Graduation thesis: fixed assets fraud and review methods

The reduction of fixed assets is caused by many reasons, and its destination is not the same. Different methods should be adopted when checking.

(A) the verification of major fraud in the sale of fixed assets

The main fraud in the sale of fixed assets focuses on concealing income, selling at a low price and calling it selling waste.

1. Conceal income

Concealing the variable price income of fixed assets mostly occurs in machinery and equipment. This kind of fraud is mostly collective fraud, which is instructed by leaders and completed with the cooperation of relevant departments (equipment management, finance and other departments). Usually, a person has to go through certain procedures to transport equipment from the workshop, and he has to get an exit permit to transport equipment from the factory. Even if he receives the money transferred from the bank, he will collude with the financial department of the enterprise. The difficulty can be imagined. If yes; Multi-faceted joint fraud, the complexity of inspection work is increasing, and it needs in-depth and meticulous work.

To verify the fraudulent behavior of colluding to conceal the incomings of fixed assets, we should start from the following aspects: ① Take stock of fixed assets, observe the reasons for the discovered inventory losses of fixed assets (especially the inventory losses of machinery and equipment), and it is best to inquire the whereabouts of fixed assets every week by asking the workshop users, the personnel in charge of equipment management department and accounting department; (2) Analyze the collection records in the deposit journal; Focus on observing whether there is income from the sale of fixed assets caused by non-sales business in the income account. Of course; If cash is received, the inspection can only provide clues with the help of insiders, which undoubtedly makes the verification work passive.

the sale price

When selling the fixed assets, the relevant personnel of the enterprise sell them to the related households, relatives and friends at a low price in private without disclosing the information in advance, resulting in economic losses of the enterprise. In most cases, the manager himself has got some benefits; such as

If enterprises can adopt the form of public bidding when dealing with and selling fixed assets, they can ensure the maximization of asset value and safeguard the economic interests of enterprises.

When performing the inspection procedures, all the fixed assets that have been sold should be counted first, and the original value, net value, changing price and other items should be reflected respectively. When it is found that the variable selling price is too low compared with the net value and there is a big gap, it should be investigated as a doubt: ① Ask workshop users and relevant personnel of equipment management department to evaluate the old and new degree of machinery and equipment to judge the rationality of the variable selling price; ② Investigate the relationship between the agent selling the equipment and the buyer, and if the relationship is special or close, further find out whether there is collusion and cheating. There is a problem that needs attention here: it is undoubtedly fraudulent to sell machinery and equipment to people with close ties at low prices, but when the parties argue skillfully, they are easily mistaken for negligence, and it is extremely difficult to distinguish between the two responsibilities.

3. Selling waste

Some enterprises have sold the machinery and equipment that can be used clearly, but they are treated as scrapped in the whole procedure and accounting treatment. Enterprises divide or hide the sales income of so-called "waste products", or only record a part of the price symbolically, and most of the prices are managed in a small till after receiving cash. This kind of behavior is a serious fraud and harms the interests of enterprises.

To verify the act of selling and calling it scrapping, it is important to find out why the so-called "scrapped" fixed assets are scrapped. If the machinery and equipment have reached the service life, this kind of scrapping belongs to normal scrapping; If the service life of machinery and equipment is far from the specified service life, this kind of scrapping is in doubt. You can refer to the technical appraisal and approval procedures for the scrapping of machinery and equipment. At the same time, check the disposal of the so-called "scrapped" machinery and equipment: First, check whether the sale of "scrap" has achieved a higher price. If the price is high, there may be fraud; The second is to find out who the "waste" was sold to. Obviously, it should be sold to recycling units. If it is sold to a company that can use similar machinery and equipment (you can judge by looking at the name of the paying company), it may be that the equipment has not really been scrapped, and you can write to the company or conduct on-the-spot investigation. In the inspection, we should consider making a breakthrough in doubtful points and seek a reasonable explanation from contradictory phenomena in order to find fraud.

(two) to verify the major fraud in the business of scrapping and damaging fixed assets. The scrapping of fixed assets can be divided into early scrapping, timely scrapping and delayed scrapping after delayed use, while the scrapping caused by damage belongs to early scrapping. There are many disadvantages of scrapping fixed assets in advance, including: covering up accidents, reporting losses with losses, concealing residual value and listing expenses to reduce waste with sales;

1. Cover up the accident

In some enterprises, when the fixed assets are scrapped due to liability accidents, administrative and economic responsibilities will not be investigated because of the personal relationship or behind-the-scenes transactions between the responsible person and the enterprise leaders. This means that the losses caused by the responsible person cannot be compensated, and more similar accidents may occur.

To verify the fraud that covers up the liability accident, you can refer to the Fixed Assets Scrapping Appraisal Form to check the reasons for scrapping and judge whether it is related to the liability accident. If the service life reaches or approaches the specified number of years, it can be regarded as normal scrapping, and there is no need to analyze whether it is scrapped due to liability accidents. Scrapping fixed assets far from reaching the specified life ahead of schedule; The specific reasons should be traced; When the relevant information does not confirm that this is a scrap caused by a liability accident, we should still interview the insiders of the original user department (it is best not to ask the original user) to understand the real situation.

2. Fill the waste with losses

Some enterprises will lose fixed assets in order to cover up management loopholes, such as theft, loss or damage of fixed assets caused by poor management; As an ordinary normal scrap processing. This practice can prevent the owners of enterprise assets from accusing the management authorities, but because the hidden dangers of management have not been eliminated, it may bring more losses of fixed assets.

For the verification of filling waste with loss, the focus should be on the composition of scrapped fixed assets of enterprises, especially the specific situation of scrapped fixed assets in advance. For the explanation of scrapping that cannot be justified and is inconsistent, we should check the reasons for scrapping fixed assets in advance and confirm the actual reasons through extensive investigation. Under normal circumstances, there may be a lot of fixed assets to cover losses. If it is one, the value will be more expensive. Otherwise the possibility will become very small. Based on this judgment, inspectors can focus on dealing with a large number of scrapped fixed assets at one time, and it is best to collect evidence by means of on-site interviews with departments in order to find clues and make breakthroughs.

3. Hide surplus value

Because fixed assets generally produce some waste when scrapped, or some still have certain use value when dismantled (such as being used as spare parts), according to the regulations, taxable residual income is considered as 3% ~ 5% of the original value of fixed assets, and in A.

Enterprises, if this income can be realized, it will be+a lot of income. Some enterprises often do not record the residual income of fixed assets, which leads to the loss of enterprise income. Inspectors should not ignore the verification of concealing residual income.

The inspection methods that can be adopted are as follows: ① Recheck the detailed account of "Fixed Assets Cleaning", and focus on observing whether there is any unrecorded residual income; If a class of multiple fixed assets are scrapped at the same time, it can measure whether the estimated value of residual income is low; If the fixed assets are scrapped, it should also be calculated whether there is a deliberate underestimation of the residual income; (2) If possible; You can track and check the collection of the estimated residual income after the sale of the corresponding abandoned physical objects. Some enterprises have a lot of scrapped fixed assets, and if they are not disposed of in time, the discarded items will pile up together, which may make it difficult to carry out such follow-up inspection.

4. Multi-column expenses

When the fixed assets are scrapped, due to the need of disassembly and handling. Cleaning costs are usually incurred. Some enterprises may increase their actual expenses or take a "free ride" way to include illegal expenses in their expenses, resulting in false profits and losses of fixed assets.

The verification of multi-column expense fraud should be considered: on the one hand, it is necessary to consult relevant experts to understand the cost budget or conventional standards of similar fixed assets cleaning business, and judge whether the expenses are multi-column based on this; Money paid to individuals can be verified by inquiry. On the other hand, we should pay attention to the legality, rationality, authenticity and standardization of the bill itself, look for doubts and find a breakthrough.

(3) Verification of major fraud in fixed assets investment transfer-out business

Foreign investment in fixed assets is a manifestation of the outflow of fixed assets of enterprises. Because the handover between units involves the evaluation of the value of fixed assets, it may happen that the value of fixed assets is underestimated and the assets of enterprises are lost. In addition, investment can bring benefits, and some enterprises deliberately hide their benefits, which not only affects the payment of income tax, but also may turn public into private and commit fraud. The audit of fixed assets investment transfer-out business should mainly verify fraudulent acts such as deliberate underpricing, concealing income and falsely reporting losses.

1. Deliberately lower the price

The person in charge of the enterprise's foreign investment authorizes the intermediary agency to deliberately depress the evaluation value when evaluating the fixed assets to be invested. Its purpose may be: first, to get some benefits from the other enterprise, regardless of the economic interests of the enterprise; Second, fixed assets can be invested in joint-stock enterprises with employees as shareholders, and the personal rights and interests of employees can be increased in disguise through the loss of state-owned assets.

The determination of intentional underpricing fraud can be realized by comparing the difference between the net book value of fixed assets transferred from investment and the evaluation price: if the latter is much lower than the former, there is the possibility of intentional underpricing. In order to verify the situation, we can choose two ways to verify: one is to find the user of fixed assets when the investment is transferred out, and evaluate the old and new degree of fixed assets and work efficiency; Second, if possible, the inspectors will organize experts to evaluate the value of the fixed assets currently used by the recipient, so as to check whether there is any abnormal situation that its current evaluation value is higher than the evaluation value at the time of investment transfer. Once there is fraudulent behavior of deliberately lowering the price, the original evaluation value should be changed and regarded as illegal. If this effort cannot be realized, the economic responsibility of the relevant personnel should be investigated.

Step 2 hide your income

The purpose of fixed assets investment is to obtain income, but in some enterprises, two situations may be found: not reflecting fixed assets investment, and then concealing investment income to turn public into private; Although the investment in fixed assets has been reflected, the income from registered investment has not been seen for a long time on the grounds that there is no income from investment. If we make an in-depth investigation, we may find that enterprises conceal their income and do not report it for personal gain.

(1) The following methods can be used to verify the intentional concealment of investment income caused by the concealment of investment in fixed assets: ① Please ask the employees in charge of investment in certified enterprises to fully understand the investment in fixed assets, and they will prepare a detailed investment status questionnaire on their behalf, and compare it with the investment in fixed assets registered in the accounting books of enterprises to find out the differences. If the former is greater than the latter, there is the possibility of missing the investment in fixed assets; At this time, one is to ask the relevant personnel about the reasons for this difference, and the other is to ask the recipient to grasp the specific situation. ② Revitalize the fixed assets, especially the types with high innovation rate and excess production capacity of machinery and equipment, so as to determine the profit and loss. If there is a lot of inventory loss, it may be caused by the transfer of fixed investment. You can ask the relevant personnel in the workshop about the reasons for the transfer of fixed assets, or the equipment management department can make relevant explanations. The above two tests can provide verification clues, and it is appropriate to follow up the inquiry on this basis.

Although the investment in fixed assets is reflected in the account books, the fraud of concealing and not reporting the corresponding investment income can be verified by the following methods: ① Make statistics on the assets investment projects in Zhou Ding, and if necessary, make inquiries to verify it. At the same time, check with the detailed records of the "long-term investment" account book to see if there are any omissions. (2) Check the investment income records item by item when confirming that there is no omission of fixed assets investment. For projects with recorded investment income, the correctness of the income should be measured, and whether there are problems such as underreporting can be checked according to the agreement or the company's articles of association; For projects that have not received investment income, they can be confirmed by asking the payee or other units that jointly invest. After obtaining the evidence of investment income from the outside, we should use the method of querying the bank statement to find out whether the income has been omitted (refer to the deposit journal and the account book classification of the enterprise) or whether the enterprise has transferred the investment income to other accounts.

3. False reporting of losses

After a few years of investment in fixed assets, there is no profit, and then the original investment in fixed assets is written off on the grounds of loss on the grounds of overall loss or insolvency of the invested enterprise. Such incidents are endless. Potential frauds in such incidents may include: investing in state-owned assets for factory directors and managers; Concealing investment income; Income has not been transferred temporarily due to collusion between the operator and the other party; Or pretend to be an investment mistake and embezzle the fixed assets transferred from investment. Only the verification of the last case is introduced here.

The key to confirm the loss of fixed assets from investment transfer is to check the relevant supporting documents. If there is no document, the confirmation of this loss cannot be established in form. It can be verified by extensive internal and external inquiries, and the doubts can be captured from the information provided by different parties. The best way to confirm the investment loss is to accept the investor's internal investigation. If the document proving the loss of investment in fixed assets is written by the person in charge of the enterprise and authorized to write off the original investment, then this person is suspected of colluding with the other party. Sometimes, the authorization to write off the investment amount in the form of enterprise documents may also stem from the manipulation of enterprise operators to obtain some economic benefits. Because these certificates from inside the enterprise are not credible, inspectors should consider transferring the receiver to make up for it, and it is best to obtain written documents of bankruptcy liquidation of the receiver or certificates issued by authoritative institutions such as courts. In a large number of such cases, it is common for business operators to write off state-owned assets investment by themselves; Because it is difficult for most employees to know, no one dares to pursue or has no evidence to pursue the fait accompli of most write-offs, and the internal inspection will go away. For the inspection of such cases, we should dig deep to prevent the loss of enterprise assets.