content of "filial piety education".

Mourning ceremony began, "filial son and grandson" kneeling in the spirit of the hall, the respected village elders sitting in front of the crowd of onlookers countless. At this time, the master of ceremonies first presided over the worship, filial sons of three kneeling and nine kowtowing piously. Afterwards, the officiating officials (village elders voluntarily combined into an organization similar to the Senior Citizens' Association, dedicated to the service of red and white events) announced that the speaking of filial piety hundred began, and then the drums and music sounded. This traditional folk music makes the funeral solemn and solemn, and the atmosphere is rendered extremely sad. The first is to preside over the process of "speaking filial piety hundred" in an orderly manner.

"Speaking of filial piety hundred", the first by the officiating elders with the ceremony ritual music orally praised the "sacrificial text" (similar to the eulogy). The writing of the text is extremely serious, must be respected by the village and the deceased's best friend *** with the proposed. The style is at the crossroads of ancient and modern texts, is a hybrid style, the purpose is to facilitate oral praise. "Rituals" mainly recounts the life of the deceased, its function is to render the atmosphere of the deceased, "after the work of white". This enables the audience to understand the virtues and hard work of the deceased. Subsequently, the village elders take turns to recount the deceased's merits and hardships, pointing out the judgment of filial piety or virtuous virtues. At this time, the environmental atmosphere and the special role of public opinion, help filial sons and grandsons and the surrounding people seriously and calmly think, analyze. Easy to accept the simple concept of good and evil and "love" virtue, improve people's self-cultivation. This kind of vivid traditional wheel theory education, not only educate the filial son, also educate the masses. The customary power of this ceremony, so that people should be like that, and can not not be like that, otherwise it will be "looked down upon", "feel inferior" guilt, so as to physically do filial piety for good. Thus, it strongly promotes "truth, goodness and beauty" and curbs "falsehood, ugliness and evil". This is because, in the moral education in a wide range of appropriate to create and use the correct social opinion, advocate or reproach, appreciation or reprimand, encouragement or scourge of this or that moral consciousness and moral behavior, cultivate, urge people to consciously reflect on their own thinking and behavior, cultivate and enhance the sense of moral obligation to others and society.

This kind of ethical propaganda and moral education across the personnel, enhance people's filial beliefs, cultivate people's concept of good and evil, cultivate people's sense of moral responsibility, and improve people's self-restraint on their own behavior. Favorable to the family and social harmony, togetherness, to carry forward the Chinese nation's "filial piety and respect for their parents, serve the motherland" traditional virtues, is a worthy inheritance of good customs.