What are some of the old farming implements? Including the story

Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, agricultural tools have been called "field tools", "agricultural tools" and "agricultural tools". The raw materials for manufacturing agricultural tools are stone, bone, clam, horn and so on. Shang, Zhou era appeared bronze farming tools, types of adz, Pei, axe,? , Penelope, shovel, hoe, sickle, plow-shaped devices and so on. This is a major advance in the history of Chinese agricultural tools. China's iron smelting and casting technology invention began as late as the Spring and Autumn period. Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, iron smelting technology has appeared iron smelting and casting, steelmaking and pig iron softening three technologies, so that iron has become a more broad prospects for sharp tools, speeding up the iron agricultural tools instead of wood, stone, bronze agricultural tools of the historical process. The use of iron farming tools is a turning point in agricultural production, it can clear a large area of forest, so that it becomes arable land, pasture, but also to make a large area of the field cultivation becomes possible; and even make the agricultural production relations, land cultivation system and crop cultivation technology, a series of changes. Ancient Chinese agricultural tools according to function can be divided into the following categories:

1, efficient water equipment and implements

Water diversion and irrigation, the most important thing is to try to draw the water from the low to the high. In this regard, there have been a number of ingenious inventions in ancient China. People are familiar with the waterwheel, also known as the "overturned car", "keel car", "water centipede". It appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, and was initially used only for watering gardens, but was later widely adopted by farmers in paddy fields, and has been playing a large role in production for nearly 2,000 years. Tubular carts, which can still be seen in many places today, are about a thousand years old or more. This is a large wheel, surrounded by a number of bamboo or wooden tubes, placed at the water's edge, part of the wheel is not in the water, the water flow agitation wheel, the wheel on the tube in a continuous flow of water to the shore of the field in order to draw water injection. The water turning cart, ox turning cart, donkey turning cart, and high turning cart recorded in Yuan Dynasty Wang Zhen's "Book of Agriculture" are more complicated and efficient, and all of them are changed from turning cart and cylinder cart. The high-turning cylinder car can lead the water to a height of more than ten feet. In order to lead the water to a distance, there is the invention of the tube and frame groove. Lian tube is the thick bamboo poles to remove the inside of the section, a root connected together, with the terrain below the high and low, with wood and stone frame, can cross the valley, the water to a very far place. The design of the frame is basically the same as that of the tube, except that it is a wooden trough that is used to divert water. This kind of apparatus, as Wang Zhen said: "large can be under the wet in a thousand hectares, high can fly flow in a hundred feet, the frame of the far reach, the hole of the submerged through, the world does not save the four, the ground can be Xing of the rain." Reflects the ancient Chinese creation and invention of this aspect of the ingenious, efficient and practical.

2, plowing and leveling of the land of agricultural tools

Lei?ê is the main plow before the common use of the plow. It is similar to the modern also used shovels, shovels, also called Pei. The use of plows drawn by farm animals began to spread in some areas of China only in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods. The wooden oxen plow model unearthed in Gansu Mazuizi at the end of the Western Han Dynasty shows that the plow was basically finalized in the Han Dynasty. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhao promoted the "two oxen and three people plowing" coupling plow, which had a plow shaft, a plow tip (plow handle), a plow bottom (plow bed), a plow balance, a plow arrow and other parts. Plow wall (also called plow mirror or plow bowl) has been widely used in the Han Dynasty. The plow of the Han Dynasty was a straight shaft and long shaft plow, which was not flexible enough to turn back when plowing, and it was laborious and inefficient to get up the soil. After continuous improvement, to the Tang Dynasty created a new curved shaft plow, also known as the "Jiangdong plow". At that time, Lu Guimeng, "Lei 耜经" in the detailed description of its components, dimensions and role. This kind of plow consists of iron simarouba, plow wall and wooden bottom, simarouba, c? , plow arrow, plow shaft, plow tip, plow evaluation, plow construction,

plow plate and other eleven parts. The whole plow is quite complete and advanced, and is a typical example of the development of the Chinese plow to a more mature stage. The Chinese plow is also known as the frame-shaped plow, because the plow body by the bed, column, handle, yamen and other parts of the composition, the original reason for the frame shape. Compared with the Mediterranean hook plow, Germanic square plow, Russian plow, Indian plow, Malay plow, etc., its advantage is the operation of the plow body can swing, full of mobility, easy to adjust the depth of cultivation, cultivation width, and lightweight and flexible, conducive to the rotary maneuvering, suitable for cultivation in a small area of land. In addition, the use of curved plow wall, not only can better break the soil, but also can be up the district as a ridge, strip seeding, field operation and management. The Song Dynasty invented the treaded plow and plow blade, and the Ming Dynasty invented several kinds of human plow, but they are not widely used. In addition to the plow outside the soil turning tools are? and iron hitch and so on. After plowing and turning the farmland, the soil must be broken and leveled. The earliest leveling tools are hemp (vertebrae), and later there are tart, labor (耱), harrow, threshing ground and so on. The wall paintings of Wei and Jin tombs found in Jiayuguan City, Gansu Province, contain images of harrows and purses. In the model of ceramic paddy plows and harrows unearthed in the tombs of Western Jin Dynasty in Lian County, Guangdong Province, both plows and harrows were drawn by oxen. The Chinese middle and high schools used in paddy field operation were also more commonly used in the south during the Wei and Jin dynasties.

3, sowing farming tools

The most important invention is the columbarium, one of the new agricultural tools promoted by the Han Emperor Wu Di's Su Su Lieutenant Zhao. According to the Eastern Han Cui? The political theory, said: "its method of three plows **** a cow, a person will be, under the seed pulling columbine, are taken to prepare. Day planting a hectare, so far three auxiliary still rely on its benefits." "Three plows" that is, three columbine feet. Shanxi Pinglu Zaoyuan late Western Han Dynasty tomb mural on a person in the pulling the sow to plant, the columbarium is the three-footed columbarium. Sowing seeds with a columbine, an ox pulling the columbine, a man holding the columbine, the seeds in the columbine bucket, the bucket and the hollow columbine feet connected, and traveling and shaking, the seeds are from the next. It can simultaneously complete the three processes of furrowing, seeding, and re-soiling. Sowing three rows at a time, the row spacing is consistent, the seed is uniform, greatly improving the efficiency and quality of sowing.

4, plow and weed agricultural tools

A class of money, shovels and choshi, construction is similar, essentially the same kind of agricultural tools. Ancient literature is often used to annotate each other, "Shuowen Jiezi" fourteen: "money, choshi also, the ancient agricultural tools." This kind of agricultural tools need to use the wrist power to stick to the ground flat shovel to weed and loosen the soil, can also be used to turn the soil. Another category is hoe, betel and hoe, on the structure that is similar, are backward force to inter-seedling, weeding and loosening of agricultural tools, than the money, shovels, choshi to some progress, is still used in large quantities. In the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, there was already an iron hoe; after the Han Dynasty, there was basically no difference between the iron hoe and the one used in recent times. Cultivation is the weeding and loosening agricultural tools for paddy fields. Wang Zhen "book of agriculture - agricultural atlas - Qian Penmen" has a ploughing map. Sow hoe was recorded for the first time in the "seed dill straight" in the time of Song and Yuan. This is a kind of animal-drawn plowing and weeding and soil cultivation agricultural tools.

5, harvesting farming tools

Neolithic era has been made of stone or mussel shells to cut the ears of grain and ligustrum? With sickle. After the emergence of metal, there are bronze and iron? and sickle. Over the millennia, the shape of the sickle has remained largely unchanged. The shape of the sickle and sickle basically did not change much. Before the Song Dynasty, there were also harvesting agricultural tools such as the dial sickle, ai, cataract sickle, push sickle and hook sickle. Wang Zhen's "Nongshu - Agricultural Weapons Atlas" recorded the mowing of wheat by the wheat samarium, wheat nickel, etc., is a more advanced agricultural tools for harvesting wheat. After harvesting and threshing grains, the method of separating the husks from the seeds by utilizing the specific gravity and wind power was used at a very early stage. Proof of this can be found in the Book of Songs, "There is a Min in the south of Wei (Min Dou, the name of a star, one of the twenty-eight constellations), and it cannot be bumped up." In 1973, the pottery windmill model unearthed from the Sijiangou Han Tomb in Jiyuan County, Henan Province, shows that by the late Western Han Dynasty, an effective tool had already been invented to clean up the grains and separate out the chaff. The windmill to the blade rotation wind and seeds heavy will sink, chaff light will interrogate experience skillfully combined in the same machinery, is indeed a novel creation.