Characteristics of porcelain kiln

Ouyao ancient porcelain kiln. In Wenzhou, Yongjia and Ruian, Zhejiang, it is the concentration of Zhejiang porcelain industry, second only to Yueyao. It started in the Eastern Han Dynasty and ended in the Song Dynasty. Jin Deyu's Fu Yuan: The selection of utensils comes from Dong 'ou. Fu Sheng of Pan Yue: It's sweet to insert yellow buds, and satisfy your needs by pouring pale porcelain. European kiln porcelain tires are white in color, delicate in quality, light blue in glaze and high in transparency, so they are called pale celadon. Around the late Tang Dynasty, the glaze color was pure blue or bluish yellow, which nourished jade. Most of the varieties of Ou kilns are the same as those of Yue kilns, and they pay attention to artistic modeling. Bowls, plates, pots, lamp holders and other imitation flowers and fruits in the late Tang Dynasty were lively and beautiful.

Wuzhou Kiln is a famous porcelain kiln besides Yue Kiln in Zhejiang. The kiln site is in Jinhua, Zhejiang. Tang Luyu's Tea Classic listed it as the third generation celadon kiln. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, kiln sites were all over Jinhua, Lanxi, Dongyang, Yongkang, Wuyi and other counties, and they were still fired in the Yuan Dynasty. In the late Western Jin Dynasty, Wuzhou kiln began to use red soil as blank, and the burned tires were dark purple or dark gray. Due to the use of white cosmetic soil, the glaze layer is moist and soft, and the glaze color is slightly brown, blue-gray or blue-yellow. Glaze cracking with milky yellow or milky white crystals is a unique phenomenon of Wuzhou kiln celadon. Wuzhou Kiln in Song Dynasty also has green, bean green, grass green, pink green and other colors, which have a sense of luster. The products of Wuzhou kiln in past dynasties belong to folk porcelain, and the types of utensils are less than those of Yue kiln, mainly daily utensils such as pots, cans, pots, bowls and bottles, and most of them are rough. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the three countries once produced funerary wares such as pigsty and water well, and after the Tang Dynasty, they produced funerary wares such as polygonal bottles and piled pattern bottles. The shape of porcelain is similar to that of Yue kiln and Ou kiln, and its style is simple and elegant. Simple decoration, all carved patterns.

Hongzhou Kiln is one of the famous kilns in Tang Dynasty. In Luohu, west bank of Ganjiang River, Fengcheng County, Jiangxi Province. It started at the end of the Southern Dynasties and ended in the late Tang Dynasty. Mainly burned celadon, the glaze color is generally light, bluish yellow; Dark brown. There is also yellow-brown glazed porcelain, the matrix processing is not fine, which conforms to Lu Yu's tea classics: Hongzhou porcelain brown. Another kind of celadon glaze porcelain is dark in color and bright in gray-green. Hongzhou kiln pays attention to decoration, and is engraved with many flowers and patterns, which are symmetrically arranged along the peripheral wall of the utensils.

Tongguan Kiln is a famous kiln in Tang Dynasty. Wazhaping, Tongguan Town, Changsha, Hunan. Also known as Changsha Kiln and Wazhaping Kiln. Glaze colors are blue, yellow, black and white. He also pioneered the decoration techniques of underglaze colored ware and painting on porcelain, that is, using brown or green spots to form geometric patterns under blue glaze, and using strokes to draw clouds and geometric patterns under white glaze or blue-yellow glaze. In addition, there are molding decals, printing, carving, stacking and other decorations. There are pots, bottles, cups, plates, bowls, lamps and lovely toys, such as birds, lions, pigs, fish and frogs. After the Ming Dynasty, Tongguan Kiln produced daily-use pottery, such as vats, wine jars, wide bowls and teapots. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, blue glazed pottery and yellow glazed pottery were the main products, including kettles and kettles. Through blank printing and blank drawing forming, the pattern is carved on the blank printing die, and the forming and printing are completed at one time. 1966 added Bordeaux, black and red glazes. 1976 created stoneware bags and flower sets, with fine embryo, smooth glaze and high mechanical strength. Glaze colors include coffee, grain yellow, beige, purple, light blue, etc., decorated with various lace, screen decals, printing, underglaze multi-color paintings, etc.

Shouzhou kiln Tang dynasty porcelain kiln. The kiln site is located in Shangyao Town, Majiagang, Yujiagou and Waiyao in Huainan City, Anhui Province. The Tang Dynasty belonged to Qingzhou, hence its name. Sui is the location of Huainan kiln, firing celadon. After entering the Tang Dynasty, it was changed to yellow glazed porcelain. "Tea Classic": Shouzhou porcelain is yellow, and the tea color is purple. Apply makeup soil under the glaze, the glaze layer is transparent, the glaze surface is smooth, and small particles are opened. Glaze colors include sallow, eel yellow, yellow-green and so on. There are bowls, lamps, cups, bowls, notes, toys and so on. The carcass is thick and the utensils are flat. There are three kinds of blank making: wheel making, molding and manual making.

Yao Xing is the most famous white porcelain kiln in the Tang Dynasty. White porcelain is delicate and clean, white and hard. The glaze is white and moist, some are slightly yellow, and some are milky white. Between the tire and the glaze, there is a layer of tire-protecting glaze (cosmetic soil). The inside of the vessel is full of glaze, but the outside is insufficient. The bowl has many folds, and the circle is thick and flat. Simple style, no ornamentation. The predecessors compared the whiteness of Xing kiln with that of jade. Sichuan Kiln is located in the inner hills of Hebei Province, which belonged to xing zhou at that time, so it was called Xing Kiln. But the site of Neiqiuyao has not been found so far. 1980 The site of Tang white porcelain kiln was discovered in Qicun, Lincheng County near Neiqiu, which confirmed the existence of Xing kiln. 3 ^，f' H- ^5 E 1 i，c & ampD

Jun kiln is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. Also known as Jun Kiln and Zhou Jun Kiln. The area around Gujuntai and Shenhou Town in Yuxian County, Henan Province was called Zhou Jun in ancient times, hence the name. The fetal quality is delicate, firm and heavy, and the glaze is colorful and rich. There are two kinds of glaze colors, one is fine flat glaze and the other is orange peel glaze. It is characterized by firing glass kiln. The basic glaze color is perfect sky blue and purple erythema. Some are slightly blue in green, and some are purplish red; Blue is white or blue; Purple is rose-like purple, or like sunset glow; Some spots, blue and purple alternate, intricate, colorful, very gorgeous. This is fired by using the different colors of copper oxide and iron. The best of them are those with numbers engraved on the bottom (it was burned by the court at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty). Jun kiln was founded in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and continued to burn in Jin and Yuan Dynasties. In addition to Yuxian, the porcelain kilns in neighboring Hebei Linru, Jiaxian, Dengfeng, Xin 'an, Tangyin, Anyang and Cixian all imitated Jun kiln porcelain, forming a Jun kiln system. From 65438 to 0955, Yuxian Ceramic Factory began to develop and explore the long-lost basic formula and firing technology of Jun porcelain fetal glaze. It not only fired traditional colored glazes such as rose purple, begonia red, azure and moonlight white, but also developed more than ten kinds of flower glazes, adding new varieties such as modern daily utensils and artistic furnishings porcelain.

Ru kiln is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. In Linru County, Henan Province, it was called Ruzhou in ancient times, hence the name. Founded in the Northern Song Dynasty. The tire soil is fine and moist, and the tire body is thick. The glaze color is close to that after the rain, and the glaze water is bright and moist. If fat is used, it will be thick. It is mainly light green, but there are also bean green, shrimp green, sky blue and brown. In particular, the fired celadon porcelain has more uniform glaze water, and the firing technology has completely mastered iron reduction. Decorative techniques, usually underglaze color printing, less engraving. The content of the pattern is mainly flowers and birds, and the tangled flowers are the most distinctive patterns in Ruyao. Careful layout and perfect composition. In the early Song Dynasty, porcelain was fired for the court after the kiln was set. The firing time of porcelain is short, but the quality is good. Another kind of celadon is found in Linrunan Township and Northeast Township, which specializes in firing civil porcelain. Long firing time and large output, so it is called Linru kiln. 1955, Ru Ci resumed production, 1962, produced Ru kiln products with fine embryo, thick glaze as fat, smooth sound, crystal clear and moist, and achieved artistic effects such as pear skin, crab claws and green twist in history. Ru Ci factory was built in 1973, and added glaze colors such as pink green, shrimp green, tea green and sky blue to produce various daily-use ceramic utensils.

Ge Kiln is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. Famous for its stripes. Ge Guyao's theory on describing Ge Yao's products. Its characteristics can be summarized as follows: black tire thick glaze, purple mouth and iron foot, and large and small stripes on the glaze. Kiln sites that meet the above characteristics were found in Xikou, Longquan, Zhejiang Province, and the wall of tile kiln. The product shape and glaze color are similar to those of the official kiln under the altar in the Southern Song Dynasty. Gegu Yaolun is regarded as an imitation of the official kiln, named Wuni Kiln. The difference with the official kiln is that it doesn't need Zhi Ding-style baking, and the glaze is slightly floating. Ge Kiln, another precious porcelain handed down from generation to generation, has the above characteristics. This porcelain has a thick tire; Glaze opacity is good, the color tone is elegant, mostly beige or powder cyan; Stripes are artificially colored and are called gold and iron wires; Zhi Ding style support burning. + O- \/ z4 J 1 _$ q

Ding Yao is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty. Ding kiln had already fired white porcelain in the Tang Dynasty, which was very famous in the Song Dynasty. Ding kiln porcelain tire is thin and firm, yellow-white, beige glaze, extremely thin glaze, visible tire. Most of the products are plates and bowls, with few bottles and jars and rare porcelain pillows. Ding kiln mainly fires white porcelain. Decorative patterns are often printed, scratched and piled up, which are beautiful and generous. The printed pattern has a natural shape, although it is ingenious and exaggerated, but the composition is rigorous; Carving is more lively and unique than printing. The exquisite decorative skills of Ding Kiln have reached an amazing level. Ding kiln not only burns white porcelain, but also burns black glaze, sauce glaze, purple glaze and blue glaze porcelain. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, court porcelain was once fired. In addition to Quyang County, Shanxi Pingding Kiln, Yuxian Kiln, Yangcheng Kiln, Jiexiu Kiln and Sichuan Pengxian Kiln also burn white porcelain, which is similar in style to Quyang Ding Kiln and belongs to Ding Kiln System. The production of white porcelain in Ding Yao was interrupted. 1982 restored baby pillows, lion pillows, plum bottles, five-legged fuming stoves, Yunlong plates, Shuangfeng bowls, etc. There are Song Dynasty styles in porcelain, modeling and decoration, and new products such as porcelain and plastics have been created. /a/ g [0 [4 N/ d 1 h. i- Yaozhou Kiln is one of the famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. It is one of the main producing areas of northern folk celadon in Song Dynasty. Celadon was fired in the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. The shapes of utensils are mainly bowls, plates, dishes, cans, boxes and bottles. The fetal quality is gray and thin, the glaze color is even, some are as green as olives, some are slightly green, and some are slightly yellow. The patterns are mostly free and smooth carvings and rigorous and full prints. The contents include peony, chrysanthemum, lotus, fish, duck, dragon and phoenix, etc. Among them, lotus is the most, with extensive style and vivid brushwork. At the same time or later, the celadon of Yaozhou Kiln was imitated by Linru Kiln, Yiyang Kiln, Baofeng Kiln, Xin 'an Chengguan Kiln, Yuxian Juntai Kiln and Neixiang Dayaodian Kiln, thus forming a northern celadon kiln system different from Yue Kiln style. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Yaozhou kiln continued to be fired, but the quality was not as good as that of the Song Dynasty, with thicker glaze and simpler patterns. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the restoration of kiln products in Song Yaozhou has made certain achievements.

Longquan kiln is one of the famous kilns in Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhang Shengyi and Zhang Sheng set up a kiln factory in Longquan, and gave birth to a kiln named Liutian Kiln, which is the kiln burned by Ge Yaosheng No.2, called Longquan Kiln, also called Brother Kiln. Longquan kiln is characterized by thin tires as paper, and the best glaze colors are emerald green, plum green and pink green, bright and clear, and soft as jade. The utensils are complex in shape. Besides ordinary daily utensils, they also burn all kinds of stationery and antique bottles, cans, pots and stoves. Decorated with plastic piles and decals, unique. Ge Kiln uses the different expansion coefficients of green body and glaze to form patterns such as garbage crumbs and caviar patterns according to the density and thickness of enamel color pieces, resulting in different decorative effects. Longquan kiln began in the Five Dynasties, firing celadon. In the heyday of the Southern Song Dynasty, there were many kilns except Longquan County and neighboring counties such as Qingyuan, Suichang and Yunhe, and a new celadon kiln system was formed after Yue Kiln. Porcelain kilns in the Yuan Dynasty were extended to Lishui and Yongjia, and a large number of porcelain were sold overseas. Burning continued in the Ming Dynasty and gradually declined in the middle of Qing Dynasty. After 1959, it resumed production, created new technologies such as combining green with white, stacking celadon flowers and printing stippling, and successfully trial-produced a number of new varieties such as high-end tableware, stationery, case furniture, display porcelain, art porcelain and extra-large vases.

There were two official kilns in Liao Dynasty, namely Gangwa Kiln and Lindong Kiln. Gangwa kiln is located near Gangwatun in the west of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia. Its products are mainly coarse white porcelain and less fine white porcelain. It also burns tricolor and monochrome glazed pottery. Most of the utensils are dishes, bowls, cups, dishes and other daily necessities. Decoration methods include printing, carving, scraping and removing flowers, with printing as the main method. Lindong kiln is located in the imperial city of the ancient city of Balinzuoqi, Inner Mongolia. Mainly firing white glazed porcelain and black glazed porcelain, but also firing blue glazed utensils. Products include plates, bowls, cups, dishes, pots, boxes, bottles, pots and so on. The burned white porcelain is not only of high level, but also accounts for a large proportion. Imperial kilns in Liao Dynasty were greatly influenced by northern porcelain kilns in Northern Song Dynasty, especially Ding kilns and Cizhou kilns.

Imperial kiln in Ming and Qing dynasties. Also known as Imperial Kiln Factory, in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi today, it specializes in firing palace porcelain. In the Ming Dynasty, eunuchs presided over kiln affairs, and in the Qing Dynasty, kiln supervisors supervised firing. It concentrates a group of skilled craftsmen, occupies high-quality raw materials, has a fine division of labor, has excellent product technology, regardless of cost, and the output is often extremely high. Created multicolored porcelain, fighting colors, famille rose, enamel colors, glass, such as sweet white, red sacrifice, peacock orchid, holly, etc., and pushed the ancient porcelain-making skills to the peak. Because of the fate of firing, modeling and decoration are often restricted. Dragon and phoenix patterns are quite common, and the objects are also loaded with year models.

Jingdezhen Kiln is the largest porcelain kiln in China after Yuan Dynasty. In Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, it has jurisdiction over various regions. Chen Chaoshi is famous for making porcelain. The whiteness of white porcelain fired in five generations is above 70%, and the light transmittance is close to the standard. The famous blue and white porcelain was fired in the Song Dynasty. During the years of Jingdezhen in Song Zhenzong, the imperial porcelain was called Jingdezhen Kiln, and the name of the town was changed from Changnan to Jingdezhen. Famous products in the Yuan Dynasty are glazed red and blue-and-white, and white glazed ware made of eggs. The color is white and slightly blue, and the font size is Shufu, which is called Shufu Kiln. In the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the center of China porcelain industry, creating all kinds of colored glazes and decorations, which were unprecedented in richness. There are famous folk kilns here, such as Cuigong Kiln, Zhougong Kiln and Gong Hu Kiln. The official kiln was built in the Hongnian period. The famous ones are: Yongle kiln, which has created famous colored glazes such as sweet white and scarlet, and the names such as pressed cup, monk's hat pot and bodiless white porcelain are spread all over the world; Xuande kiln, with blue and white, red sacrifice, sweet white and Qing Ji as its greatest achievements; Chenghua kiln is the best for color competition; Hongzhi kiln, watered with yellow; Zhengde kiln, Ji Hong is the best; Jiajing and Wanli kilns are popular with blue and white; Qin Long kilns are becoming more and more complicated in porcelain making. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen made porcelain by leaps and bounds on the basis of the Ming Dynasty, and the firing technology of blue and white and underglaze red was further improved. There are many kinds of colored glazes, such as cowpea red, auspicious red, imitation jun, rouge water, sprinkling blue, auspicious blue and oil green. The glaze color is more colorful, creating new glaze colors such as blue, black, pastel and enamel. The famous official kilns in this period are Tibetan kilns, Lang kilns, Nian kilns and Tang kilns.