Does Shamanism of Manchu in Qing Dynasty have an influence on its rule?

Manchu people have long believed in Shamanism with strong primitiveness. Shamanism came into being under the primitive understanding of Manchu and its ancestors on natural and social phenomena, and gradually formed a belief. Shamanism was still very popular in the Qing Dynasty and even in the Republic of China. After liberation, with the continuous improvement of scientific and cultural level, Shamanism gradually died out. Manchu shamanism worships ancestor gods, hero gods and various natural gods and animal gods.

Shamanism is a long-term cultural phenomenon of Manchu, in which many unique national cultures of Manchu are preserved. With the popularization of science and culture after liberation, people became more and more convinced of science, which soon faded. As a special carrier of national culture, Shamanism has become the research object of today's scholars. In recent years, dozens of books about shamanism have been published. People have a deeper understanding of Manchu history, culture and traditional concepts.

Generally speaking, in addition to offering sacrifices to Guanyin and Chu as gods, Manchu families also like to offer sacrifices to "Lock Mother" and tie an arrow at the door with hemp rope for three or four times a year. I usually take off my arrow at night and kowtow in the dark, praying for "locking my mother" to protect my family.

Tangzi Festival. Tangzi was a shaman sacrifice place of Aisingiorro family in Qing Dynasty, so Tangzi sacrifice was also called national sacrifice, and all officials and ordinary people were forbidden to set up Tangzi. Before and after entering the customs, the Qing emperor built many halls in various places.

The rituals of offering sacrifices to Tang Zi are different: on the first day of the New Year, the sacrifice to heaven and the triumph of offering sacrifices to Tang Zi. It is a national ceremony, presided over by the emperor and accompanied by princes and ministers. Sacrifice to the sun, the moon and the pole is a personal sacrifice of the royal family or the emperor, which belongs to the family sacrifice and does not need to be buried with him.

Sacrifice to Tang Zi, first of all, we must set up a sacred pole. Sacrifice after Tang Zi erected the sacred pillar can be divided into morning sacrifice and evening sacrifice. There are three admirers, namely, Sakyamuni, Guanyin and Guandi Sheng Jun. It can be seen from the establishment of North Korea's offering sacrifices to gods that Manchu's religious beliefs are obviously deeply influenced by the Han culture in the Central Plains. At night, the family gods such as Seven Stars are sacrificed to the gods. Besides, we should also offer sacrifices to Frodo's mother, who is in charge of population prosperity. Because she is a naked goddess, when offering sacrifices to her, God is not revealed, but only established. When you sacrifice at night, you should carry the lamp.

Family sacrifice. Taking the family as the unit, it is also called "Spring Festival" because it is usually held in the spring and autumn season. Some time before the sacrifice, we should make full preparations from the environment to the material. During this period, first, quarreling, fighting, borrowing money and laughing are not allowed; Secondly, pregnant women and all kinds of unclean people are not allowed to participate; Third, we should prepare all kinds of sacrificial food and utensils.

The first day of family sacrifice is a sacrifice to God, which is divided into morning sacrifice and evening sacrifice. The shrine is located in the west wall of the shrine, where the gods are Sakyamuni, Guanyin and Guandi Sheng Jun. Xikang is equipped with a table for placing cakes, wine, cakes and other foods. Shamans wear magic weapons, ring bells and hold drums, recite auspicious words, dance leisurely, and everyone drums for peace. The gods of late sacrifice are in the northwest corner, and the gods of sacrifice are tribal gods and ancestors; Frodo's mother needs to bring lanterns to sacrifice. I hope she will bless the family.

On the second day of family sacrifice, it is Soren pole, also called God pole. Soren pole is about 2.5-3 meters high and has an iron bucket on it. When offering the pole, put all kinds of pig viscera in it. If it is eaten by crows and magpies within three days, it is good luck. Because the Soren pole has to be replaced every time there is a big sacrifice, this pole ceremony is very grand. Participants, even strangers passing by, can go in and share the meat without thanking the host, just kowtowing to the pole.

The third day is the ceremony of "changing ropes", in which willows are inserted in the yard, the coil on the child's neck or wrist is removed, and then the new locks on the willow branches are put on. This is a lock change, and the purpose is to ask the gods to bless. This sacrificial ceremony embodies the plant totem of Shamanism.

Main taboo

The west of Manchu people is expensive. Generally, Manchu families will place a wooden frame called ancestor board high on the wall of Xikang in Westinghouse, and provide a wooden box with genealogy and sacred books. This is the place where every family hangs gods when offering sacrifices. Therefore, it is forbidden to pile up sundries and sit and lie on Xikang.

Manchu people respect dogs, don't kill dogs, don't eat dog meat, visit Manchu families, and can't wear dog skin hats for Xikeng; In addition, Manchu people also respect crows and are not allowed to beat and scold crows.

These taboos are directly related to the religious beliefs of Manchu, and they are the manifestations of totem worship and ancestor worship in daily customs.

Manchu religions are Shamanism, Buddhism and Lamaism. Shamanism is the most representative. Shamanism is an ancient primitive religion. Manchu worships many gods, which can be roughly divided into natural gods, animal and plant gods and heroic ancestor gods. Natural gods include sun, moon, stars, thunder and lightning, rain, mountains and rivers, with Vulcan as the head. Vulcan is a high-quality goddess who sacrifices herself to save others, so the fire sacrifice of Manchu is very spectacular. Among the animal gods (commonly known as wild gods), there are tigers, wolves, otters, snakes, eagles, magpies, crows and so on. Take the eagle as the first god. Eagle God has a certain relationship with shaman. According to the Oracle, the female shaman is transformed from the eagle soul. Manchu shamanism worships the spirit bird very prominently, and other beasts are mostly the patron saints of clans and tribes. Common plant gods are willow, oak, elm and birch, among which the worship of willow is the most important and closely related to the worship of women. In myth, willow breeds everything. Heroes and ancestors worship those heroes and ancestors who have made great achievements or great creations, such as Sanyinbeizi, who set off seven suns, Ntusa, who carved mountains and opened lakes, and Kenshev, a soldier who taught archery, and so on. One of the most striking is the goddess, which is the center of the ancient Manchu shamanism gods. Shaman is called "Shaman Man" in the Three Dynasties and the Northern League, and "Udayuan" in Manchu. Jurchen means "angel" and "servant of heaven". At first, it was held by women, indicating that Shamanism was born in matriarchal clan society, and later it was gradually held by men. Shamans are divided into "big shaman", namely "jumping shaman" and "second shaman", namely "home shaman". Their common costumes include a god's hat, a god's skirt, a seven-star robe and a bronze mirror. Shamanism influenced Jurchen very early. Shamanism belief of Manchu in Qing Dynasty can be divided into court belief and folk belief. A relatively complete shaman sacrifice can be divided into offering sacrifices to family gods and amplifying gods. Family gods refer to gods, agricultural gods and so on. Magnifying God refers to the late Shaman God, commonly known as "Grandpa". There are family sacrifices (including kowtow sacrifices and pig sacrifices), daily sacrifices (morning and evening sacrifices), back lamp sacrifices, moon sacrifices, four seasons sacrifices, New Year's Day sacrifices, victory ceremonies, daily sacrifices and pole sacrifices. Folk sacrifices include four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter, Qingming, mid-July and dusk. Spring, summer and dusk are small sacrifices, and autumn and winter are big sacrifices. It's a little wordy. Look at the website on the message.