Reading Su Dongpo's Biography

Su Shi (1037 65438+10.8-124.8), whose real name is Zi Zhan, also known as He Zhong, is a Taoist priest of tin cans and a layman of Dongpo, and is known as Su Dongpo and Su Xian in the world. Han nationality, Meizhou Meishan (now Meishan City, Sichuan Province). Su Dongpo was born in a scholarly family. He, his father Su Xun and his younger brother Su Zhe were called Su San.

Su Dongpo's name is so familiar that most people will recite a few words of his poems. I also know a little about his life experience at school, and I know that his life is bumpy. But this is the first time to systematically understand my life as a poet, politician, painter and life artist. By the way, I saw Mr. Lin Yutang's works translated by Song Biyun. Mr. Lin explained an eternal celebrity in China traditional culture in English, but I think Mr. Lin's academic attainments in China and the West are extraordinary. I admire him in Das Kapital. )

1, Su Dongpo's feminine relationship

Dongpo was very popular with women all his life, and these women helped him more or less. When he just entered politics and was simple-minded, his original wife, Wang Fu, took care of him and gave him more advice. He is often advised to stay away from villains and speak softly. Unfortunately, my wife died young at the age of 26, leaving a six-year-old son. On the tenth anniversary of his wife's death, Su Dongpo once wrote a short poem in memory of his dead wife, that is, the beautiful poem "Ten years of life and death, I will never forget it." A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty. In the evening, I dreamed that I came home, and I was dressing in front of Xiao Xuan's window. Care for each other without words, only two lines of tears. It's expected to be heartbroken every year, moonlit night, short matsuoka. "

At the end of the 27-month mourning period, the announcement will be continued. The bride is his wife's cousin named Wang Runzhi. This wife is younger than her husband 1 1 years old and has a gentle temperament. She is Su Dongpo's most active partner, raising her cousin's children and her two children, and sharing all the ups and downs of his life. It is precisely because this water-like woman always gives Su Dongpo a sense of stability, and also makes Su Dongpo wake up earlier in the chaos. When Su Dongpo was demoted to Mizhou, he lived a hard life and was dissatisfied with the newly promulgated tax table policy. One day, the child tugged at his skirt, and he said impatiently, this child is really stupid. His sober and steady wife said, "You are so stupid. What's the use of sitting all day thinking? " Come on, I'll get you wine. Mrs. Su once said, "I like the moon in spring. Moon is so sad. Spring moon makes everyone happy and satisfied. "It can be seen that the optimism and open-mindedness of Mrs. Su has also played a subtle role in Su Dongpo's life. This wife died when Su Dongpo was 56, just avoiding the worst years of her husband's life (Su Dongpo was exiled to Hainan after that, which was the real exile in his life). Ten years later, Su Dongpo's younger brother buried the husband and wife together.

In the second half of his life, when he was wandering around, he had a concubine to serve the clouds, and they became one in secular love and religious belief (both believed in Buddhism). 12 years old, this morning cloud was bought by his second wife, Su, to be a personal maid, and later became Su Dongpo's concubine. The story of Su Dongpo's relegation to Huizhou revolves around Chao Yun, who was 365,438+0 years old, and Dongpo was 57 years old when he arrived in Huizhou. Chaoyun is smart, cheerful, lively and aura. The women in Su Dongpo's life seem to know him best. Once Su Dongpo pointed to his big belly and asked his family what was in it. Everyone in the family said that poetry was full of books, but only Chaoyun said it was inappropriate. When Chao came to Sue's house, she didn't know how to read or write, but she was always studying, trying to reach the level of the great poet's husband whom she admired spiritually. Su Dongpo also wrote many poems about Chaoyun's company in his later years, thanking her and praising him, and turning each other's enthusiasm into an unfortunate friendship of seeking immortality. However, Chaoyun soon died of the plague, and he spent his old age peacefully. His feelings for her are all in one poem: "The seedlings that don't show off are not days, which makes Tong Wu and I mysterious." In the scene, I hate that there is no chitose medicine, only Hinayana Zen. If you want to pay off your old debts when you are sad, you can break your back. There is no distance to lie on the bamboo root, and the night light is courteous to the fairy in the tower. ""out of place, only Chaoyun can know me; Playing the same old tune alone, I miss you every time it rains. "

When he was attacked by his political enemies and suffered great physical and mental trauma, the emperor turned a blind eye to the management of the queen mother. During the period of Song Zhezong and Song Huizong, the Queen Mother of the two guards ruled out their differences and gave him trust and respect. "Wutai Poetry Case" was also the last time that Empress Injong tried to protect her son's Su brothers from being hurt by villains, and was finally relegated to Huangzhou. However, after the death of the Three Empresses, Su Dongpo's fate reversed again, and he could not escape the fate of being exiled. Apart from his talent, the reason why the three queens helped Su Dongpo may be precisely because they were not deeply involved in politics. They just use women's basic understanding of human nature to determine that Su Dongpo is not a bad person among the small and medium-sized population. The Song Dynasty was chaotic, but the regent queens were very wise.

As a contemporary genius, how can Su Can Dongpo have no other beauties? But for him, these are the scenery outside the window, but he convinced the famous prostitute Cao Qin to become a green light ancient Buddha, leaving a lot of room for future generations to interpret. At this point, I also agree. Cao Qin agreed to become a monk at that time, and of course he thought that if he was redeemed from becoming a monk, he could marry Su Dongpo. Even if practicing the piano is wrong, Su Dongpo, as a man, is still a charming great poet to persuade him to be redeemed and become a monk. Can other girls not think about it? Unfortunately, my concubine is heartless, so Su Dongpo didn't marry her.

2. Su Dongpo's male popularity

Su Dongpo's excellent character, generous personality and sincere treatment attracted a large group of friends to share life and death. Of course, no one will meet several scum friends in his life, and the person who persecutes him the most is his former friend Zhang Dun.

Su Dongpo's lifelong friend, the first to bear the brunt is his own brother Su Zhe. Su Dongpo also wrote a poem to his good friend Chang Li, saying, "I am widowed, but all over the world." From birth, the two brothers grew up together and studied together. They comfort each other when they are sad and help each other when they are in trouble. They often dream of each other and often write to each other. The two brothers entered the political arena together. My brother was appointed judge of Fengxiang, and my brother was appointed military attache of Shangzhou. But because his father is an official in Beijing, one of the two brothers will always stay in Beijing to accompany his father. So Zi refused to go to his post and sent his brother to leave Beijing to go to his post. The two brothers get together at the first opportunity. During Su Dongpo's tenure in Hangzhou, his younger brother taught in Chen Zhou, which was also within the scope of his own investigation. He lived in his brother's house for more than 70 days and had an unforgettable Mid-Autumn Festival together. In the next six years, they will never have a chance to celebrate this festival again. When Hangzhou's three-year term expired, Su Dongpo applied to be transferred to Mizhou (Mizhou was a very poor area at that time), because Ziyou was working in Jinan at that time, and the two places were very close to Shandong. Every time they meet, it will make their parting more sad. They left their brothers several times in their lives. The shortest is Chen Zhou's farewell for half a month, and the longest is three months. Ziyou took his family to Shangqiu as a judge, Dongpo went to Xuzhou to handle affairs, and Ziyou gave his family to Zhang (a lifelong friend of the two brothers). He accompanied his brother to Xuzhou and stayed for three months before returning to his mother's house. No matter how far apart they are, the two brothers always write letters, or give each other new poems, or encourage each other, or discuss current events, or complain sadly. In short, only the correspondence between the two brothers fully revealed their sincerity. Later, Su Dongpo came to Mizhou as he wished, but he didn't see the reason as he wished, so he wrote the best Mid-Autumn Festival words in history: "When will there be a bright moon?" I take my glass from a distance. I don't know the palace in the sky, and I don't know the month and time. I'm willing to ride the wind to the sky, I'm afraid I can't stand the cold for nine days in a pavilion of fine jade. Dance to find out what shadows look like on the earth. The moon turned into a scarlet pavilion, hanging low on the carved window, shining on the sleepy self. The moon should not have any resentment against people. Why is it round when people are gone? People are sad and happy, and they are separated and reunited. The moon has yin and yang, and there are gains and losses. Nothing is perfect, even in the past. May people last for a long time, and thousands of miles are beautiful. "Su Dongpo's prose is full of popularity, distinctive personality, out of date, informal, broad-minded and free and easy; Ziyou's character is calm and introverted, and he is superior to Su Shi in worldly wisdom. He often gives advice to his brother, so his career is relatively flat. However, Ziyou was demoted and persecuted by his brother many times, but Ziyou never left, never complained, and wrote to the emperor many times, willing to use all his official titles to atone for his brother. Ziyou has three sons and seven daughters, all of whom were married by Su Dongpo. According to historical records, after Su Shi's death, "there were nearly 100 people living in the two houses. "This is not impossible. When Su Dongpo ended his exile in Hainan, he settled everywhere with letters, and Ziyou wrote to let his brother and his family live with him. Unfortunately, due to the change of political style and Dongpo's death, the agreement that the two brothers "sleep in bed at night" failed to come true.

Teacher-Ouyang Xiu. Ouyang Xiu once said to a colleague, "Reading Su Dongpo's poems makes me sweat with joy. I should retire and let this young man get ahead. " Think about it and you will know how much influence this sentence had on Su Dongpo at that time. Ouyang Xiu was a literary authority at that time. His praise and criticism can make or break a person. As soon as this sentence came out, people all over Beijing knew it. It is said that Ouyang Xiu once said to his son, "Remember, thirty years after my death, no one will talk about me." The prophecy really came true. At that time, after Ouyang Xiu died, people really talked about Su Dongpo and stole his banned books. Ouyang Xiu is Su Dongpo's Bole. Without his recommendation, Su Dongpo would not have entered officialdom at a young age. Later, Su Dongpo commented on the teacher: "Talk about Tao like Han Yu, talk about things like Lu Zhi, talk about notes like Sima Qian, and talk about poetry like Li Bai."

Poets and monks went to Liao. Su Dongpo has been in contact with Shen Liao for nearly 30 years, and he especially appreciates Shen Liao's poetic talent. He often sings with him and learns from each other. And Shen Liao often followed him, and they were close friends in literature. Su Dongpo was here with him for more than a year during his relegation to Huangzhou due to Wutai Poetry Case. This kind of friendship transcends the political taboos and gains and losses in the world, which is commendable and very touching. When Su Dongpo was appointed as Hangzhou, Shen Liao was appointed as the abbot of Huxi Zhiguo Academy. When Su Dongpo was demoted to Huizhou and Changhua, Hainan again, he planned to visit again. Dongpo went to persuade and dissuade him before going. Turbulent political situation, flowing time and life, the only constant friendship between the two people, they have always kept correspondence. Su Dongpo often tells his life story and entrusts him with poems. No matter how great a person is, he needs someone to listen to him quietly, understand his mind and understand his helplessness.

According to this book, I searched and found that I have a good relationship with Su Dongpo:

Li was a famous painter in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Wen Tong was a famous painter and poet in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Huang Tingjian, a native of Lu Zhi, was a poet, poet and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Mi Fei was a calligrapher, painter and painting theorist in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Fo Yin was a disciple of Yunmen in Song Dynasty. The legal name is yuan, the word is old, and the common surname is Lin.

Fan Chunren, the second son of Fu Yao and Fan Zhongyan, was a minister in the Northern Song Dynasty and was called "Prime Minister in Cloth".

Qin Guan is an important writer in the literary history of the Northern Song Dynasty.

3. Why does everyone love Su Dongpo?

First, Su Dongpo is optimistic, open-minded, easy-going and humble, lively and humorous, sincere and generous. This character can be seen when I was a child. When he was young, he had many hobbies besides reading, and he was more playful than his peers. He would sneak into the bird's nest with the maids, take his brothers and sisters to the market, make inkstones when he met good stones, and often record his dreams. In a word, he is a very interesting little boy. Su Dongpo drifted all his life, relegated to several places, and passively traveled all over the mountains and rivers of the motherland, but everywhere he went, he was restless. During his relegation to Huangzhou, he was 40 years old. He would squat in the field and chat with his uncle who had been farming for a long time, and seriously ask for tips on planting crops. He will also build his own dam to repair fish ponds and plant vegetables and fruit seedlings. He has lost the reserve of intellectuals. He became a real farmer and wrote his own poem: "Last year, Dongpo picked up rubble and planted 300 feet of Huang Sang. This year, mow the grass to cover the Xuetang, and the sun blows ink. " He also cooked by himself, stewed meat and cooked fish, and invented Dongpo soup. Just five good people. In fact, Huangzhou is a very barren place. He lives in such poverty that he can't even eat meat. But relying on the poet's optimistic and open-minded leisure, rich imagination, contented spirit and a little moonlight food has become a powerful magic power, which makes Su Dongpo live a poetic life here, while ordinary people have long complained. How can he write so many excellent works and annotate Zhouyi and The Analects of Confucius? When he was demoted to Huizhou, he was busy learning to make wine. When he was demoted to Hainan, he was busy collecting herbs and curing ink. With the help of his son, he compiled various miscellaneous notes, compiled Dongpo Zhi Lin and annotated Shangshu, and completed 65,438+024 poems about pottery. He is really busy, but he has a good time. Su Dongpo likes joking very much. He can afford it himself. Once he wanted to make fun of Fo Yin, saying: The ancients often used monks to treat birds. For example, the birds stayed in the trees by the pool and the monks knocked at the door. I admire the wisdom of the ancients in treating monks with birds. Fo Yin replied: No wonder I am a monk sitting opposite you. The old word "bird" means obscenity in slang. Su Dongpo is generous to his friends. After he volunteered to work in Hangzhou, the emperor gave him tea, silver and a horse. Su Dongpo gave the horse to poor scholar Li Jian to sell. Also, no matter who the object is, Su Dongpo will not be unhappy when he is wronged.

Su Dongpo read Du Mo's "Six Farewell Roads" poem, which wrote: "Learn from the old dragon in the waves, and the blade is in front of the sage. Pushing down Mo Zhai and Yang Zhu and helping Duke Zhou of Zhong Ni. " This poem, which is similar to plain boiled water, was also listed as one of the "Three big noble" in the literary world by Shi Jie. Su Dongpo hated it so much that he couldn't help joking: "I think DUZH's arrogance is caused by pedants drinking private wine, eating dead beef and getting drunk." So many personality traits have gathered in him, forming a unique personality charm, which makes him always attract the support and love of a large number of literati and ordinary people, whether he is promoted or demoted. Even the satrap in several places where he was relegated was extremely polite. He often gave him dining tables, accompanied him to travel and wrote poems (of course, he was later dismissed by the villain Zhang Dun).

Second, Su Dongpo's heart always contains the whole world. The failure of Wang Anshi's political reform accelerated the demise of the Song Dynasty. Su Dongpo saw the disadvantages of the New Deal long ago and wrote to the court many times. After going through Song Shenzong, Song Zhezong and Hui Zong, he suggested Zongshen that the reform should be gradual rather than simple addition and subtraction. He criticized the radical reform, which made both Song Shenzong and Wang Anshi unhappy. So Su Dongpo was demoted. Even in the face of exclusion, Su Dongpo made an outspoken criticism of the "Young Crop Law". "Young crops law" is like the government establishing an "agricultural bank". Farmers borrow money to buy seeds in spring and repay the principal and interest in autumn harvest. Its purpose is to curb land annexation, provide farmers with production funds and generate income for the government. However, this seemingly attractive policy has changed from "unrestrained" in implementation, that is, farmers have voluntarily evolved into compulsory loans, and from helping to subsidize production and government revenue generation to government revenue generation and officials' profit, resulting in many farmers' debts, and some even lost their money. Farmers don't have enough to eat when the harvest is bad, and farmers can't afford to pay the bill when the harvest is good. Many people left their homes. After learning the truth, Su Dongpo presented the Emperor Zongshen's Book and Zongshen's Book successively to the emperor, listing in detail the harm caused to farmers by the implementation of the "Young Crop Law". When Wang Anshi was informed, he was very angry and soon instructed to impeach Su Dongpo. Su Dongpo began his career as an official. From north to south, from rich capital to barren land, the more he was degraded, the farther he went. Finally, at the age of 6 1, he was exiled to Hainan, a vast overseas country.

Su Dongpo was relegated, but he was closer to the people and deeply understood their sufferings. Therefore, he also wrote many poems, describing people's miserable life scenes, exposing and attacking exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees and disadvantages. With his popularity, these poems spread all over the country quickly and put pressure on the rulers to some extent. Let me quote a few words, even now, I can feel the Li people in dire straits at that time: people are like ducks and pigs, splashing mud and water. Selling cattle, paying taxes, tearing down houses and cooking are not as superficial as going hungry next year. Officials today want money instead of rice, and northwest Wan Li recruits Qiang people. Did you smell the rhyme and forget the taste? In recent March, there was no salt.

Su Dongpo paid the price of his life because he cared about people all over the world. However, although Su Dongpo suffered a lot of bad luck because of honest and frank, honest and frank, his realm was high. He only cares about things, doesn't care about people, and doesn't hold a grudge against those who make him stumble. He never showed any resentment or dissatisfaction towards Wang Anshi, Zhang Dun and others. Later, he even went to Nanjing to visit Wang Anshi and talk with him about Buddhism.

Third, Su Dongpo does practical things for the people in a down-to-earth manner. Su Dongpo has done countless good deeds in his life. Xuzhou was flooded. He gave his life to save the city and didn't come home for several weeks. He lives in a shed at the top of the city wall every day to supervise the project. After the flood subsided, he took the initiative to write to the court to strengthen the dike. After being approved, he built a wooden dam and a "yellow house" outside the city to solve the flood for the local people. He is personally concerned about the health and interests of prisoners, and people who have done so throughout the ages are rare. Su Dongpo pointed out that although the law prohibits local officials from flogging prisoners, it does not expressly stipulate that prisoners die because of illness or neglect of care. Prisoners are human beings, so prison doctors are excluded from taking care of patients for the first time. He saw many soldiers escape from the camp and become robbers. Just because the sergeant traveled a long distance and had no travel expenses, he forced them into debt, so he immediately corrected this rule.

When he arrived in Hangzhou, he was most concerned about the water problem of Hangzhou residents and the silt problem of canals passing through the city. In the third month after his arrival, he began to implement the canal cleaning project, which lasted for seven months. Originally, the canals in the city needed seawater to run, but the river bed was full of silt caused by seawater, which was very troublesome to dredge. The dredged silt was piled up at the people's gates and the traffic was very crowded. Su Dongpo dug another canal outside Yuhang Gate in the north of the city, which is connected with the West Lake, making the water flow constantly and avoiding the cost and trouble of dredging Yanhe Bridge in the city. At that time, people drank salt water, or they had to spend money to buy lake water, a penny a barrel. Next, he wants to introduce the water from the West Lake into the city. He changed all the water pipes from bamboo tubes to ceramic tubes and protected them with slates. This is a huge investment project, and a 274-meter-long clay pipeline needs to be built from one reservoir to another. He also introduced the lake water into two new reservoirs in the northern suburb of Hangzhou to supply water for the military camp. It is said that after the project is repaired, almost every place in Hangzhou can drink the clear water of the West Lake. The next step is naturally to deal with the big reservoir-West Lake. Before the renovation, the West Lake was overgrown with weeds, which covered half of the West Lake. Surprised and sad, he immediately asked the queen mother for funds. The whole plan needs 34,000 yuan. He raised half the money and asked the Queen Mother to give him another 17,000 yuan. After the queen mother agreed, he immediately began to build a lake. The excavated aquatic plants and silt have become a big problem again. At this time, Su Dongpo had a brainwave and built a long embankment with them. He also developed "Three Tan Yin Yue" on an island in the middle of the lake. Now we have to sigh the aesthetics of Dongpo lay man. Quote Mr. Lin: "Su Causeway and West Lake are like bright eyes facing Hangzhou". The beauty of the West Lake lies not in a lake, but in Su Causeway and Xiandao, which make the finishing point.

Su Songpo also built the earliest public hospital in Hangzhou. Hangzhou's humid climate, dense rivers and lakes, economic poverty, lack of medical care and medicine, and frequent ancient plagues. I was very dissatisfied with the piecemeal and unorganized rescue work at that time, so I took out 2000 yuan from public funds and donated 50 taels of gold to build a public hospital in Zhong 'anqiao in the city center. This free hospital, named "Anlefang", is free to see doctors and eat porridge, which obviously has the nature of helping the poor. Later, the hospital moved down to the West Lake and was renamed "Anji Square".

When Su Dongpo was demoted to Huangzhou, he learned that there was a bad habit of drowning babies in the local area and immediately wrote to Zhu Taishou, hoping to find a way to solve this problem together. He also set up the Save the Children Association, donated some money by himself, raised a lot of money from the rich, founded the first orphanage in history, and treated many babies.

Some small things are easy to do as long as someone is willing to do them. Unfortunately, only Su Dongpo cares.

Su Dongpo is the most commonly called Su Shi by later generations. In fact, his life was divided into two completely different periods by this name. In other words, after Su Shi became a layman in Dongpo, his body and mind changed greatly, creating a superstar admired by later generations. That is, during his demotion to Huangzhou, he was forced to farm because of the situation, and became a hermit because of his temper and in our nature. He compared himself to Tao Gong and became a lovely urchin wandering in nature. At this time, he has just experienced life and death, and his soul has been greatly impacted. The release of the big urchin allowed him to find his true self. In the third spring after the fall of Huangzhou, Su Dongpo had an outing with friends and was caught in the wind and rain on the way. He wrote this song "Ding Feng", marking the return of another Dongpo layman who is more calm, open-minded and extraordinary! I like this song best myself.

Ding Fengbo

(On March 7th, it was raining on Hu Sha Road. The rain gear comes first, and the peers are in chaos. I didn't know it at first, but when I found out, I pretended to use this word. )

Don't pay attention to the beating rain in the forest. Mei sings a long whistle and walks leisurely.

Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of?

A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life.

The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time.

Looking back at the place where I met the wind and rain, going back, for me, there is no wind and rain, but it is still sunny.