Anyone help with a thesis topic and outline for gardening or landscape design

The Role of Gardening in Urban Landscape Design

Abstract:

Firstly, explore the conceptual aspects of cities, gardening. Greening and landscape. Then it argues that the urban landscape is comprehensive and should follow the concept of "human and heaven adjustment, heaven and man **** glory", and combined with examples to prove these concepts. The paper also briefly analyzes the relationship between biological diversity and urban landscape diversity. Advocates for different ecological habit of plants to create different ecological environment to realize the diversity of plants and biological diversity. Finally, it discusses the characteristics of urban landscape, pointing out that the competitive imitation of the current trend is not able to form the characteristics of the cause of the disease, and the cure for the disease is the inheritance and development of traditional Chinese garden design of the main rationale of "skillful in the borrowing, the essence of the body in the appropriate". To be appropriate to the place and not because of the "appropriate" system of the place.

Keywords: landscape, diversity, urban, garden, concept, plant, biological, good prescription

1, conceptual discussion

As a geographic term, the landscape refers to the surface of the natural scenery:". Urban landscape, on the other hand, covers the natural and man-made scenery on the surface of the city. Garden is a term used since the Western Jin Dynasty, began in man-made nature, the ancient writing of the word "art" hieroglyphic people kneeling on the ground with their hands holding up saplings, is a reflection of the people out of the natural environment to build villages and towns, but not to meet the gift of nature, they will be artificially planted to improve the human environment. The purpose of the garden is to continue to meet the requirements of the natural environment in the material and spiritual aspects, maximize the ecological environment, social and cultural, rest and tourism and economic and other aspects of the comprehensive benefits of the promotion of human and nature's health and longevity and *** with sustainable development. The garden follows the time, from the urban garden development to the garden city, including house garden, park, scenic spots and other single construction, urban green space system and the earth landscape construction of three levels. Garden design is the center of garden science, Mr. Sun Xiaoxiang proposed Landscape Architecture can be translated as garden planning and design is correct. The factors of landscape design include the conception of ideas, the use of natural terrain and shaping, landscape architecture, garden paths and sites, planting, stone, rockery and vignettes set up and so on. It is the penetration of liberal arts and science and technology, scientific and artistic blend, in the broad sense of architecture and urban planning, architecture **** with the composition of a discipline and construction of the series. Green space is a type of urban land, which refers to the land planted and covered with living green plants. The act of building green space is called greening. Forestry, agronomy, horticulture and gardening are all disciplines related to greening and each has its own scope of study. Urban master plan has a special plan for urban green space system, and the city landscape not only has the requirements of greening, but also to focus on the construction of garden city. Green is the beauty is not comprehensive. Garden is not only green, there are aesthetics and garden art content.

2, the urban landscape of the comprehensive and should follow the concept

The concept of the city is also the development of the times. Into today's ecological environment construction stage, the essence of the city is never and now should be emphasized is the human settlement to survive and live in the environment. The comprehensiveness of the environment determines the comprehensiveness of urban planning and urban landscape. Comprehensive and diversified urban landscape can be summarized into two categories: artificial landscape and natural landscape. Artificial landscape such as buildings, structures and streets, squares, barges, etc.; natural landscape including natural landscape and man-made natural landscape, that is, Engels said the second nature, we call the garden. The general problem of urban landscape is too artificial. The largest area of garden components is green plants. Only green plants, both with the landscape and natural landscape affinity, but also with artificial buildings and affinity, and can effectively synthesize the ecological environment and landscape aspects to isolate too dense architectural landscape.

From a macro point of view, in order to prevent the development of the city into a "big cake", can be separated by isolation of green space, and some cities want to use this name, but also intends to be used as a building reserve, so called green isolation zone, so that the nature of the land is not a green space. In practice, it is inevitable that the thunder is loud but the rain is small, some big cities more than half of the land of the isolation zone was approved for construction land, isolation zone on the reconstruction of buildings and streets will not matter isolation. The original intention of preventing the spread of the cake will be difficult to realize. If the characterization of the land for the isolation of green space, will not be allowed to encroach on the green space will ensure the realization of the isolation function, a large area of green space, or even a green belt, have this isolation effect. From a microscopic point of view, green space plants can be effective to vibrant natural landscape moderated too stagnant and dull architectural lines, artificial forms, texture, color and atmosphere. Theoretically speaking, it is "to the vegetal splendor".

City landscape should first inherit and develop the philosophical concept of traditional Chinese culture, "the unity of heaven and mankind". This is the general outline of Chinese culture. The Warring States period of the tube has long been put forward "people and the sky and then the beauty of heaven and earth born" concept. Modern East and West culture is also in the man and nature coordination, only one earth, but not only people on the earth, man and nature *** with the concept of sustainable development and other aspects of unity. China's traditional culture to treat the relationship between man and nature, often follow the "outstanding people and the spirit of the earth" and said "the scenery because of the people into a winning concept", not isolated mention of people-oriented. People-oriented is the relationship between God and man. People and the sky adjust, heaven and man **** glory, people are also in it. Chinese text "a man is big", "a big for the sky" contains this interdependent dialectical relationship between man and nature. People are big, but the first big is nature. At the end of the last century, the Beijing Charter issued by the International Congress of Architects in Beijing summarized the 20th century as "great construction, great destruction", and in the face of the new century proposed "building cities and buildings in the green", and now even real estate advertisements are all to the landscape as a recruitment, and housing prices have also risen because of the environment. Housing prices do rise and fall because of the environment. But there is still a big difference between the idea and the action. The most basic element of urban landscape is the landscape. More than 60% of China's land is mountainous, near the mountains of the city have a large water surface, such as Huizhou and Hangzhou's West Lake, Ningbo's Moon Lake, Nanning's South Lake and so on. These cities are not as large as they used to be in terms of water surface area, and they have been artificially reduced. Fill the lake to create land, artificial ground and then build buildings. Only a few are the result of natural siltation and negligence in dredging. The destruction of mountains is more common and serious than the destruction of water resources. A kind of stone quarrying, ancient stone quarrying to leave a scenic area, quarrying not only does not destroy the scenery in turn beautify the landscape. Such as the east lake in shaoxing, zhejiang province is the quarrying of stone to create a scenic spot. Now it is purely economic ideas, split the hill, broken slope arm, or even blow up the whole mountain, leaving a miserable mess. The other is that on land with hilly terrain, the square road network, which is only applicable to cities in the plains, is still snapped upwards. Urban arterial roads entering hilly areas are still in pursuit of "uprightness", wide, flat and straight. Whenever there is a hill, gullies are opened and the natural slope of the hill is cut into a flat embankment. The land used for building seems to have been leveled before building. The environment is the source of town planning, architecture and gardening. How can you flatten a mountain and water before building on it? Because of the mountain, the water shape is not building? The traditional landscape and garden architecture are good at the whole into zero, composed of building groups, greatly reducing the flat area, get "because of the mountain room, the interest of the constant good" conclusion. City roads are the same, in the plains to straight for convenience. Encountered hilly areas can not be bent in accordance with a little? Protecting the mountains and water will have a beautiful environment, the cityscape will be highlighted by the environment. This is the "first difficult to get" and "landscape to the realm of" the reasoning, cityscape and garden scale is different, the reason to one. Hangzhou Lushan Xiling Yinshe is a typical Chinese terrace garden. From the foot of the mountain to the mountainside, the top of the mountain arranged a lot of buildings and roads, sites. But it is not the natural mountain cut into layers of artificial platform, but attached to the natural mountain terrain, extraordinarily affinity, proper, room and mountain into one. Another kind of destruction is to blow up the mountain to fill the river, reclamation. Always feel that the land is not enough, they will blow up the mountains and fill in the water for the land. Where is enough urban land? The proportion of land and water is also a reflection of the ecological structure. Now proposed to restore more than 1,000 square kilometers of Dongting Lake, while the ancient Dongting Lake area of more than 3,000 square kilometers. Violation of the natural cycle of water will lead to disaster. Guanzi said: "his work with the heavenly heaven to help, his work against the heavenly heaven against the heavenly heaven, heaven's help, although small will be big; heaven's violation, although the success will be a failure". People destroy nature, nature is to retaliate. Therefore, it is also necessary to control the scale of urban development to suit the local conditions, rather than the "appropriate" system of land.

Broad architectural requirements of urban planning, architecture, gardening and interpenetration. On the one hand, the garden should be under the guidance of the city planning and understanding of the main architectural design intent under the premise of finding their own position. Also in the city planning experts to take charge of the intervention in the city master plan, special planning and under the auspices of the architect with the outdoor environment design. In the garden specialization, it is necessary to take command of the whole situation. Those who see garden design only as greening, planting trees, often resulting in an unscientific construction sequence, that is, planning to take the lead, building closely followed by the garden to sweep the end. There are a large number of construction should be resolved at the beginning of the earth temporarily pending the garden processing, there are also doing roads do not leave green belts and planting pits, and finally had to use potted plants. Comprehensive urban landscape construction requires landscape design not only to undertake special, but also to synchronize into the master plan. Including cities, urban clusters, regional and earth landscape planning. To realize the construction of beautiful mountains and rivers of the ambition, garden design juice people are duty-bound.

3 Biological diversity and the diversity of urban landscape ~GB cCmI{ m:|0?Eq.Q 1+C z W ,sy"_jA

Biological diversity out of the need for ecological environment construction is to stabilize the good ecological environment is one of the specific content, but also constitute the natural landscape. City landscape to be alive must be built on the ecological basis of biodiversity. Animals and microorganisms grow and flourish in forests and water. Forests and mountains include water, air, soil and other major ecological factors. All living things are inseparable from the ground, and only by creating an environment on the ground that is suitable for the growth and development of many kinds of living things can biological diversity be achieved. Therefore, urban construction should, on the one hand, protect the natural resources of the city, and on the other hand, compensate for the natural resources that are inevitably destroyed in the process of urbanization, and establish artificial ecosystems in the city to ensure the sustainable development of the city. This requires the artificial shaping of the terrain in order to create artificial microclimates adapted to the needs of a wide range of organisms. Thus, topography is not only a means of creating different spaces, but also different ecological environments. Flat land is just one environment, sloping valleys are another. Because of the micro-topography undulation can create yin, yang, to, back, plus the water factor and appear wet and dry difference. Wet, swampy, aquatic plants will have the environment to survive and develop. Only in this way can biological diversity be realized. A botanical landscape is not just about growing plants. Plants are the hair, the terrain is the skin, and if the skin does not survive, how can the hair be attached? As mentioned earlier, the urban landscape can be summarized as a natural landscape and artificial landscape, the unity of its diversity, the general well, is the artificial buildings, streets into the natural environment. Build cities and buildings in the green, is by no means a pipe dream, it is the direction of development, can be gradually realized. Thesis garden in the city

4 city of the shape of the victory and the use of natural terrain, transformation

4.1 county, built the city are the first phase of the land

The shape of the victory is the geographic location and topography, geomorphology, environmental advantages of the generalization. Most of the local history of the description of the victory. The shape of the superiority of the geographic situation is summarized. Xunzi? Strong country said": "the country plug dangerous, the situation is convenient, beautiful mountains, forests, rivers and valleys, the benefits of natural resources, is also the situation. "In terms of Wuhan, the Yangtze River flows north and east, the Han River comes west, the turtle snake two mountains across the river east and west, the mouth of the water three rivers. Hanyang that is when the sun of the Han River, Hankou is the mouth of the Han River, Wuchang's Yellow Crane Tower due to the Yangtze River, Snake Mountain, the shape of the mountain and the water potential of the majestic. The Yangtze River and the Han River meet the mouth of the water is the shape of the three towns of Wuhan, the current arrangement of the mouth of the water is not yet climate. It is appropriate to the ancient meaning of the ancient Longwang Temple on the basis of a new poem of the times, Wuhan's cityscape landscape may be revitalized. Urban landscape is a matter of how to recognize and fully utilize and play, which belongs to the protection and utilization of natural resources. On the other hand, the cityscape, whether macro or micro, must be artificially shaped into a natural topography on the basis of utilization. In cities like Wuhan, where there is water throughout the city, there is the problem of flooding. In the long run, the water level will be very high for more than a century. If you simply set up a dike to prevent flooding, you have to raise the elevation of the dike, so you can't see the view of the river when you are on the river but you can see the dike towering over you. In fact, although the flood came fiercely, but not for a long time, usually in a week or so. How to ensure that the flood level is not flooded under the premise, and then open up the embankment outside the normal water level of the river Mae green space, planting water-resistant plants, usually people in the river outside the embankment to visit the river view, when the flood came to let it submerged, the water receded and then people come in. It is also possible to combine embankment building and riverside terrain shaping into one. The earth mountain planting trees outside of it and the levee inside of it. In short, explore how to minimize the negative side of the landscape in the premise of safety, soil and water structures. If it is not appropriate to set up green space outside the levee when the water level is low, it can be considered in the levee and the combination of the topography of the earth mountain, so that the top of the levee to meet the premise of flood control layer wide for the riverwalk for people to take a walk to get a glimpse of the river, and the use of overpasses and the levee connected to the building or street and the layout of man-made ground green space. But this is not what we say counts, flood control depends on water experts, we have to take the initiative to ask them for advice, and strive to cooperate with each other, in order to avoid the riverfront because of the solution to the cityscape and damage to the flood control. To rely on dredging and siltation of water, sediment deposition of the riverbed due to reduced capacity, the water level rises, and raise the elevation of the embankment surface is not the best policy, but also damage the riverfront landscape.

4.2 artificial natural terrain

City landscape is summarized as artificial and natural two types. At present, the artificial atmosphere is too heavy and the natural environment is not enough to correspond. Artificial natural factors are not many, mainly topography and plant planting, stone and rockery and so on. Among them, the most basic and essential is the terrain. The terrain gives people the natural atmosphere of infection is very strong. Urban land is seldom absolutely flat, most of them have natural undulation, and "three passes and one leveling" to level off. Construction land may not necessarily have to be leveled first and then built. In addition to the excavation of the city's soil source, slag, garbage under certain conditions can be used as planting soil or artificial mountain. The exposure of waste such as slag and garbage pollutes the air on the one hand, and risks landslides on the other. Maoming City with oil shale oil refining to be out of a large number of harmful oil slag. They used it to create a terrain, filling it with nearly 2M deep planting soil, and planting mango and other trees on the mountain. After several years of monitoring the mango toxicity is decreasing, and can be expected to be non-toxic to eat, general trees and plants are growing luxuriantly. The heat island effect is stronger after the intersection of the city road, but the ground is high and low, and it is also the best place to create a natural terrain. The green space or by the wall extension of the post, or high and low pull slope, to get the turn around at the curved and colorful. There is no need to make all geometric pattern flower platform. There is a large area of the center of the green island is more appropriate in line with the safety of sight distance and other traffic requirements under the premise of making the mound twists and turns to ease the atmosphere of the round center of the island is too regimented. City road into the hilly area when the hill turns around. If you must go through in a straight line, the hilly areas on both sides of the road that have been damaged should be restored and repaired in a compensatory manner. Both have been in the roadside, to give some room for maneuver, naturally zigzagging back and forth, or ridge or valley, virtual and real. And on both sides of the skyline to make a big deal, the soil mountain undulation led to the trees and plants of the pitch and has a beautiful melody and a sense of rhythm of the trees in the skyline of the change. Artificial earth hill is also a means to increase the amount of green in the city. Because the slope area of the earth mountain is greater than the bottom area occupied by the earth mountain, elevation after the separation of plants occupy different elevations of space, green volume increased. If there is a large public **** green space or unit land and urban arterial roads connected on all sides. In order to isolate the traffic noise and dust, exhaust, can consider the use of lower land elevation, to the sunken bed terrain processing, around the earth mountain range and a large number of trees, from the side of the arterial road to see the earth mountain and trees are not too high, and in the land appears to be surrounded by the natural environment of the mountains and forests, in the small part of the sight distance and even the natural mountains and forests can be visually all the cover of the city's high-rise buildings and forget that they live in the downtown area. In short, the use and shaping of natural terrain as a means of modulation of the urban landscape is too artificial has a broad future, in fact, the current use is still very insufficient.

5 Cityscape features

The life of art is features. The cityscape as art must also create character. Characteristics of the enemy is imitation. A moment of wind, the competition to imitate. People in the city around the review and do not know where they live. The cause of the disease is not to learn from the advanced city how to find, capture and create features, so as to also find the characteristics of the city. Rather, it is a cloud of people, do not know why the cloud. Treatment of the cure is the main method of traditional Chinese garden art "skillful in the cause of borrowing, the essence of the body in the appropriate". Only through the cause of the result, the essence of how to experience the city's different appropriate, including appropriate and inappropriate natural resources and human resources. The first is to protect and develop the landscape features. Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty, "the landscape of Yuhang," said: "Yuhang landscape in all directions, the state beside the green mountain county pillow lake. Summarizes the three lakes and mountains on one side of the city's shape. West according to the lake mountain east to build the city. Hangzhou City, the protection and development of the lake and mountain in general is successful. But despite the three lakes and mountains, it is also limited to one side of the city's landscape load. High-rise buildings compete back to the West Lake will be formed from the lakeshore on the boat westbound "unbearable to look back" irony, the architects warning caricature as a blueprint, should be regarded as a lesson. Hangzhou expansion, to build a new city on the north bank of the Qiantang River, then do not press the Qiantang. The Qiantang River is less pressurized than the West Lake. The city must be along the river into a ribbon development. The blue line of the river should be connected with the green line, zigzagging along the river, the node at the expansion of green space, and high-rise buildings to live after the station. As a historical city, the cityscape should be subject to the constraints of history and culture. South Song Painting Academy created the West Lake Ten Scenes is a rigorous chapter where. West Lake in the southeast of WuShanXia area of the main scenery is "Leifeng sunset". And now in the old City God Temple on the site of the new City God Pavilion, ostensibly emphasizing the city road to the scene to be tall form, in fact, is purely economic point of view of the strange, creating a large City God Pavilion pressed in the Wu Hill, which destroys the ten scenic chapters of the West Lake, and will be closest to the grass-roots city of living in the most close to the city of the city of the God on a high shelf, it is saddening. The plaza under the hill imitates the Lingnan plastic stone craftsmanship. Ignoring the "real for fake, do fake into real", "the traditional reasoning, create a bunch of fake stone. Hangzhou Yuquan new mountain stream to Lingyin cold spring stream as a teacher, pick up a very successful, spare Hangzhou characteristics. It is the plastic stone is also outside the teacher of wushan stone to be created artificially. Sacrifice the end, sigh. The image of public **** building and residential buildings, on the one hand, to highlight the environmental characteristics of Hangzhou. On the one hand, to study the ancient architecture of Hangzhou, some of the characteristics of factors how to creatively use in modern architecture. Surprised to see Shanghai Pudong by foreign design of China's first high-rise Jinmao Building has Hangzhou Bao Shu linear charm. Modern high-rise buildings absorb the factors of ancient culture, which is worth thinking about. The characteristics of the cityscape is the sum of sub-factors, which also includes the iconic key landscape. There is a place for what is appropriate and a place for what is not, and it is important to recognize the existence of adverse climatic factors. Hangzhou is also different from the south of the Yangtze River, where summers are hot and winters are cold. In winter, outdoor sunlight is needed for warmth, so the proportion of broad-leaved evergreen and evergreen conifers should not be too large, and there should be a certain proportion of deciduous trees in the open space. One side of the region must have one side of the characteristics, from the natural resources in terms of landscape character, soil and stone quality, zonal flora of the landscape characteristics, and so on. The plant planting is mainly based on the zonal plant community as the teacher and there are a few plants introduced. In terms of human resources, each place has its own cultural lineage, and the ancient culture can be understood through studying and researching the local history. Through the collection of modern information and field research, we can also understand the development situation. And then the natural resources and human resources into a rope, can be found to create urban landscape characteristics of the factors are still very rich. The concept of borrowing landscape is very general, and the "skillfulness" of "skillfulness in borrowing" is reflected in the "randomness of borrowing landscape".p1 Mountain and water, the four seasons, trees and plants, wind and snow, day and night, cloud and sun can all be random places. Can not become a random place. Intentional creative intent often starts with just a spark of a star. To be good at catching tiny sparks, catch the right can be exaggerated and enlarged, and gradually from the logical thinking of the conceptual design to the image of the logical leap, the landscape will be logical. Garden components such as landscape, architecture, rocks, trees will not speak, must be given to the natural scenery with the help of cultural expression, the use of landscape name, forehead title, landscape association and cliff carvings as a means of expression, to accentuate the mood of the landscape. The creation of borrowed landscape requirements to "guess the absolute spirit of the strange" for the highest state, it seems to want to go crazy, think of the desperate to survive, which can achieve the "spirit of the strange" of the high level. Landscape creation is objective, depending on whether the objective and the viewer in the mind to produce **** Ming, so that people are moved, this is "no reason to borrow the scene, touching the feelings of all" of the truth.