Cockfighting History of Cockfighting

Cockfighting is an ancient breed of chicken in China with a history of about two thousand years. It has been recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian (史记) and the Book of Han (汉书). In 770 BC, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lu Jipingzi and his neighbor Zhaobo were offended by the cockfighting of Duke Zhaogong of Lu, and they even fought with each other. According to Shandong "Chengwu County Records", "Cockfighting platform is behind Wenting Mountain. Zhou Touwang three years (679 BC), Duke Huan of Qi to the Song back north of the apricot will, had embraced the vassals to cut Song, Shan Bo will be taken into the northern border of Song, cockfighting on it." Visible at that time the slave owners to play cockfighting has been quite popular. Wei Cao era, Wei Mingdi in Taihe (AD 297 ~ 235 years) years, in the post all (now Wei County, Hebei Province) built a cockfighting platform, Zhao Wang Shi Hu play cockfighting in this, had "cockfighting in the eastern suburb of the road, walk the horse long seized between the" poem. Tang Dynasty writer Chen Hong "Dongcheng old man biography" recorded: "Xuanzong (AD 712 ~ 756 years) in the feudal residence when the music folk Ching Ming Festival cockfighting theater, and the throne, the rule of the chicken place in the two palaces between the home of the Chang'an male chicken, gold hair, iron distance, high crowns, Angwei thousands of number of, raised on the cockfighting place." Visible at that time to play cockfighting to what extent. Ming Gaoqi (A.D. 1336 ~ 1374) wrote a "book Bo chicken things". Nowadays, Baoji in Shaanxi Province still has the historical site of "Cockfighting Terrace" as the name of the place. From this, we can see that the formation of Chinese cockfighting has a long history.

Cockfighting There are more than 50 references to the word "cockfighting" in All Tang Poetry, among which "cockfighting" is used in conjunction with or corresponds to "walking dogs" or "walking horses". The word "cockfighting" is mentioned in more than 50 places in the Poetry, among which the words "cockfighting" and "walking dog" or "walking horse" are used together or correspond to each other in nearly 10 places, and the gambling nature of this sport is obvious. The rhyme of "Divine Chicken" reads: "A child is born without the need to know words; cockfighting and horse-riding are better than reading. The child of the Jia family is thirteen years old, and his generation is not as rich and honorable as the others. "Jia Chang, who was good at taming and fighting chickens, was y favored by Emperor Xuanzong and enjoyed all the glory and wealth. Li Bai's "Answer to Wang XII cold night drinking alone have feelings (this poem Xiao Shi Yun Yun is a forgery)" wrote: "You can not beaver anointed gold distance to learn cockfighting, sitting to make the nose breath blowing rainbow neon." Du Fu's "Cockfighting" reads, "Cockfighting is the first time to give brocade, and the dancing horse is on the bed." Several emperors of the Tang Dynasty loved cockfighting, and Xi Zong also fought geese in addition to chickens.

Cockfighting mustard wings to compete for heroes, double pitch sharp edge show off the wind. Feathers flying split victory and defeat, the end of the playboy joy.

Cockfighting was very popular during the Warring States period.

The Warring States period was already very popular for cockfighting. The State Policy of Qi: "Linzi is very rich and real, and its people do not play the yu, the drums, the percussion, the zither, the cockfighting, the dog. The Records of the Grand Historian: "Yuan Ang Chao Cuo Liezhuan": "Ang is free from illness and lives at home ...... with him to fight chickens and dogs." Cockfighting was especially popular in the Wei and Jin dynasties. In his poem "Cockfighting Poetry", Ying Jiu described: "Two parts of the Cao Wu, a group of chickens are glowing. The double distance is long, and the flying and dancing exceeds that of the enemy. The mustard feather is spread out in a golden distance, and the battles are so colorful. From morning to night, it is still difficult to distinguish between victory and defeat. The wind of cockfighting was still prevalent in the Tang Dynasty. Mrs. Hua Rui's "Palace Lyrics": "Next to the small hall in the cold food and clear sky, the colorful buildings are double-folded cockfighting grounds. Inside the people of the imperial clearly see, first bet on the red Luo quilt ten beds.'" On December 12, 2015, in the courtyard of the village committee of Kokmodun Village, Tawinjueken Township, Bohu County, Bayin'guoleng Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, a cockfighting match, a folk game and mass entertainment project featuring Xinjiang folk characteristics, was being staged passionately by a working group of the county's Bureau of Industry and Commerce, the county's Audit Bureau and the county's Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision, in conjunction with the village committee.

March 12, 2016 opening of the six-day Xinjiang folk cockfighting competition held in Huocheng County, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, 40 cockfighting enthusiasts from different regions of Xinjiang sent 60 cockfighters one by one to fight against each other. 14 morning cockfighting competition exciting, shocking scene. If cuju, tug-of-war such activities not only exercise the human body, but also stimulate the prosperity of mass sports, then in the Tang Dynasty, there is a sport, also has the above functions, but it is the exercise of chicken. This is cockfighting. In the Tang Dynasty, cockfighting is a very high popularity of the sport, not only in the folk with a large number of fans, even in the royal aristocracy is also very popular. The princes and nobles not only want to compare money and power, sometimes they also have to rely on the chicken to fight, and even because of the cockfighting and the royal family conflict, is also a common thing.

During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, the princes and officials loved cockfighting. Once the King of Pei and the King of Ying in a group of chickens will fight fierce, the poet Wang Bo specifically for the King of Pei wrote a diatribe to denounce the King of Ying's cockfighting, the text reads: "The two males can not stand side by side, a peck how dare you delude yourself? It was raised at the time of roosting, and its indignation was expressed at the time of hooting and hollering. Looking at the wood, but also toes up and ambition; should be like God, do not realize that the head of the high coccyx and down. In the village in the store, see the dissident that is attacked; for the stork for the goose, and the same kind of people to win. I have the courage to be a lord, and the rate to curb the scops owl. Even if the number of people is divided, they swear that they will not pull out their hair; even if their strength and weakness are different, they believe that they have a beak of their own. When they come with their heads held high, they are better than cranes; when they go with their wings puffed out, they are like rooks. The people of the world will be able to take advantage of this, and the people of the world will be able to take advantage of this, and the people of the world will be able to take advantage of this. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to pay for it, but I'm sure I'll be able to make it work. I've heard the sound of geese and ducks, and I've seen the eagles and sparrows chasing each other in the battle of blood."

In fact, in terms of literary excellence, Wang Bo was ranked among the Four Heroes of the early Tang Dynasty, the wind naturally a moment, this diatribe can be said to be shocked by heaven and earth, sobbing ghosts and gods, directly to the King of England gas a stumble. So the former royal brothers almost turned against each other, and finally had to rely on the high emperor to mediate the matter, and the author of the diatribe Wang Bo was the high emperor in a fit of pique removed from his post, relegated to idleness.

Some people are removed from office because of chickens, and some are promoted because of chickens. Once the Tang Xuanzong out of the palace to wander, in the street to see a child named Jia Chang is playing with a wooden machine chicken, a person and a chicken seamless, simply people are chickens, chickens are people. See this scene Xuanzong greatly happy, immediately called Jia Chang to the palace, responsible for raising chickens for him. And Jia Chang is also very competitive, immediately in the palace to show their skills, the emperor's cockfighting collectively bred into the chicken in the Li Kui and Schwarzenegger.

Because Emperor Xuanzong loved the sport of cockfighting, he would often hold cockfighting tournaments in Chang'an on a grand scale, especially when it came to the annual Lantern Festival, Ching Ming Festival, and the Mid-Autumn Festival, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was more than sure to gather a large number of people to fight for the sake of peace in the world. Dongcheng old father's biography" has recorded that: whenever the cockfighting days, Tang Xuanzong will let the court band collective mobilization, the harem beauties have also appeared. The "King of Cockfighting" Jia Chang wore a crown of carved emerald gold, dressed in a brocade jacket and pants, holding a doxa brush in his hand, and guided the group of chickens to the center of the field in a dignified manner. Under Jia Chang's command, the chickens advance and retreat in a controlled manner, looking forward and backward, like generals on the battlefield, going forward and not stopping until their opponents' blood runs cold. After the end of the battle, Jia Chang ordered his flock of chickens according to the relationship between the winners and losers in line to accept the review of Emperor Xuanzong, and then neatly back to the imperial chicken workshop. In contrast to the Emperor's large-scale cockfighting for entertainment only, in the private sector, cockfighting was of a gambling nature, with many people indulging in cockfighting for the sake of getting rich. Since money was involved, there were more and more fights started by chickens. For example, Mr. Li Bai, the king of poets, was once so emotional over a cockfight that he pulled out a knife and stabbed his opponent to death on the spot, as if he had been injected with chicken blood.

Besides Li Bai, who became a fugitive from justice after killing a man for a chicken, other poets in the Tang Dynasty were also interested in cockfighting, and many wrote poems to commemorate the event, such as Zhang Zhongsu's Spring Journey: "When I was a young man, I was the first to take up the cockfighting arena." Zhang Ji's "The Journey of a Young Man": "The cockfight was held in the city day after day, and I won the precious sword to carve characters again." Yu Guan's "The Duke's Journey": "I held three cockfights on my horse, and traveled to Wuling with a sword in my sleeve." In these people's writing, cockfighting is not only a kind of entertainment, but even associated with courage and chivalry, which really makes people feel pugnacious and wild to the extreme.

Evaluation and outlook: Chinese cockfighting, formerly known as Ruxi cockfighting, is one of the four major cockfighting breeds in China. 2001 October by the Ministry of Agriculture, General Administration of Animal Husbandry, named "Chinese cockfighting" and to protect the breed, is China's only cockfighting varieties of protection. But the total number of breeding is not a lot, in the southwest region of less than 60,000 stock, purebred chicken is even less.

Chinese fighting cocks are the precious poultry breed resources in China, and one of the rare genes of China's poultry. Cockfighting cultivation, rearing management and training techniques have been handed down through the generations and are extremely rich in content, which should be collected, organized and studied from the perspective of discovering the scientific heritage of the motherland. Cockfighting, because of its well-developed pectoral and leg muscles, can be used as the original material for the cultivation of meat-type chicken breeds in our country according to foreign experience. Cockfighting is a chicken breed for competition and entertainment. The game of cockfighting originated in Asia. China is one of the ancient countries in the world that domesticated cockfighting. There is a record in Liezi that "Ji Zhuzi raised cockfighting chickens for King Xuan of Zhou". The wind of cockfighting has been more prevalent in the Spring and Autumn period. China's cockfighting according to its geographical distribution mainly in Henan cockfighting, Shandong cockfighting, etc., especially produced in Kaifeng, Zhengzhou and Luoyang and other places in Henan cockfighting pedigree is more pure, but also more famous. In addition, there are northern Anhui, Xinjiang Turpan and Ili, Yunnan Xishuangbanna and Fujian Zhangzhou produced by the cockfighting and so on. India also has a long history of recreational cockfighting. Other Asian countries where cockfighting is popular include the Philippines, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, and Myanmar. Cockfighting was introduced to Europe around the 5th century B.C. and later spread to other parts of the world.

Central China's cockfighting region is located in the Yellow River Alluvial Plain, with sand dunes, sandy areas and silt flats. The climate is semi-arid and semi-humid, with obvious monsoon climate characteristics. The annual precipitation is 600-800mm. wheat, corn, peanuts and potatoes are the main crops, and feed resources are abundant. Turpan cockatoo is produced in Turpan Basin, known as the fire state, at a low altitude, the lowest elevation of -154m, the average annual precipitation is only 25mm, but because of the high mountain ice melt water, groundwater sources are rich, the development of oasis agriculture is a feature of the region, rich in produce, the main production of wheat, sorghum and so on. Xishuangbanna cockatoo origin olive dam, altitude of 523m, surrounded by mountains, the Lancang River flows through the center of the dam, the climate is hot, is a typical tropical climate. It is a typical tropical climate. It is rich in rice, corn, soybean and many kinds of tropical crops, and is extremely rich in natural feed resources of animals and plants. Turpan cockfighting and Xishuangbanna cockfighting is located in the ecological environment has a **** the same characteristics, long-term due to the inconvenience of transportation, and the outside world is in a relatively isolated state, the natural formation of closed breeding groups. In addition, the formation of cockfighting varieties, and the local people love to play cockfighting custom has a close relationship. Selection

Cockfighting chickens must have short and sparse hair to reduce the chance of their hair being bitten by the other side. The head is small and straight, the eyes are deep, the skin is thick, the feet are big and straight, and the distance between the chickens is well-developed. Demeanor is steady, not fidgeting.

This kind of cockfighting has a big chance of winning. Cockfighting chickens are mostly domesticated from the red-coated chickens that are aggressive by nature. There are three main hair colors: green (black), red (purple), and white, and there are also other colors such as russet and persimmon yellow. Green chicken

The feathers of the whole body are pure green and turquoise, glossy like black satin, and the back feathers are partly snow-white, forming the outer black and white, which is commonly known as black clouds covered with snow. Rooster tail has 3 to 4 black and white long sickle feathers, hen black, head with snowflake top, male and female chickens have one or two white wings. Red Rooster

The rooster's back and neck feathers are red, the leg feathers, breast feathers and tail feathers are black, and there is also a flower tail second, the back feathers are light gray. The hen's feathers are yellow and white, commonly known as cowpea white. Those with a slightly heavier yellow color are also called cowpea yellow. Newborn chicks (male and female) are white, small and medium-sized chicks are black for males and cowpea white for females. White Chickens

White, bright and clean feathers all over the body. Those with red feathers are slightly inferior. Cockfighting has strict requirements on features and fighting skills. Good cockfighting, the appearance of the requirements of the heroic and majestic, robust, and its pedigree and fighting performance have to pay attention to and strict standards, which is completely different from other types of chicken species.

Character - the cockfighting in any case are required to take the initiative to look for each other to attack, especially after the plate (i.e., the final stage of the fight) to pro-fighting, to play lying chicken, the remnants of the plate (the two sides to fight to the point of exhaustion) to lie down and do not go, would rather die than give in to, and there is still a breath of life will be fought to the end, the offense is not allowed to have a retiring performance, there can not be a three-minded offensive posture, the attack to be resolute and proactive.

Bones - according to the special character of the cockfighting and fighting needs, its bones must be solid, the length of each part of the bone, thick and thin proportionality, too long or too short and thick are not conducive to fighting.

Body type - cockfighting chest to be wide, feathers to be compact, body frame to be sharp, so, feed cockfighting connoisseurs have a mantra that: small head, big body frame, thin legs line climbing claws. And this to choose the body type of the chicken. Crab cap body type and date core body type is not popular.

Weight - cockfighting weight is generally divided into three grades, large cockfighting weight 4kg or so, medium cockfighting 3.5kg or so, small cockfighting 3kg or so, cock super large cockfighting 5kg or so, due to the body bulky and heavy, action cordon slow, not conducive to fighting, so very few super large cockfighting people feed. Female fighting cocks smaller than male fighting cocks, large female fighting cocks more than 3.5kg, medium-sized female fighting cocks about 3kg, small female fighting cocks 2.5 ~ 3kg.

Feather color - cockfighting enthusiasts, cockfighting feather color is very concerned about. Generally green, red, purple, soap as the top color. The green color that is black hair feathers, the front with lime green bright flash, the bottom velvet is white sand tail. Dong family members call the green cockatoo as the dark clouds cover the snow. Red that is, the back of the neck for the red hair, the group of hair for the gray-brown, tail for the black or with white sand tail, red chicken after the shell of the down is white, so some enthusiasts often call the red cockfighting white velvet. Purple that is, the back of the feathers for the deep red or black red, there are two kinds of green and purple and white down. Soap color that the whole body feather color uniformly black, black as soap cloth without light. The above four hair color is the best. Other white, Li waist, reed, persimmon yellow hair for the next color. Cockfighting connoisseurs often say: only feed green, red, purple, soap, do not feed Li, white, persimmon flower hair, a variety of feather requirements color is correct, glossy good, with white sand tail, with white edge wing.

Head - relatively speaking, small face skin tight and thin and meticulous as well, earrings should be small, there can not be heavy Ran, the brain should be wide and thick, the eye sockets should be deep and large, the crown should be small and upright, the five senses grow to be coordinated. Mouth shape requires both thick and straight and long pointed, big bow-shaped mouth shape is not good, the mouth should be sharp and sharp for the best. Too thin and too long (commonly known as bamboo stick mouth) is not desirable. The tip of the mouth to be pure, generally only yellow and white colors, adult cockfighting mouth color can not be with black. The nose should be outwardly fanned, and the nostrils should be large and long.

Eye color - on the cockfighting eye color is very delicate, generally divided into white, yellow, red three, and chrysanthemum, bean green, etc., to pure white for the best. Both eyes should be sharp, the gaze should be sharp, while the eye sockets are deep and the eyeballs should be small.

Crown shape - generally divided into two categories: flat top and corolla. Flat top, also known as the top head, the top head of the narrow face, wide face, goose top, persimmon cake crown of the points; flower crown and have warped flower crown, small flower crown, large flower crown, life star crown, the points of the open axe. According to the combat requirements, small and thin is good.

Legs and claws -- legs are divided into thighs and legs. The thigh and the bright leg should have a large degree of curvature, commonly known as the thigh curvature curvature, strong bouncing power. Thigh to thick, Ming leg to thin, meat to grow in the thigh, Ming leg to skin and bones, do not have a little meat. There is a seven-petal leg is also superior in appearance (seven-petal leg that is the leg surface has three-way tile surface, depending on a section of the shape of the seven star petals, into seven petals, so the name), the spacing between the legs should be large, that is, the crotch should be wide, the paw piece should be large, the claw should be fine, dry, long, the angle between the toes should be large, that is, the so-called cross big climbing claw, the spacing between the small dung fork claw claw curvature of the disc claw is not desirable. The rear small claws should be spread backward, so as to facilitate the station to fall steadily. Cockatoo body tall and stout, robust, long body, shaped like an opossum body. The beak is like an eagle's beak, the neck is long, the chest is developed, the feathers are shallow, and the neck is thick and long.

Vietnamese cockfighting: no crown earlobes, head more rounded than other cockfighting varieties, short beak, conical (two short beak), no beak hooks; short neck, the body is also slightly rounded, stout as an ox, endless endurance, amazing explosive power, intelligence, long life, screaming ferocious. The characteristics of the chicken legs is that the lower legs and claws are white four-pronged (léng) column type, hard as iron, scales are fine and dense, and the distance between the chicken is flat and round, almost not long. After mating with cockfighters from other countries, it can significantly improve its speed and endurance. With Vietnam's proximity to the coast and convenient transportation, it has been able to learn advanced animal breeding techniques from Europe and the United States.

Central Plains cockfighting: semi-prismatic, small head, thin and tight scalp. The face slope is long and the hair is fine. The crown is tumor-shaped. The meat droop is no longer obvious. The beak is short and thick and curved. The eyes are large, with deep sockets and iridescent water-white and bean-green eyes. The ear lobes are short. There are many kinds of feather color of cockfighting, the black feather cockfighting feather color is glossy like black satin, the abdomen down feather is white, the cock has two white sickle feathers at the tail, the hen should have snowflake top; red feather cock, is date red, sickle feathers have all black or with white spots, the hen with cowpea red and white. There are also purple, white and flower feathers. Tibiae are flesh-colored, without tibial feathers. Four-toed, with a wide distance between the toes.

Turfan Fighting Cockerel: The crown is a dwarf compound crown with reddish crown, fleshy pendants, and ear lobes. The beak is brown with a red skin fold growing under the beak. The iridescence is reddish brown. The coat color is black, hemp and light chestnut brown. The cock's sickle feathers are black with a bronze sheen. The tibiae are flesh-colored and also greenish. Some neck feathers and skin are flesh-colored. Xishuangbanna cockatoo head is small and half pike-shaped. Bean crown, crown, ear leaves are red. The beak is short and thick and curved; yellow or brown. The iridescence is orange-red. The hair color is more varied, with pure black, pure white and reddish-red as the three main colors, and the tibia is yellow or slate-colored, without tibial feathers. Four toes. Skin white.

The national essence of the Filipinos love cockfighting, and dumping into a fetish, but also a national culture. Not perfect this has been known for a long time, the early 16th century, before the invasion of the Spanish colonizers, this country has been the development of cockfighting, two or three hundred years ago. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to consider cockfighting as one of the "national treasures" of the Philippines. People prepare for a cockfight.

In the eyes of Filipino men, two red-eyed roosters also symbolize bravery, vitality and martial arts spirit. Thus, Filipinos compare the brave to chickens.