An Example Analysis of Animal Language

Body Language

Cats are good communicators and can produce more than a hundred kinds of sounds, ten times more than dogs, making them the language experts of the animal kingdom. In addition to their voices, cats often use their tails to convey their emotions.

The tail is slightly curved downwards and the tip is slightly curved upwards: this means that the cat is enjoying a leisurely and relaxed life.

The tail is slightly raised and softly curved: the cat is taking an interest in something in front of it.

The tail is erect and the tip is curved: this indicates that the cat is interested in you and is friendly and willing to get close, but still has some reservations.

Tail up, tail tip straight: very willing to get close and has no reservations. Adult cats do this as kittens do when they are close to their mothers. The kitten's cue is to ask its mother to check its rump for it.

The tail is completely down and tucked between the hind legs: this is a sign of panic, or a submissive cat signaling to its peers its lowly status in the cat community.

Tail down, fur raised: this is a sign of fear.

The tail is wagging strongly from side to side: this signals that the cat is angry. If the tail continues to swing strongly from one side to the other, it means it is ready to attack.

The tail stays still, but the tip of the tail suddenly vibrates: this indicates that the cat is feeling a little annoyed. If the tip of the tail vibrates more vigorously, it indicates that it is about to claw someone.

Tail up and vibrating: A slight vibration is usually seen in a cat that has just been gently stroked by its owner. This body language seems to have a meaning of "personal identification".

Tail on one side: When a female cat is ready to mate with a male cat, her tail will be moved to the side. When the male cat sees her in this position, he knows he can approach her without being attacked.

Tail erect and hair straight: This is a signal of defense, indicating that the cat will attack if it continues to be threatened.

Eyes gently narrowed and head slowly raised: this is a time of relaxation and enjoyment, indicating trust, comfort and ease. This expression is usually seen when encountering trustworthy people, companions, or touching very familiar and favorite facilities, as well as when grooming the armpits of the front and back branches. At this time, the cat does not care if the object of trust disturbs its comfort.

Eye pupil constriction along with subtle changes in the ears: this is a signal that the direction of vision has a target of curiosity, which usually occurs when the cat is focusing on a certain object, indicating that it has sensed or found a new target of attention, but the point of interest has not been separated from the original focus.

A cat's body language is displayed through its posture. Intuition can usually be used to determine what a cat feels and needs. A cat's posture is easiest to recognize when it is satisfied, as it relaxes completely and squints its eyes. The cat will stretch its limbs and wave its paws repeatedly as it relaxes. Cats will also sometimes stomp and purr when they are satisfied. This is due to the need to stomp out the milk when it was formerly fed.

Cats can also express feelings through their ears. Ears perk up when the cat is on alert, when it is out hunting, or when it hears an interesting sound. Cats twitch their ears when they are nervous. And cats put their ears completely to the back of their head when they are scared or angry.

Cats sometimes hiss with their teeth bared and arch back, raising their fur to threaten intruders.

The cat's tongue has many functions. Along with the nose, it can convey many messages to the cat about its surroundings. The tongue can also be used to groom the cat's fur.

Vocal Language

Some people think that cats only communicate with each other by purring, meowing, and growling. In fact, cats have many ways of communicating; they can use their voices, their movements, their ears, their mouths, and their tails, and they have a rich conversational vocabulary. This is especially true of mommy cats, as she needs to use a variety of sounds to communicate with her kittens and to teach and discipline them.

Cats purr when they are happy or satisfied, and these purrs vary greatly from cat to cat. It is easy to distinguish a purr from a harsh growl. And this growl is made when resisting an intruding cat or dog.

Cats meow mainly to attract attention. If the meow is short and high pitched, the cat is looking for its owner in the house. If the meow is persistent and loud, it means the cat wants to open a door or wants to eat. A cat that is locked in a travel basket or has its tail stepped on will yowl in anger.

Female cats in heat make ooh-ooh sounds to attract males.

Mother cats will emit low grunts to people or animals close to the kittens when they are nursing, usually approaching the distance in the range of a puff (about 0.8 to 1 meter), only vocal; less than the distance between the steps (0.5 meters) will be accompanied by the head lifted up or turned to the distance of the limbs (0.3 meters), will be bared teeth or claws, until the launching of the attack. Kittens looking for their mothers will open their mouths wide and make urgent meowing calls, and kittens that have found their mothers will softly make long, thin meows to indicate that they need to snuggle.

When sitting on a windowsill watching the birds outside, the cat will make a staccato sound that is a cross between a meow and a purr. Sound Language

Rapid continuous barking three to four times with pauses in between: Attention, I suspect something is going on here

Moderate volume rapid barking at moderate volume: Something has entered our territory, all gather

Continuous barking with a slow, low voice: Danger is approaching, prepare to take defensive measures Successive

Isolated intermittent barking: I'm lonely, is there anyone to keep me company? I'm lonely, somebody keep me company

One or two short barks in a gentle tone: Hello, nice to see you

A short, sharp bark in isolation at a high or moderate volume: Stand back, don't do that

A loud, sharp bark in isolation at a moderate or low volume: What's that? Whoa!

Higher volume, mild, low growl: Back off! Be careful!

Rant plus bark (low): I'm pissed off, I'm going to be rude!

Snarl plus bark (high volume): you're scaring me, I'll be forced to take defensive measures

High, low growl: I'm scared! If you come charging at me I may fight back or I may run away.

Other sound signals

Continuous growling (like yip-yip-yip-oh) I am lonely! Howl (loud and prolonged) I'm here and this is my territory! Barking and howling ("Ruff-ruff-oh") Why won't anyone come and keep me company? I'm worried and I'm lonely! Turn up the volume at the end of the whimper (sounds like I want to.). I need to. Lower the volume or volume at the end of the whimper (sounds like I want to. I need to.) Now come on, let's get going! No change occurs Real or fake voices change over and over again Wail (as in hooooo I'm excited, let's get it together.) Awesome! --ah--hooooo) A gentle whimper I'm hurt and I'm really scared! A single growl Ouch! (usually in response to pain) A series of howls I'm hurt! I'm really scared! I surrender! Scream (sounds like the howl of an injured child) Help! I think I'm dying! General rule: low sounds indicate dominance and threat, high sounds indicate uneasiness and fear. Faster barking frequency indicates more excitement and agitation. Growling sounds and frequency become more frequent indicating more restlessness.

Body language

1 The dog is a carnivore, and when fed, it needs to be formulated with more animal protein and fat in the feed, supplemented by a vegetarian component, in order to ensure the dog's normal development and a healthy body.

2 The dog's digestive tract is shorter than that of herbivores, and the content of hydrochloric acid in the dog's stomach is the highest among domestic animals, coupled with a thick intestinal wall with a strong absorption capacity, so it is easy and suitable for digesting meat food.

3 Dogs belong to the wolf family, not chewing when eating, can be called "wolf swallowing". If you want to feed coarse fiber vegetables, it is best to chop or cook the vegetables.

4 The dog's defecation center is not developed enough to defecate on the move, so we have to give it a certain amount of time to defecate.

5 Dogs like to gnaw. This is also the habit left by tearing prey in the original state. We feed it from time to time to often give it some bones for grinding teeth with.

6 The dog has a unique self-defense ability, after eating into the toxic food, can cause vomiting reaction and spit out the toxic food.

7 In the hot summer, dogs open their mouths wide and hang their long tongues, relying on the evaporation of water in saliva to dissipate heat.

8 When dogs live in packs, they also have a "hierarchy" and a master-slave relationship. The establishment of such an order can maintain the stability of the group, reduce the competition for food, living space and caused by vicious fighting.

9 When a dog is lying down, it always turns around, maybe to lie down comfortably, or maybe it's an inherited instinct.

10 The dog's neck and back like to be caressed. Try not to touch the top of the head, as this will make it feel depressed and dizzy. In addition, the buttocks and tail should not be touched. "Dogs can't eat shit" is the biggest vice of dogs and must be corrected. Dogs not only eat human feces, they also eat dog shit.

11 The dog's code of behavior toward strangers is to judge the strength of the opponent based on the height of his line of sight. As soon as a stranger approaches, the oppressive feeling of coming down from above will make it uneasy, and if it adopts a low posture, it will accept you. It will be more at ease when it is lower than the height it sees with its eyes. A dog's weakness is on its right side and it will act to protect it. When it is being pursued to the point of desperation, it will keep its right side against the wall and face its left side to the enemy. This habit is an innate instinct of the dog. The dog lets people look at its stomach as a sign of submission and surrender to the other party.

12 There are also certain rules in dog society that they never attack an opponent who falls down and exposes his stomach. When a dog sleeps with its belly in the air, it is very relieved or trusting, and only then will it let people see it or let them touch its belly. Dogs like people more than their own kind, not only because people can take care of them and give them food and shelter. The main reason is that the dog has built up a relationship with the human being as a companion. Dogs are strongly protective of their owners. Some dogs have rescued children from water, from a burning house or from under a car. A dog will help its distressed or injured canine companion.

13 Dogs are territorial, that is, they occupy a certain area and protect it from other animals. They use the anal gland secretion to make feces with a special odor, sweat glands between the toes secretion of sweat and use the hind limbs on the ground scratch painting, as a territorial mark. Dogs are very jealous and when you focus on the new dog and neglect to take care of him, he gets angry, does not follow the habits that have been established and becomes violent and destructive. Dogs also have vanity and like people to praise and commend them. When it does a good job, or does some tricks, you clap your hands and praise it, pet it, it will be as satisfied as if it had eaten a nice meal. Dogs also have shyness, such as it did something wrong or by the hair cut too short, it will hide somewhere, and wait for the hungry to come out.

14 In terms of memory, the dog seems to never forget the voice of a person with whom he has been intimate, and also remembers the places where he has lived. But it is also believed that the dog relies on its sensory acuity to recognize the voice of an acquaintance and to know places. Dogs love to sniff anything. Sniffing for territorial marks, new dogs, food, poison, feces, urine, and more. When a dog is out roaming, we often see it constantly urinating or squatting down to poop, spreading its feces on the road. It relies on these "odor markers" to walk. Dogs like to chase creatures. Such as chasing and killing small animals. Chase rabbits, cats, sheep, etc., and even chasing and biting human beings, people use this characteristic of the dog, let it drive away sheep, cattle and protect human beings themselves.

15 When a dog is sick, it instinctively avoids humans or other dogs and hides in the dark to recover or die. The dog's ancestors were living in packs, and if there is a sick or injured dog in the pack, the other dogs will kill it so as not to be all implicated or fall out of the pack and suffer. This point should cause the dog owner or breeder attention, should be timely veterinary diagnosis and treatment. Alcohol is a dog's least favorite. In the veterinary hospital to give the dog injections, before the rubbing alcohol, the performance of good behavior. Once rubbing alcohol, the dog smelled the flavor, hair immediately upright and growling. Dogs are afraid of fire, so they don't like anything that smokes, such as scratching matches or smoking. Dog's Tail The movement of a dog's tail is also a kind of "language"

16When a dog wags its tail at you, it means it welcomes you.

17 The dog is an emotional animal, with dependence, its senses are many times stronger than human beings, but it has an incredible feeling for people, it can look at the eyes, speak with the eyes, and then they have their own way of thinking, it is a loyal pet companion of human beings, so I hope that people do not eat dog meat. Body language

The body language of the horse is not very complicated, and it is recounted here in order as follows:

Nose: nostrils open to indicate excitement and fear; snorting indicates impatience, restlessness and dissatisfaction. Mouth: the upper lip is turned upwards to indicate extreme excitement; chewing with an empty mouth indicates humility and submission.

Eyes: Eyes open wide and round to indicate anger; the whites of the eyes are exposed to indicate nervousness and fear, and the eyes are slightly closed to indicate tiredness.

Ears: Both ears are erected in front of the head to indicate alertness; both ears are pursed backward and pressed to the neck to indicate an attack; both ears are turned back and forth to indicate that everything is normal.

Neck: The neck is arched inward and the muscles are tense, indicating a show of strength or demonstration. The neck swings back and forth up and down, left and right, indicating helplessness.

Limbs: The forelimbs are raised, stepping on objects or hitting the ground in turn, indicating urgency. The hind limbs are raised, kicking and touching their own belly, if it is not to drive away mosquitoes, it suggests that the horse suffers from abdominal pain.

Tail: The tail is raised to indicate that the spirit is uplifted and full of energy; the tail is clamped to indicate that the horse is cowering and afraid or weak. If there are no mosquito bites but the tail is flicked frequently, it indicates dissatisfaction.

In addition, rolling once or twice is to relax the body, repeatedly rolling many times will have abdominal pain disease. Jumping up and kicking in the air and standing upright indicates that the spirit of the spirit. The horse's neighing sound has a long and short, sharp and slow points, respectively, with the call of a friend, said the danger, thirst for food and drink, happiness, anger and sadness and so on.

P.S1.How to approach a horse:

The body structure of a horse determines that the limbs of a horse swing forward and backward with a large amplitude of expansion and contraction, and swing to the sides with a small amplitude and relatively slow. Almost everyone in the world is accustomed to saddling and dismounting from the left (inside) side of the horse. Therefore, the standard and safe approach to a horse is to face the left side of the horse's head and approach the horse's neck at a 45-degree angle, standing parallel to his left shoulder. Saddle and bridle and mount and dismount the horse there, and the horse's hind leg kicks and front leg rakes can't hurt you, and it's hard to bite. The only thing you need to be careful of is not to get your foot stepped on by the horse's left front hoof.

When approaching a horse from its right side (outside) or from behind its buttocks, care must be taken to move slowly, with a soft call coming from your mouth (reminding the horse that you are its friend, not a lion that quietly pounces on it!) Observe the horse's reaction and be alert if there is anything out of the ordinary. In short, people are safe if they follow the protocol and get into the habit of doing so.

P.S2. How to introduce yourself to a horse:

Don't think that horses don't understand human speech. Scientific research has proved that animals such as dogs, horses and cats, although unable to understand the exact meaning of human language, can accurately determine what is positive and what is negative, and thus decide on their attitude towards people.

The way to respect a horse as a friend is to approach the horse in a calm and steady manner along the safe direction, stop at the position where your hand touches the horse's head, neck and shoulders, and slowly stretch out your hand, approaching the horse's nostrils, and if you know the horse's name, gently call out to it, and if you don't know it, you can send out a friendly voice to greet it. At this point, the horse will surely sniff your scent and recognize who the visitor is. While the horse is wondering if you are a danger to him, you must pay attention to the changes in the horse's eyes and ear movements to gauge the horse's psychological mood. If the horse's ears turn freely and its eyes are peaceful, you can gently touch your hand to the horse's cheek, and if the horse still has no unpleasant reaction, this indicates that it has accepted you as a friend, and you can then scratch it pleasingly. As soon as you see that the horse is unhappy or has an angry expression, you should pull back in time to prevent the risk of committing a crime. Of course, just because a horse doesn't accept you the first time doesn't mean it will never accept you again. There is a specific content, only because fish are lower animals, the content of life is relatively monotonous, they do not need and can not have a rich language. However, under different conditions, many fish do manage to make different sounds to convey their messages. For example, if you catch a pomfret on board, it will roar and show a threatening posture; if you put it into the aquarium and gently caress it with your hand, it will hum softly happily; if you piddle it hard, it will squeal like a piglet, twisting and running away. Before spawning, the croaker "squeaks" and calls its opposite-sex companions to come and converge; when spawning, it whispers "oooh" and "hum"; after spawning, it is like a hen laying an egg. "After laying eggs, it sings happily like a hen laying eggs, and the sound is so loud that the fishermen often cannot sleep at night. According to the records, there is a bay whose exit is blocked by many aluminum poles suspended on cables. There were five dolphins in the bay, and one of them swam near the aluminum poles and used its "echolocator" to conduct a detailed reconnaissance, and then came back to report. The dolphins then "talked" to each other with ear-splitting "squeaks", and from time to time during the "discussion", they "sent out" another crew to "check" the aluminum pole. to "check" the situation. After half an hour or so of "research", it was finally determined that there was no danger from the aluminum fence, and only then did they swim out one by one. Someone recorded the sound of the young dolphins and played it back to the mother dolphin. The mother dolphin immediately looked around anxiously for her baby. This shows that both marine fish and mammals commonly use "language" as a means of life activities. Their "language" content has such aspects as: feeding, contact, looking for the opposite sex, call partners and offspring, danger warning and threat and so on. At present, the research in this area is still very insufficient, fish linguistics and aquatic acoustic communication system research has just begun, a lot of work is yet to be carried out later.

Though fish do not have vocal cords, they speak in a variety of ways. Some fish use the swim bladder to sound, gas through the swim bladder tube, causing vibration can sound; vertebrae vibration can be transmitted through the muscles connected with the swim bladder, causing the swim bladder **** vibration. After scientists studied, it turned out that the bees rely on the scout's dance to transmit information.

Bees are insects that live in groups, mostly in wooden boxes, but also in holes in walls and tree holes. Whenever the flowers bloom in spring, some bees doing scouting work fly out of the box to look for nectar. When they find a source of nectar, they suck up a little pollen and fly back quickly. If the returning bee flies a circle, then turns in another direction and flies another circle, like a circle dance; then this is a report: "There is food within 50 meters of the nest." If the scout bee flies one and a half circles, then flies straight back and flies another half circle in another direction, shaped like a horizontal "8", and when it flies straight, the end of its abdomen keeps swinging, like a waggle dance. If this swing dance is very slow, eight "8" per minute, the tail swing a lot of times, is to report: "nectar in 6 kilometers from the nest."

The honeybee's dance movement not only reports the distance of the nectar from the nest, but also indicates the direction of the nectar. If the waggle dance is performed with the bee's head facing upward, it is saying, "Fly in the direction of the sun to find pollen." Conversely, it is reporting, "Food can be found with your back to the sun."

Worker bees in the hive learn the good news from the scout bees and fly off in the direction indicated, so that word spreads and more and more bees run to the source of the nectar and do a great deal of gathering.

Recently, scientists have discovered that the dance language of honey bees not only has the above role, but also, when two groups of bees are to be separated, the old queen bee will send out scout bees to look for a suitable new home, and when they find a good place to build a hive, they will soon fly back, not only to report the location of the location of the location of the dance, but also through the dance describes the place whether it is ideal or not. If the new home is ideal, the scout bee can dance for hours at a time, and dance with great enthusiasm. If the new home is less desirable, it will dance listlessly and end soon after. A new study has found that whales have such a wide range of vocal commands that they can call out to their young, seek out possible mates and even use body language to express feelings. It may not be language as we know it, but whales have no shortage of ways to make themselves understood by one another. According to researchers, they have identified 622 social sounds in humpback whales. The findings will be presented at an upcoming conference jointly organized by the American Society of Audiology (ASA) and the Japanese Auditory Society.

The social sounds of whales are short and unformed sounds that can be clearly distinguished from long, complex whale sounds. The new study adds that growing evidence of whale gestural language suggests that whales use more vocalizations to communicate their meaning than we previously thought.

Researcher Rebecca Dunlop of the University of Queensland's School of Veterinary Science in Australia, who took part in the study, said, "I wouldn't speak a language specific to whales because whales don't line up their sounds in a regular sequence like we humans do, like forming words into sentences. It's more like a simple vocabulary."

Scientists visually tracked 60 whales as they migrated along Australia's east coast. They used a silent hydrophone array - a sensing device - to detect sound waves and then linked the whales' sounds to different activities and contexts. As a result, they identified 622 distinct sounds of the whales, attributed to 35 basic species. These included "wopps" made by females, "zwopps" made by males, "yaps" made by whales when they separate, and high pitched bellowing sounds to express particular anger. The call is also a high pitched call that expresses special anger.

In addition to vocalizations, researchers have found that whales communicate through body language. For example, leaping out of the water, slapping the water with their tails and blowing bubbles underwater. Whales are famous for their long, complex songs, but whales sometimes sing individual short songs. Male whales are especially fond of singing these short songs when they are trying to court a female. Dunlop hypothesized that song is a high-pitched signal, and that two singers singing at the same time is bound to confuse their receivers. If a male whale wants to attract a female, he doesn't want to confuse his signals with those of other singers in the same ocean, so in this case he uses a voice unit to express his love.

Christopher Clark, director of the bioacoustics research program at Cornell University, has done similar research on the ridged beauty whale. The irony, he noted, is that while researchers are better understanding the whales' vocalizations, humans are making so much noise that they are preventing the whales from communicating through shipping, oil and gas extraction, marine recreational traffic and much more.

He said, "Many whales have very traditional feeding grounds and their migratory routes occur along shallow coastlines, and there is so much noise in this area now that it is seriously affecting the whales' normal habitat. In these environmental waters, the number of whales that can still communicate and see and hear today has declined significantly relative to a century ago." Bird song is as diverse as, if not more diverse than, bird species. The same species of bird living in different regions will have not quite the same song and twitter, just as we humans each have our own dialect. However, the tunes of the birds' songs are so fixed that the female recognizes the male of the same species exactly by these songs. In most species, males are unusually sensitive to the calls of conspecific males. Scientists conducted an experiment with the orange-tipped blackbird. They observed four Orange-throated Thrushes in a grove of trees, labeled them A, 1, 2, and 3, and the four birds competed fiercely to take over a small section of the grove. Once the territory was divided, the birds then chirped day after day to defend the area and attract passing females. The scientists recorded the song of another male Orange-tipped Vesta Thrush (B) several kilometers away and played it back at a distance from A. A immediately recognized the bird's voice as an unfamiliar one and began to fly around his territory to investigate. Similar responses were observed when the B thrush was played at the edges of fields 1, 2 and 3. It is interesting to note that when A investigated, its neighbors quickly encroached on A's field, but A counterattacked as soon as it had finished investigating. Thus, the scientists hypothesized that individual male oven thrushes save energy by singing to defend their fields from unnecessary fights. By recognizing the loudness of their rivals' calls, they can determine whether they are being aggressed and thus decide whether to take action.

So how does one bird recognize the call of another to make a judgment? Scientists have been exploring this question for a long time. To begin with, where a scientist used a high-precision recording device to record the calls of three nighthawks. These calls sound like "whip-poor-will" to the human ear. After recording the calls on a tape recorder and playing them back at a slow speed, the scientists found that the three calls actually had five syllables, which were linked in a unique coherent way, making them sound like only three syllables. The question arose, whether the three nightingale calls were recognized as 3 syllables or 5 syllables? The scientists were stumped for a while. After a lot of hard work, a few scientists found an indirect way to prove it. They asked a little mockingbird, a very good imitator, to imitate the call of a nighthawk three times, and then recorded it and played it back at a slow speed. By some miracle, the thrush's imitation of the three nighthawk calls was also five syllables long. From this, the scientists made the tentative assumption that the three nighthawk calls were also likely to be 5-syllable. In fact, the birds we hear chirp in rapid succession. Scientists have now analyzed the songs of many songbirds, such as wrens, which were recorded and played back at a slower speed, and found that

A wren can sing 103 syllables in 81/4 seconds. The same experiment with a pallid finch found that it could sing 12 syllables in 2.5 seconds. These syllables can be repeated, such as the 12 syllables of the Pallid Towhee that sound like "chip.chip.chip.chip.chip.chipcherry-cherry herry tissy.choee-oo!", which takes only 2% of a second to sing, and can be repeated 3,300 times in 12 hours, in one breeding season. 3300 times in 12 hours, and repeats the song 1 million times in a breeding season! In addition to having their own specific song, some birds like to learn the songs of other birds, a phenomenon scientists call emulation. The little mockingbird is probably nature's best emulator, and the British even call it a mockingbird, meaning mimic. It has a knack for adding other birds' calls to its own, and can do so to the extent that it can be mistaken for the real thing. Starlings are also good mimickers, and they can sometimes imitate the little mockingbird. Incredibly, one starling learned the whirr of a German V-1 rocket in flight during World War II, while another learned the whistle of a soccer referee. The grackle, also a type of starling, can even mimic human language and sing the Peking opera Su San Xie. Parroting is even more ancient, as described in Dream of the Red Chamber, where a parrot learns Daiyu's chanting of "Funeral Words". Why do these birds like to emulate song? So far there is still no reasonable explanation. However, it is believed that emulation is at least the simplest and most powerful method that these birds can take to enrich their chirping. Why, then, do birds go to great lengths to complicate their songs? This is still difficult for us to understand.

Birds have other calls besides warbling; for example, the chicks' "chirp, chirp" sound has a begging effect. Pallid Terns also make nine other different calls in addition to their warbling, one to call their companions in flight, one to greet or chat with other Pallid Terns, one for flocking, one to indicate that they are injured, three for mating, and two for alarms.

Of course, these calls are much simpler than chirps, and they change according to the external environment, with no very fixed tonal format. The differences between chirps and other calls are: chirps generally occur only during the breeding season, whereas the other calls can be made at any time; chirps play a major role in breeding activities, whereas the other calls play a role in clustering, feeding, migrating, feeding chicks, and defending against enemies. Most importantly, most of the calls other than warbling are inherited. A group of ornithologists at the University of Cambridge, England, once kept some pale-headed terns in isolation from birth. After a year, the isolated pale-headed nuthatches could only produce a few simple calls, whereas wild individuals of the same age were able to produce complex song throats. This shows the importance of learning for song production. The development of song in most birds is complex, and some birds are likely to begin recognizing their parent's song before they are born. In India, some grackles have been caged for so many generations that they are virtually deaf to the calls of wild grackles from the beginning of their embryonic development to adulthood. As a result, these grackles only speak "human language". This suggests that birds' calls are genetically dependent and learned.

Birds are the only vertebrates other than mammals that have specific vocal organs. However, while mammals have their vocal organs in the larynx, birds have theirs at the junction of the trachea and bronchi, which scientists call the song tube. The song tube is a specialized structure, where the inner and outer walls of the trachea are thinned to form a song membrane, and the two bronchial tubes bifurcate with a song bone that bears a semilunar membrane. When the airflow passes through the song tube, the membrane and meniscus vibrate to produce sound. The outer side of the tube is attached to the sound muscle. The song muscles regulate the pitch and volume of the song. Birds can chirp during both exhalation and inhalation, while mammals can only vocalize during exhalation. ⒈ cooing: usually expresses dissatisfaction with the owner's behavior or a kindred spirit, and represents that the rabbit is angry. For example, if a rabbit doesn't like to be held and touched, it will coo. If the owner doesn't understand what it means and is "bent on having its way", then the likelihood of being bitten is very high.

Peak: A squirting sound indicates that something or some action is threatening the rabbit. If your action makes the rabbit make a squirting sound and you don't stop the action, you may also be bitten.

Screams: Rabbits scream for the same reasons as people, usually out of fear or pain. If you suddenly hear a screaming sound from your rabbit, the owner should immediately pay attention, your rabbit may have been injured.

Teething sounds: There are two types of teething sounds: loud teething sounds indicate that the rabbit is in pain, so it is best to take the rabbit to see a doctor; gently teething sounds indicate that the rabbit is in a contented and happy state; when the rabbit is gently teething, if you reach out and touch the rabbit's chin, you can feel the molars rubbing against each other, and at this time, the rabbit's eyes are usually half-open and half-closed.

Be careful of the gnashing sound: The gnashing sound is also a sign of pain. At this point the rabbit will usually sit bent over with its ears back against its body.

Selective whining: like cats, rabbits will whine when they are satisfied. The difference is that cats vocalize with their throats, while rabbits vocalize with their teeth.

Hissing: Rabbits usually hiss only to their own kind, representing a counter warning, a way to tell the other rabbit to stay away or it will act aggressively.

Romantic calls: Unlike cooing, the calls made by rabbits in heat are low and regular. This sound is usually made when the male is chasing the female. Neutering can prevent this type of heat behavior.