Jasmine introduction

Scientific name: Jasmine

Alias: destroy

Oleaceae, Jasmine.

Of western China and India. Evergreen shrub. The branches are slender and slightly vine-like. The leaves are opposite, bright and ovate. Cymes, terminal or axillary, with 3-9 flowers and a white corolla, are extremely fragrant. Flowering: June -65438+ 10. Sexual preference is warm and humid, and it grows best in a well-ventilated semi-cloudy environment. The most suitable soil is slightly acidic sandy loam containing a lot of humus. Afraid of cold, drought, waterlogging and alkaline earth. When the temperature is lower than 3℃ in winter, branches and leaves are vulnerable to freezing injury, and will die if it lasts for a long time.

Reproduction uses cutting, layering or dividing plants. Cutting propagation is carried out in April-June and 65438+1October. Select mature 1 year-old branches, cut them into more than 2 cuttings, remove the lower leaves, insert them in a semi-muddy bed, cover them with plastic film, keep the air humidity high, and take root after about 40-60 days. Propagation by layering, selecting long branches, cutting them slightly at the lower part of the nodes, burying them in a small basin filled with sand and mud, keeping moisture frequently, and taking root after 20-30 days. After two months, they can be cut from the mother plant to become seedlings and planted separately. Potted jasmine should be watered every morning and evening in summer. If the air is dry, add water. During the winter dormancy period, it is necessary to control the amount of watering. If the pot soil is too wet, it will cause rotten roots or fallen leaves. Apply pancake fertilizer once a week during the growing period. After changing pots in spring, we should always pick our hearts and shape them. Cut it again after flowering to help sprout new branches, so that plants can be neat and robust and bloom vigorously.

The main pests are leaf roller moth and red spider, which harm the top young leaves and should be prevented in time. Jasmine leaves are green, white and fragrant. Decorating the room with potted plants is elegant and pleasant. It can also be processed into garlands and other decorations. Suzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Jinhua and other places have long been used as smoked tea spices. Flowers, leaves and roots can be used as medicine.

-

Jasmine is a flower variety with great ornamental and economic value. It originated between India and Arabia, and was introduced to China from Southwest Asia as far back as the Han Dynasty. It has a history of nearly two thousand years. Jasmine is exquisite and beautiful, with lush foliage, white as jade and quiet fragrance, and is known as the king of flowers. Since it was introduced into China, it has been used as a valuable ornamental flower. "What a wonderful jasmine, the garden is full of flowers, but its fragrance is not as good as hers ..." An elegant Jiangnan minor "Jasmine" is intoxicating and makes people linger. "Beautiful and graceful jasmine, fragrant fragrant tea, I remember the place where the ballads reverberate, and the clear water and green hills are my home ..." The ode to jasmine in the new era pushes the jasmine to a deeper and more elegant realm, and seamlessly blends the ancient jasmine with the young "hometown of jasmine in China", making people feel simple and fresh, full of infinite reverie and yearning for life. ...

The ancient people's admiration for jasmine is also reflected in many poems. For example, in the Song Dynasty, Xu Meiwu said in a poem, "There is exquisite snow in litchi fragrance, which helps Chang 'an cool all night. People in ordinary love are the strongest, and dreams are still fragrant. " ("Yuan Jian Han Lei" Volume 460 Flower Department). Jiang Kui, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote in his poem Jasmine: "Although there is no dazzling state, it is fortunate to have the fragrance of covering autumn;" "It should be Xiane's banquet to go home, and she lost her head when she got drunk." "Spirit of rumors more rewarding. Who is sailing on the embankment? "In other years, if I study the history of flowers, it will be listed as the first fragrance in the world. Others also have beautiful poems such as "a flower can smoke a room, and jade is still cool on a hot day". Jasmine is named "national flower" in the Philippines, Indonesia, Pakistan and other countries, and many people regard it as "flower of love" and "flower of friendship".

Jasmine also has important medicinal value. Li Shizhen made the following description in Compendium of Materia Medica: "Flowers are pungent and hot, non-toxic, and oil is steamed to get liquid, which makes the face fat, smooth the long hair, moisten the dry and fragrant muscles; Also into the soup. The smell of roots is hot and poisonous. An inch of wine grinds, and you wake up in a coma for a day. Two inches for two days, three inches for three days; Anyone who dislocates a broken joint and uses it to set bones will never know the pain. " Modern medical research has also confirmed that jasmine leaves have analgesic effect, flowers can clear away heat, and roots contain alkaloids, which have analgesic and anesthetic effects. Jasmine oil can be made into eye drops to treat conjunctivitis. A skin cream made of steamed jasmine juice can moisturize the skin in winter and prevent skin wrinkles. In summer, putting several plates of blooming jasmine indoors also has the effect of relieving summer heat and repelling mosquitoes.

1000 years, jasmine has been planted in small quantities as an ornamental flower. Since it was discovered that jasmine can be used to make scented tea, it has been planted in large quantities. According to historical records, during the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty (1851-1861), Fujian tea merchants tried to smoke tea, inspired by the "snuff" of jasmine smoking, and produced a fragrant and attractive jasmine tea. The jasmine tea soup made in later generations is bright and clean, fragrant and refreshing, refreshing, with a long aftertaste, invigorating the stomach, promoting digestion and refreshing the brain. With the continuous expansion of production and sales of scented tea, the development of jasmine production has been promoted. Fuzhou, Minhou and Changle in Fujian Province gradually became the main bases of jasmine production and scented tea processing in China, and later developed to Ningde, Fuding, Fuan, Shaxian, Zhenghe and Jianyang. By 1992, Fujian Province was the main producing area in China at that time, with a jasmine planting area of more than 4,300 hectares (64,500 mu) and an annual output of more than 800 tons of flowers/kloc-0. Today, jasmine is cultivated in many provinces and regions of China, such as Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hunan and Beijing. Hengxian County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region has the largest planting area, the widest influence and the best economic benefits. Thanks to the east wind of reform and opening up, Hengxian began to produce jasmine commercially from 65438 to 0978. As of July 2002, the planting area of jasmine in this county has reached more than 4,700 hectares (70,500 mu), with an annual output of 50,000-60,000 tons of jasmine and 50,000 tons of processed scented tea, accounting for more than 60% of the national total output. Because of its large producing area, high intensive degree, good flower quality, low price, long flowering period and complete supporting facilities, tea merchants from all over the country have moved to Hengxian, making Hengxian a famous jasmine production and scented tea processing base in China. In view of the remarkable achievements in jasmine production in Hengxian County, it was praised as "Jasmine Capital of China" by the tea industry and the press in September, 1999, and was named "Jasmine Town of China" by the State Forestry Administration and the China Flower Association in June 2000. In 2000 and 20001year, Hengxian and China Tea Circulation Association successfully held the first and second national jasmine tea fairs in Hengxian for two consecutive years. At present, the jasmine production in this county has developed towards high quality and organization.

China is the world's largest producer of jasmine, accounting for about 80% of the world's total output. The rest of Egypt, Morocco, Iran, Algeria, Turkey, France, Tunisia, Italy, India and Southeast Asian countries have cultivated jasmine. Jasmine produced in China is mainly scented tea, and some of it is used to extract extract and clear oil, which is used as the spice raw material of natural food and cosmetics. Jasmine tea and extracts produced in China not only meet the domestic demand, but also are exported to all countries in the world, enjoying a high reputation. Jasmine production is a highly competitive agricultural industry in the international market after China's entry into WTO.

-

Introduction of Main Jasmine Varieties

There are many varieties of jasmine, and there are about 60 species in China at present. The varieties cultivated for scenting scented tea belong to the same kind as those cultivated abroad for extracting essence and purifying oil. Among them, the main cultivated varieties are generally divided into three types according to the flower shape structure: single-petal jasmine, double-petal jasmine and multi-petal jasmine (Figure 2~2).

First of all, single-petalled jasmine

Single-petalled jasmine is short, 70~90 cm high, with slender stems and vines, so it is called liana jasmine. The leaves are oval, thin, slightly pointed, plump, 5-9 cm long and 3.5-5.5 cm wide. Corolla is single-layered, with few lobes (petals), 7~ 1 1 piece, each piece is about 1.3 cm long and 1 cm wide, oval, white, slightly wrinkled on the surface and slightly pointed at the top, so it is also called pointed jasmine. A single jasmine flower has a long corolla tube, about 65438 0.5 cm, and two stamens, the same as the pistil length. Aggregate inflorescences, terminal or axillary, with 3~ 12 flowers per inflorescence and more than 30 flowers. The bud is slightly longer, smaller and lighter. China's single-petalled jasmine has been cultivated in many places for many years, forming many local varieties, among which Fujian Changle, Fuzhou, Jinhua and Taiwan Province provinces have high yield and good quality. Among them, jasmine in Taiwan Province Province is refreshing, fresh and pure. A single jasmine flower bud blooms early, and the current flower bud usually blooms at 6-7 pm. Each hundred flowers weighs about 22 ~ 25g, which is lighter than that of Jasminum bicuspidata. Jasmine tea made of single-petal jasmine is not as good as double-petal jasmine because of its rich aroma and fresh taste. Single-petal jasmine has strong drought tolerance and is suitable for planting at the foot of the mountain and hilly slope. However, the flower yield is not as good as that of double-petal jasmine, with the yield per 0.067 hectare 150~200 kg and the height not exceeding 400 kg. Not cold-resistant, waterlogging-resistant, and weak insect resistance.

Second, jasmine.

Jasmine bicuspidata is the main variety cultivated in large areas in China. The plant height is1~1.5m. It is an erect tufted shrub with many branches, thick and hard stems and grayish brown wrinkles on the epidermis at the base of the stems. Young stems are green, and strong branches are angular and short-haired. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, entire, reticulate veins, dark green, thick and shiny. Aggregate inflorescence, terminal or axillary, with 3~ 17 flower buds per inflorescence, with more than 30 flowers. The flower buds are oval with flat or slightly pointed tips, also known as flat-headed jasmine. Double jasmine flowers are usually of good quality and have sharp tips. The flower is bigger than the single-petalled jasmine, and its water content is slightly lower. Corolla tube is slightly shorter than jasmine, about 1 cm long. Corolla lobes (petals) are more, 13~ 18, and the base is banded and combined into two layers, with 4~8 inner layers and 7~ 10 outer layers. Petals are about 1. 1 cm long and about 1 cm wide. 2 stamens, pistil 1 piece. The flowers are white and oily, with obvious waxy feeling, rich fragrance and delayed fragrance. The flower bud is about 2 hours later than that of a single jasmine flower. Now the flower bud usually blooms around 8-9 pm, so the natural fragrance can be delayed by more than ten hours. The weight of flowers is about 23g in spring, 30g in summer and 26g in autumn. The scented tea made of double-petal jasmine tea is full of fragrance. Although it is not as fresh and pure as single-petal jasmine tea, double-petal jasmine branches are tough, resistant to pressure, cold and moisture, easy to cultivate and high in yield per unit area. At present, double-petalled jasmine is mainly planted in all parts of China. Planting in Hengxian County, Guangxi, can be sown and harvested in the same year. The yield of flowers per 0.067 hectare can reach 150~200 kg, that of three-year flowers per 0.067 hectare is about 500 kg, that of five-year flowers is about 800~ 1000 kg, and the highest can reach 1500 kg.

Three, multi-petal jasmine

There are obvious verrucous processes on the branches of multi-petalled jasmine. The leaves are dark green, the buds are tight, round and short, and the top is slightly notched. Corolla lobes (petals) are small, thick and numerous, generally 16~2 1, with 3~4 layers of tile-like arrangement at the base and distinct layers when opening. Stamens 2~3. The budding flowers of multi-petal jasmine flower mostly at 7~8 pm, and most of them bloom on the 1~2 floor first, and the rest bloom the next day. There are also those that do not open and wither. Multi-petal jasmine has a long flowering period, light fragrance and low yield, so it is not ideal as a scented tea flower. However, it has strong drought tolerance and thrives in dry land on hillside. For example, through cross breeding (or grafting) with excellent single-petal or double-petal jasmine varieties, it is likely to obtain new jasmine varieties (new plants) with strong resistance, good quality and high yield.

Four, Oleaceae, other plants of the genus Lutjanus.

There are about 200 species of Oleaceae, belonging to the same family as Jasmine, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with 27 species in China. At present, several species of this genus are closest to jasmine, which can be used to make scented tea. They are briefly introduced as follows:

1, Jasminum grandiflorum

Square flower (Figure 2~3) is an erect evergreen shrub, with a height of1~1.4m. Its branches are slender and drooping, angular and hairless, and its young branches are green. Leaves opposite, odd pinnate compound leaves, 5~6 cm long, 5~7 leaflets, sessile, entire, total petiole flat or winged. The lobules are ovoid or ovoid with sharp tips, and the top leaves are ovoid, lanceolate and acuminate. Many flowers form terminal or axillary cymes, with white flowers, larger than jasmine flowers and rich fragrance. Corolla is a tall dish with a diameter of 4 cm and a length of about 2 cm. The vessel is long and narrow, the apex is divided, the calyx is green, and the lobes are narrow and pointed. There are 2 stamens and 1 pistil in the flower. Flowering period may ~165438+1October. Berry, suborbicular, black. In Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces, some people make scented tea with ordinary flowers.

2. Jasminum grandiflorum

Jasmine grandiflora (Figure 2~4), also known as Jasmine grandiflora, is a variety of Jasmine grandiflora. It is an evergreen shrub with a height exceeding 1 m. Bark brown, all hairless, slender branchlets, tender as vines, turquoise and striped. The leaves are opposite, deeply divided into odd pinnate compound leaves, and the leaflets are often 7~9. Leaflets are large and wide, with a length of 1.5 ~ 3.5cm and a width of 1.2 ~ 1.6cm ... The lower leaves are nearly oblong, with a short or blunt apex, and the upper 1 lobule is oval-lanceolate, with an acuminate apex, turquoise and slightly dark veins. The flower is a terminal cyme with purple buds and a tube length of about 2.5 cm. The corolla part of the flower bud is about 2 cm long and 0.3 cm in diameter. After flowering, the flower is 5 cm long, the apex is deeply divided and the lobes are oblong. Ovary superior, pistil 1, stigma about 0.4 cm long, long spindle-shaped needle. There are two stamens, and the anthers are heart-shaped and needle-shaped, about 0.5 cm long. Calyx has 5 lobes, needle-shaped, about 65438 0 cm long and green. The flower stalk is 0.5~3 cm long. Its flowers usually bear no fruit. The flowering period is from May to 65438+February. Jasmine grandiflora is mainly used to produce extracts.

3. Jasmine [Jasmine]]

Chestnut (Figure 2~5), native to India, is an erect or climbing shrub with a height of 2~5 meters. The stems, leaves and calyx are all yellow-brown pilose. Simple leaf, opposite, short handle, oval, 4~9 cm long. The apex is pointed, the base is round or heart-shaped, the cymes are terminal, the flowers are white, usually compound leaves, the petals are 7-9-lobed, the flower diameter is 2.5-3.0 cm, and they are fragrant. Sepals parted 7-9. Corolla lobes are oblong, pointed and fragrant. Calyx teeth are long and densely covered with yellow hairs.

4. jasminum giraldii.

Jasmine with pointed petals is a climbing shrub. Its branches and leaves are smooth and hairless, with large leaves, large flowers, white and fragrant petals, hence the name.

5. Jasmine.

Mollissima mollissima is a semi-climbing shrub. There are hairs on the main veins and calyx of leaves. Flowers are big, fragrant and white, which can be used to make tea.

5. Reasonable selection of cultivated varieties

Different varieties of jasmine have their own characteristics. Single-petal jasmine is drought-tolerant, suitable for dry land cultivation, and can be picked early every morning, which is convenient for long-distance transportation and can be planted even by farmers far away from tea factories. However, the double-petal jasmine blooms 1~2 hours later than the single-petal jasmine, and its fragrance is not as good as that of the single-petal jasmine, but it is drought-resistant, cold-resistant, easy to cultivate and has high yield. Considering the arrangement of tea planting in the tea factory, we can do a good job of variety matching. The two varieties are staggered, and the scented tea made of double-petal jasmine tea and single-petal jasmine jacquard is not only rich in fragrance, strong in taste and high in freshness. However, the proportion of planting area of various flowers should be planted in a planned way according to local production needs.