How many roles does Beijing Opera have?

Born, plain face, divided into niche, old student and martial student;

Dan, female, divided into Hua Dan, Lao Dan, Tsing Yi and Peking Opera blues;

Net, draw a face;

Ugly, Wen Chou, ugly.

Finally, most of them are men over middle age. In fact, the end of the line is devoted to the function of attracting drama, such as the first appearance, which is called "the end" because it has the opposite meaning. It can be considered as a kind of old students. . .

According to the traditional custom, there are two ways to classify characters in China's traditional operas, namely "life, Dan, purity and ugliness" and "life, Dan, purity, beauty and ugliness". Since modern times, the "Mei" line of many operas has gradually been classified as "Sheng", and "Sheng, Dan, Jing and Ugliness" are usually regarded as four lines. Every profession has its own branches, and each branch has its own basically fixed characters and performance characteristics. Among them, "Dan" is a general term for female roles; "Fate", "net" and two lines are male roles; In the "ugly" line, except sometimes playing ugly Dan and old Dan, most of them are male roles.

Generally speaking, the makeup of "Sheng" and "Dan" is painted with a little powder to achieve the beautification effect. This kind of makeup is called "dressing up", also called "plain face" or "cleansing". Its characteristic is "a thousand people have one side", that is, all the faces of the word "sheng" are the same, no matter how many words, they are all a face from the face; The face of the word "Dan" is similar no matter how many words. The characters of "Sheng" and "Dan" mainly depend on their performances and costumes.

Make-up with facial makeup is a variety of roles used by "clean" and "ugly" businesses, which change the true colors of actors with exaggerated strong colors and ever-changing lines, in contrast to the "raw" and "Dan" makeup of "plain face". The hook faces of "clean" and "ugly" characters are determined by different people, and everyone has a score. Although it is composed of stylized spectrum, it is a kind of personality makeup, which directly expresses the personality of the characters. There are as many "clean" and "ugly" characters as there are spectrum samples, which is different. Therefore, the characteristics of facial makeup are ever-changing.

"Net", commonly known as face painting. Characterized by patterned facial makeup outlined in various colors, it shows rough, strange and heroic characters in personality and temperament. This kind of characters should be broad and bright in performance, with vigorous singing, rough and sharp action modeling lines, large "color blocks", large opening and closing, and magnificent bearing. Such as Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Cao Cao, Bao Zheng and Lian Po.

According to their identity, personality, artistic and technical characteristics, net walkers can be divided into Zheng Jing (commonly known as Dahualian), Vice Jing (commonly known as Erhualian) and Wu Jing (commonly known as Wuerhua). There are shelves and two faces in the sub-net. Ugliness is commonly known as small face or three faces.

Zheng Jing (big face), mainly a singer. In Beijing opera, it is also called bronze hammer painted face or blackhead painted face. His roles include Lian Po in The General's Peace and Bao Zheng in My Beauty Case. Most of them are important officials of the imperial court, and winning by magnanimity is their modeling feature.

Sub-net (also known as Erhualian) can be divided into painted surface and Erhualian. Frame painting of facial makeup mainly focuses on workmanship, emphasizing body movements, and playing bold and brave positive figures, such as Lu, Zhang Fei and jy. , also play villains, such as Cao Cao, who is the white face in Beijing opera, and so on. In other operas, most of them are not called face painting on the shelf, and some operas are called face painting on sandals, such as Sichuan Opera and xiang opera. Erhualian is also a kind of face painting on the shelf, with few scenes and sometimes ugly performances, such as Liu Biao of Famen Temple.

Jason Wu (Wu Erhua) can be divided into two categories: heavy hand-holding and heavy fall. Yang in Golden Beach and other characters in Siping Mountain are mainly introduced. A heavy fall and a beating, also known as beating. For example, in Pulling a Pulley, Niu Hao is a shelf face, and Jin Wushu is Wu Hualian. The martial arts department of Jin Wu turned the black wind into a face.

"Ugliness" (small face or three faces) is a comedy character. Drawing a face between nose and eye socket plays a funny and funny role. Generally speaking, they don't repeat singers in their performances, but mainly speak clearly and fluently. It can be divided into two branches: Wen Chou and Wu Chou.

Suddenly, I was curious about the origin of the words "raw, fresh and ugly". I looked up some information and found a specific explanation, which was very interesting. Here is a brief introduction of "raw, fresh, clean and ugly" as the four major businesses of Beijing opera. The origin of its name, the legend is the opposite.

"Life" is unfamiliar, and the most taboo for actors is life. Taking the word "raw" means that the performance of raw characters should be sophisticated and mature. There are "Xiao Sheng" (scholar), "Wu Sheng", "Xu Sheng" (black beard in literature and red beard in martial arts) and "old student".

"Dan" refers to the rising sun, representing yang and referring to men. The actress plays a female, which means "Dan". The bombs include Tsing Yi bomb, Hua bomb, Beijing Opera blues bomb, Cai Dan bomb and Lao Dan bomb.

"Clean" means clean. And the clear corners are all painted faces. It looks very unclean, and the antonym of unclean is clean, hence the name. "Clean" includes "painting face", "shelf painting face", "small painting face", "second class painting face", "bronze hammer painting face" and "black head".

"Ugliness" is a cow according to its genus, and cows are stupid. "Ugliness" is synonymous with "stupidity". To play a clown, you need to be cheerful and smart, and use the word "ugly" to remind actors not to be as stupid as cows. Ugliness includes Wen Chou, Wu Ugly and Clown. "Ugliness" can be divided into one type (playing positive characters), two types (playing playboy) and three types (playing ordinary people).

However, at this time, some people pointed out its absurdity. For example, Zhu Zhishan, a writer in the Ming Dynasty, said in Tan Wei: "It is absurd to call birth, purity, purity, and ultimate name, or to call it Tang Zhuangzong.

Life is a person. Once you pretend to be a person, you are pure and clean. After all, you are a person with a local accent. What's the point? "This obviously denies the role of traditional Chinese opera" anti-metaphor ".

So, how did the name "Sheng, Sheng, Sheng, Sheng, Sheng, Sheng, Sheng" come from?

Say "raw" first. Zhu Zhishan said: "Life is a person." Simple, but reasonable. Mr, epigenetic, Confucian scholars, Zhang Sheng, Li Sheng, etc. Isn't the original meaning of "sheng" all a title for men? Some people may think that this is too simple and ordinary, and insist on studying the mystery, which leads to some far-fetched statements.

Say "Dan" again. People often wonder why women on the stage are called "Dan". Zhou, a historian of traditional Chinese opera, believes that the word "Dan" evolved from the word "sister". The order is "Sister" first, and "Sister" is mistaken for "Big" (There are Old Lonely Big, Double Selling Big, Mix Store in the Song Dynasty, and "Big" is the fault of "Sister". "Sister" has always been a name for women. Since "Dan" is the fault of "Sister", it is easy to understand that "Dan Jiao" plays women exclusively.

Say "net" Yuan Man Ke Danqiu thinks that "purity" is the mistake of "beauty". He explained: "Fu Fenmo's smile is white and green. It was called beautiful clothes in ancient times, but now it is a net." "Clean" facial makeup is really white and green, which accords with the meaning of "beautiful". The author thinks that Ke Danqiu's statement is reliable.

Speaking of "ugliness", there is no need to explain it. Just relative to "handsome". Don't people often say "ugly play" and "handsome play"? Although not all the characters played by "clowns" are bad people, most of them have to put a piece of white powder on their noses, and their images are ugly after all.

The last line plays a man over middle age. The term "end mud" or "clue color" in northern zaju generally refers to the right angle of the end, which is the same as the word "fate" in Song and Yuan zaju, but has different meanings from "end". The "Duan" in Southern Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties is actually the "Deputy Duan", which not only serves as a newspaper station to introduce the plot outline and the theme of the play, but also plays a secondary role in the plays with low social status. The "late" line of Kunqu Opera was developed after the foot color system of Nanqu Opera in Song, Yuan and Yuan Dynasties. According to the way of Nankun, three families, including the old man, the deputy end and the foreigner, took shape in the middle of Qing Dynasty.