300 words on China's ancient political system.

My Understanding of China's Ancient Political System

From ancient times to Qin and Han dynasties

Why do I choose the period from ancient times to Qin and Han Dynasties when I talk about the ancient political system in China? In my opinion, the political system changes from ancient times to Qin and Han dynasties are on the rise! From surrendering slavery to feudalism, ancient China has been at the forefront of the world. The abdication system was formed in ancient times, which made many scholars yearn for it later. The slave political system formed the most basic etiquette system in ancient China. Feudal system was formed in Qin dynasty and matured in Han dynasty! What's more, there is Qin Shihuang, who is a great talent, and it is also the era that formed exclusive Confucianism, which was used by later generations to control people's minds! ! !

Ancient times (abdication system)

Ancient productivity was weak. In order to meet the most basic problem of food and clothing, people have to live in groups. During this period, it can be said that the most basic problem of food and clothing has not been solved. As the saying goes, "the economic base determines the superstructure." Even the economic foundation has not been formed, so there is no political system in this period or the political system is still in its infancy! ! In this period, it smacks of socialism and anarchy! !

In this case, after a long period of development, human beings have made great progress in productivity and formed private property! Tribal system was formed in this period. During this period, a political system that many literati yearned for-abdication system!

So what is the abdication system?

The abdication system is the system of democratic election of leaders by tribal alliances in primitive society in China, that is, when tribal leaders are old, they call a meeting of tribal alliances and recommend talented people as heirs! !

China's abdication system was first recorded in Shangshu, but its authenticity has been controversial. However, in the official history, abdication system is greatly appreciated because it is the best political system. And there are also objections! I object, too. I think this political system may not exist at all. The evidence is that there were many so-called abdication systems in subsequent dynasties, such as the abdication of Wei Dynasty in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the abdication of Emperor Xuan Di in the Northern Qi Dynasty in the Eastern Wei Dynasty. According to this record, if the dynasty changes, it can be considered as abdication. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the system of abdication prevailed. This period may be a beautiful world fabricated by those officials to attack the political system at that time! ! !

Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties (slavery)

Human beings entered the slave society from ancient times, which was a manifestation of social rise and progress at that time. It was during this period that the Xia Dynasty, the first slave dynasty in China, was born! This period formed the earliest relatively complete etiquette system in China, which promoted the development of etiquette in the Zhou Dynasty!

So why did slavery come into being in this period instead of the Qin and Han Dynasties?

After the long evolution of mankind, the productivity of the tribe has been developed unprecedentedly, and there has been a surplus phenomenon. People's lives have settled down, and because of the good leadership at that time, there has been a surplus of products. After several generations of accumulation, the product surplus has formed a huge wealth. With great wealth, you want to have more privileges, leading to class division! The appearance of Xia Dynasty is the inevitable result of the development of productive forces. Fertility is the development of productive forces and the performance of progress! ! ! This is a necessity, not an accident! ! ! !

So what is slavery?

Slavery refers to the system in which slave owners own slaves. Labor activities must be dominated by slaves, without remuneration and personal freedom. Slaves generally come from prisoners of war, aborigines in occupied areas, debtors and criminals. Slavery generally appears in agricultural society. Slave society has brought mankind into the civilized era and promoted the great development of social productive forces, which is a great progress in history. But at the same time, slavery is also the most barbaric system, which can be clearly seen from the characteristics of slavery production relations and the experiences of slaves! ! ! The relationship between slave owners and slave classes is naked exploitation and exploitation. Slaves were deprived of all rights and engaged in the most intense and arduous labor under violence. The slave owner class occupies and dominates all the fruits of slaves' labor and leads a luxurious and luxurious parasitic life; Slaves can only get very little means of subsistence to maintain their lives.

My view is that slavery is not complete, but it is also a good political system. Despite its shortcomings, it was the best choice in that society and productivity at that time. At a time when mankind has just finished primitive society and stepped into a highly civilized society from a low-end or uncivilized society at that time, it is a good choice to choose to enter the slave society. It is the economic base that determines the performance of the superstructure! At that time, productivity was suitable for relations of production. However, the limitation of slave production relations always existed in slave society, but it did not become the dominant production relations in most of the early and middle stages of slave society. Only under the condition of the late slave society, the slave production relationship became an obstacle to the development of productive forces. Therefore, the process in which the limitations of slave production relations are increasingly exposed is the process in which slave production relations promote the development of productive forces to hinder the development of productive forces. Only after the emergence of new production tools did the limitations of slavery relations of production be fully exposed. The appearance of new production tools is a sign that productivity has developed to a new level, but more advanced production tools can not be widely used in slave labor, which proves that slave production relations have become the shackles of production development. In this sense, the emergence of new production tools is also the time when slavery production relations decline! ! !

Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period to Qin and Han Dynasties (feudal system)

From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, the feudal system was developed, established and realized! ! ! Slavery declined in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, but it did not become a complete political system at that time. In this era, a hundred schools of thought contended and made various propaganda and speeches on this school, hoping to be adopted by the vassal States at that time. Legalist Han Feizi was the first legalist who put forward the supremacy of monarchical power and the "three cardinal principles". Shang Jun's legalist works advocated attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce, which influenced all the later feudal social systems! ! So in my opinion, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are feudal systems, which are inseparable!

So what is feudalism?

Feudal system is a social system based on the feudal landlord class occupying land and exploiting the surplus labor of farmers (or serfs). Its basic form of exploitation is feudal land rent, and most of the products cultivated by farmers (or serfs) are deprived by feudal landlords as land rent. Superstructure is mainly a feudal country characterized by hierarchy. The main content of the leading ideology is to maintain the feudal exploitation system and feudal hierarchy and to promote feudal morality. Under the feudal system, the basic opposing classes of society are the landlord class and the peasant (or serf) class. Liu Zongyuan said, "Zhou has the world, and it is divided into five grades. After the group of countries, cloth travels around the world, and it spins together. " (Liu Zongyuan's Theory of Feudalism) The so-called "feudalism" means that the emperor of China "divided all his land", so that all the royal family and meritorious personnel got a land reward. It was feudalized according to its distance from the son of heaven and its contribution. Feudalism has five levels: male, hou, bo, zi and male. Men have the highest rank, the largest territory under enfeoffment, followed by Hou, followed by enfeoffment, and men have the smallest land.

Slavery existed before the feudal system, and the enfeoffment system prevailed in China before the centralized system was established by Qin Shihuang, especially in the Western Zhou Dynasty, when Zhou Wuwang abolished the business. At that time, there were many small vassal States, a small city-state with an area of several square kilometers, whose rulers were divided into monarchs by Zhou and pretended to be "countries". The social form of this period was strangely called "slave society". In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, a small vassal state gradually merged into a big vassal state. Until the end of the Warring States period, Qin annexed six countries and established a centralized country with county system. Because of the unification of China at that time, China society has abolished the enfeoffment system, and no vassal can be sealed and establish his own country. Self-reliance as a monarch is not allowed. There can only be one so-called emperor!

My opinion: the feudal system is a political system based on the small-scale peasant economy, an unhealthy political system and incompatible with the economy! ! The development of social forms in the period of agricultural society in China was ahead of that in Europe, while the patriarchal society in China was more progressive than the feudal system in Europe at the same time, and there were obvious differences between the two social forms. However, just like a precocious baby, China entered centralization prematurely politically, but fell far behind economically, which seriously hindered the development of China for two thousand years and made China's progress enter a "dead end" since the Qin Dynasty. This also implies that China was invaded by later powers and could not fight back! In China, feudalism did hinder the economy, but imperial power deliberately stifled the economic development.

If we look at the history of China for thousands of years, the so-called China culture: Confucianism and Taoism (except Buddhism) were all formed in feudal society. The dynasties after Qin and Han dynasties only inherited and developed this culture. Therefore, we call the era of Three Emperors and Five Emperors the era of highly civilized development in China, and it is an era in which Tessa emerges in large numbers. The high development of this material civilization and spiritual civilization depends entirely on this "feudal system". We compare feudalism with monarchy in China, and feudalism is also superior to imperialism: China has a history of more than 3,000 years (or 5,000 years), with feudal society and imperial society accounting for about half (divided by Qin and Wei), and slave society only experienced three dynasties (Xia, Shang and Zhou). If we say five thousand years, it can be traced back to the Shennong period, and the feudal society is even longer. ), and the imperial dynasty as many as twenty. In terms of long-term stability, feudalism is more reasonable than monarchy. Feudalism is divide and rule, and feudalism can give full play to people's initiative.