As far as the development history of agricultural tools is concerned, which three stages can it be divided into?

The origin of farm tools can be traced back to the time when simple farm tools were used in primitive society. In China, as early as the Yangshao culture period of Neolithic Age (about 5000 ~ 3000 BC), there was a primitive farming tool-Lei Gang. In the 3rd century BC/KLOC-,people in Niu Geng used copper plowshares. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period from the 8th century BC to the 3rd century BC, there had been a series of iron and wooden farm tools for farming, sowing, harvesting, processing and irrigation. Around 90 BC, Zhao invented three rows of cymbals, that is, three rows of drills, and its basic structure is still in use today. By the 9th century, a fairly complete animal-drawn plough share had been formed. In ancient books such as Qi Yaomin's Book (about 540), Jing Lei Jing (about 880), Wang Zhennong's Book (about 13 10) and Heavenly Creations (1637), it was used in agricultural production in various periods. In the west, the original wooden plow originated in Mesopotamia and Egypt, and the iron plow head was used around 1000 BC. 19 to the beginning of the 20th century is the era of the development and wide application of new animal-drawn agricultural machinery. 183 1 year, American C.H. McCormick successfully manufactured the horse-drawn harvester. 1936, the first horse-drawn grain combine appeared. During the period of 1850 ~ 1855, grain seeder, lawn mower and corn seeder were manufactured and popularized successively. At the beginning of the 20th century, tractors driven by internal combustion engines began to gradually replace livestock. As traction power, tractors are widely used in various field operations to drive various fixed agricultural machinery. At the end of 1930s, H.G. Ferguson of Britain successfully created the tractor's farm tool suspension system, which made the tractor and farm tools form a whole and greatly improved the use and operation performance of the tractor. The suspension system of farm tools controlled by hydraulic system also makes the operation and control of farm tools more portable and flexible. Agricultural machinery and tools matched with tractors gradually changed from traction type to suspension type and semi-suspension type, which reduced the weight and simplified the structure of agricultural machinery and tools. Since the 1940s, combine harvesters in Europe and America have gradually changed from traction to self-propelled. In 1960s, harvesting machinery for fruits and vegetables was developed. Since 1970s, electronic technology has been gradually applied to the monitoring of agricultural machinery operation process, and gradually developed to automation of operation process.

Development:

The emergence and development of farm tools and agriculture are synchronous and promote each other. In the primitive agricultural period, agricultural production was relatively extensive, and the materials of farm tools were mainly stones, bones, mussels and wood. Species can be divided into three categories: cultivation, harvesting and processing. Farming generally includes shovels, hoes and hoes; Harvesting includes knives, sickles, etc. The most common processing types are stone mill and stone mill bar. In addition, there are farm tools made of antlers. Pottery has been invented and applied for a long time, mainly used for drawing water, storing things and cooking food. Since then, the development of farm tools in various periods is roughly as follows.

Agriculture improved in Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, but the materials used were mainly wood, stone and bone. At that time, bronze was produced, but it was mostly used for weapons, food containers and ritual vessels. By the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were only some farming tools. Editor's note), and harvesting tools are made of bronze. In addition, there is a wooden hammer with a long wooden handle, which is used to break the ground and compact the ridge. Pumping and irrigation equipment, which is very important in agriculture, existed in Shang Dynasty. Buckets and buckets in the Western Zhou Dynasty were used to get water from ponds and wells for irrigation. Although the variety of farm tools in this period did not increase much and the efficiency was not high, it laid the foundation for the development of iron farm tools later.

The rise of iron smelting industry in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period led to a great change in the history of agricultural tools in China: iron tools replaced wood and stone tools, which made a qualitative leap in agricultural productivity. The vast majority of farm tools in the Warring States period were made of wood with iron blades, that is, an iron blade was put on the wood, which greatly improved the production efficiency compared with the past wood and stone farm tools. From the archaeological unearthed objects, the use of V-shaped iron plow head at that time was beneficial to reduce the resistance when plowing; Iron □ (or samarium) can increase the excavation depth; Spades can be effectively used for weeding, loosening soil, restoring soil and nourishing soil. In addition, Lian □, which was popular in this period, was an effective threshing farm tool and was used by later generations for a long time.

After the unification of China in the Qin, Han, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, especially since the Han Dynasty, due to the great development of iron smelting industry, not only iron farm tools became more popular, but also with the development of agricultural production, the types of farm tools increased and the quality was greatly improved. After the mid-Western Han Dynasty, the wooden core and iron blade farm tools have been replaced by all-iron farm tools. With the popularization of Niu Geng, the plough has also been innovated. Besides all iron, it has also created a plough wall, which is more conducive to deep ploughing and breaking soil. The giant ploughshare used for ditching in the Eastern Han Dynasty weighed 15 kg and was about 40 cm long. The structure of Qu Yuan's plough recorded in Lei Geng Jing in Tang Dynasty is more complex and complete, and it consists of a plow bottom, a plow □ etc. 1 1. It has been able to carry out deep tillage and shallow tillage as needed, adjust the width of cultivated land, and it is convenient to operate. Since the Han dynasty, agricultural tools, such as plowing, grinding and leveling land, hoeing and shoveling, harvesting and crocheting, have appeared and gradually improved.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties have gained new achievements, such as breaking ground to conserve moisture and leveling the land. Another farm tool was invented at this time. Wheel (wheel, ground shaft) is composed of stone frame and wooden frame, which is a kind of soil crushing compactor. In the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, it developed into a wheel with thorns. In this period, the emergence of seeder is a great progress to improve agricultural production efficiency. There are three hoes at the lower end of the plow, namely three ditchers, and a funnel for storing seeds is installed in the middle. When sowing, the ox cart pulls and sows while ditching, which is both fast and good. The creation and improvement of irrigation equipment is also of great significance. In the past, Torreya grandis mainly used levers, which was not only laborious, but also inconvenient for deep well pumping and large-scale irrigation. The pulley or pulley created in the Han Dynasty greatly improved the efficiency of pumping water. Rollover (i.e. keel waterwheel) was first used for pond irrigation in Gong Yuan at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and then it was gradually popularized among the people. After the continuous innovation in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty, it can be called a great creation of irrigation tools. It uses gears to drive many wipers on the chain to scrape water into the car slot, which is driven by human or animal power. When it is used for water pumping and irrigation, its efficiency is far superior to the previous irrigation equipment. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the earliest siphon appeared.

The vertical waterwheel invented in the Tang, Song and Five Dynasties is mainly used to take water from deep wells, and also uses the gear principle. As for the high turnover vehicle, it is a device connected by many bamboo tubes, which pumps water into the tubes and lifts it to a high place with the help of hydraulic shafts, mainly used in the Yangtze River basin. In addition, in the processing of agricultural products, such as the use of windmills, the progress of rice threshing tools from Chu Jiu to pedal cymbals to hydraulic cymbals, especially the continuous grinding with multiple gears rotating together, the efficiency has been greatly improved. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the development of farm tools in China surpassed the previous generation in power utilization, machine improvement, variety increase and application scope. There are only more than 30 kinds of farm tools recorded in the Book of Qi Yaomin in the Northern Wei Dynasty. However, as many as 105 kinds of farm tools were included in the Farm Tools Atlas in Wang Zhennong's Book in Yuan Dynasty, which almost included all the farm tools and was beautifully illustrated. At this time, lassos and hooks also appeared. The noose divides "a bar" into two ropes, which can increase Niu Geng's traction; Hook is to separate the power machine from the working machine. In this way, using lasso to serve cattle can greatly shorten the plow body and make it easy to rotate, so Niu Geng can be used not only peacefully in paddy fields, but also in hilly and mountainous areas. In the meantime, there is also an improved plow, in which a □ (plow) knife is installed on the plow bed or plow shaft, which can remove reed weeds and facilitate farming. In paddy field production, there are shovels and intertillage farm tools. Tai is a soil compactor, which can be used with tractors to compact the soil after sowing. The invention of seedling horse in Song Dynasty can reduce the labor intensity of pulling out seedlings in rice field production. During this period, there also appeared high-efficiency combined farm tools, such as wheat cages for sowing and fertilizing, harvesting, farm tools consisting of wheat husks and straws, hoes that can be cultivated for 20 A Mu days, and multi-purpose waterwheels. In addition to human and animal power, agricultural power also uses wind and water for irrigation, drainage and agricultural products processing. The S-shaped hook, which appeared in the Jin Dynasty, has been widely used in the Central Plains. It improves the connection device between the power of farm tools and the working machine, doubles its own tension, improves the connection between farm tools such as plows, plows, harrows, plows and hoes, and power mechanisms such as animal power, water power and wind power and the working machine in various agricultural processes, and improves the efficiency.

Compared with Yuan Dynasty, the agricultural tools in Ming and Qing Dynasties changed little and developed slowly, but some of them were still improved. For example, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, there was a pulling rope instead of a ploughing frame, and the plough was pulled by a winch, so that farming could be done "sitting hard and moving freely". During this period, open hoes appeared in the north, and hoes, insect combs and insect-proof pulleys appeared in the south, reflecting the increasingly high requirements of traditional agriculture for intensive cultivation. At the same time, due to the development of iron and steel smelting and casting technology, the creation and improvement of farm tool parts have also made great progress.

In the early days of People's Republic of China (PRC), new animal-drawn agricultural tools were widely developed, such as step plows, hoes, seeders, harvesters and waterwheels. At the end of 1950s, China began to establish tractors and its supporting agricultural machinery manufacturing industry. Luoyang No.1 Tractor Factory was completed and put into operation on 1959. 1956, China made a breakthrough in the principle of rice seedling separation for the first time. Manual and motorized transplanters were finalized and put into production in the mid-1960s. 1965 produced self-propelled full-feed grain combine harvester, and developed semi-feed rice combine harvester from 1958. By the mid-1970s, a dozen products were finalized and a few models were produced in small batches. 1972 The boat tractor (tractor) successfully manufactured provided multi-purpose traction power for paddy fields in southern China, especially in hot fields where water accumulated all the year round. By the end of 1984, there were 854,000 large and medium-sized tractors, 3.298 million small and walking tractors, 350,000 agricultural vehicles, 6/kloc-0.50 million agricultural irrigation and drainage power machines, 5 15.7 million agricultural pumps and 655,438+057,000 large and medium-sized tractors. 2918,000 small tractors, 3,586/kloc-0 grain combine harvesters, 0/39,000 feed pulverizers, 388/kloc-0 rice mills, cotton ginning machines and oil presses, and 68/kloc total agricultural power. 1984, the mechanized farming area reached 524 million mu, accounting for 39% of the cultivated land area. The electromechanical irrigation area reached 376 million mu, accounting for 56.4% of the irrigation area.