Does immunotherapy have side effects?

Cellular immunotherapy is an emerging mode of tumor treatment with remarkable efficacy, which is a new treatment method of autoimmune anti-cancer. It is a new therapeutic method of autoimmune anti-cancer treatment, which uses biotechnology and biological agents to stimulate and enhance the body's autoimmune function of the immune cells collected from the patient's body after in vitro cultivation and expansion and then infused back into the patient's body, so as to achieve the purpose of treating tumors. Biological immunotherapy is the fourth major tumor treatment technology after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

1 Overview

Lymphocytes with killing effect in the organism are natural killer cells, killer cells killer T cells, etc., which are able to fight against the production of tumor cells by themselves. According to experimental observation, a tumor cell needs hundreds of lymphocytes to deal with it. And there are about one billion tumor cells in a cubic centimeter-sized tumor mass. Therefore, if there are a large number of lymphocytes, they can effectively destroy tumor cells and fight against their production, which is the basic concept of cellular immunotherapy. [1]

2Introduction

Currently, cellular biotherapy, led by specific anti-tumor immunotherapy, has made its debut and become an important development direction in tumor biotherapy. Cellular immunotherapy, known as adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI or AIT), refers to the transfusion of immune cells (specific and non-specific) with anti-tumor activity to tumor patients, which can directly kill the tumor or stimulate the body's immune response to kill tumor cells. Clinically, it is a therapeutic modality in which autologous or allogeneic immune effector cells activated in vitro are infused into patients to kill tumor cells in the patient's body.

Cellular immunotherapy has been the most active field in tumor biotherapy. Cellular immunotherapy is more suitable for patients with low cellular immune function, such as after high-dose chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, viral infections that damage the number and function of immune cells, especially for patients with hematologic/immune system tumors.

3Development

Cellular immunotherapy, which can selectively inhibit/kill tumor cells and does not depend on the immune function of the hormonal patient and can be used in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, has been researched a lot since the 1980s. The therapy has gone through the developmental stages of NK, γδT, CD3AK, DC-CIK, LAK, TIL, CIK, and, EAAL, with gradual improvement in its efficacy, specificity, overall efficiency, and side-effect response [2].

4 Classification

NK cells

NK cells, or natural killer cells, are the first barrier of the body's defense system. It is usually dormant, and once activated, they penetrate most tissues to attack tumor cells and virus-infected cells.NK cells are a core component of the body's innate immunity and are the basis of tumor cell immunity.

Because the killing activity of NK cells is not restricted by MHC and does not depend on antibodies, it is called natural killing activity.

The killing effect of NK cells appears early after they act on cancer cells, and the killing effect can be seen in 1 hour in vitro and 4 hours in vivo. At the same time, NK cells make up for the defect that cytotoxic T lymphocytes have to recognize MHC-I molecules when killing tumor cells and cannot kill tumor cells that are negative for such molecules.

Features of NK cells

①, NK cells are the most active cells in the human body, which can directly recognize and kill cancer cells and inhibit the growth and spread of tumors;

②, NK cells can inhibit the proliferation of new blood vessels near the tumor through the factors secreted by NK cells to limit the growth of the tumor;

③, NK cells can directly improve and regulate the patient's NK cells can directly improve and regulate the patient's immunity and nervous system, indirectly improving the patient's quality of life;

4. NK cells will secrete a variety of cytokines to reduce the patient's pain, indirectly improving the quality of life;

5. NK cell therapy has no side effects.

Gamma delta T cells

Gamma delta T cells are a special type of immune cells between specific immunity and non-specific immunity, mainly distributed in the skin and mucous membrane group

Cellular immunotherapy

Weaving, generally no more than 5% of the total number of T cells, gamma delta T cells are in the first line of the body's immune protection system, in the anti-tumor immunity has an important role. important role in anti-tumor immunity, with cytotoxicity and secretion of a variety of cytokines and chemokines.

Characteristics of γδ T cells

①, γδ T cells can interact with many kinds of immune cells and participate in anti-tumor immune response.

②, γδ T cells can rapidly elicit an effective anti-tumor immune response in the early stage of tumorigenesis

③, γδ T cells have an important protective role in the anti-tumor immune process.

4. γδT cells can use cytotoxic effect to kill tumor cells and prevent tumor development

5. γδT cells can secrete relevant factors to make activated lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells and neutrophils to recruit to the specific location and produce effects, and their induced chemokines can amplify the signal of tumor.

6. It can secrete perforin and induce apoptosis of tumor cells

Because γδ T cells have unique antigen recognition properties and tissue distribution, which makes them one of the most suitable early anti-tumor effector cells, and with other natural immune cells constituting the first barrier of the body's defense against malignant lesions, they play an important role in anti-tumor immunosurveillance and immune effects.

CD3AK cellular immunotherapy

CD3AK (Anti-CD3 Antibody induced activated killer cells) are anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and IL-2*** co-activated killer cells with strong in vitro proliferation ability and efficient cytotoxic activity. After LAK and TIL cells, CD3AK cells are another immunologically active cell with tumor-killing effect. Compared with LAK and TIL cells, CD3AK cells have the advantages of strong expansion ability, longer survival time in vitro, high cytotoxicity, strong ability to secrete lymphokines, and significant anti-tumor effect in vitro and in vivo, etc. It has been reported that its proliferation ability and anti-tumor cytotoxicity are significantly better than that of LAK cells. It has been reported that its proliferative ability and anti-tumor cytotoxic activity are significantly better than LAK cells.

Based on the available experimental results, CD3AK cells may kill tumor cells in two ways.

(1) Direct killing effect: CD3AK cells recognize target cells through target cell receptor, or recognition mechanism different from TCR complex. And combine with it, the combination of CD3AK and target cells. Initiates the cytolytic reaction, releasing some cytotoxic particles or factors, thus dissolving the target cells;

(2)Indirect killing effect: CD3AK cells, in addition to their own direct lysis of target cells, can also secrete IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), γ-interferon (γ-TFN) and other cytokines to produce indirect killing effect on the tumor cells, and such factors have direct cytotoxic activity or inhibitory effect on the tumor cells. have direct cytotoxic activity or inhibitory effect on tumor cells.

CD3AK and LAK cells have the same broad-spectrum non-MHC-restricted tumor cell killing effect, but the two tumor killing spectrum is different. CD3AK cells have stronger expansion and anti-tumor ability than LAK cells and TIL cells, and in vitro anti-tumor ability is 6-20 times higher than that of conventional LAK. K562, YAC I1, Raji, P805, etc. It has different degrees of killing effect on NK cell-sensitive and LAK cell-sensitive tumor cells, such as K562.

CD3AK cells were able to selectively kill tumor cells directly or indirectly, but to autologous or oii-donor transformed lymphocytes. There is no killing activity on normal tissue cells. Therefore as far as CD3AK cells are concerned. There are no toxic side effects on the human body.

CIK cell immunotherapy

Following lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), and CD3 monoclonal antibody-activated killer cells (CD3AK), the tumor-killing effect of cytokine-induced killer cells (cytokine induced killer ,CIK) is getting more attention. cells were first reported in 1991 by Schmidt Wolf et al. from Stanford University, USA. They found that under the action of various cytokines (γ-interferon, CD3 monoclonal antibody, interleukin-1 and interleukin-2), peripheral blood lymphocytes could be targeted induced and massively increased in value to become tumor killer cells.

Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are a heterogeneous group of cells obtained from single nucleated cells in human peripheral blood after stimulation with various cytokines in vitro. It is characterized by strong proliferative ability, high tumor-killing activity and wide tumor-killing spectrum, and small adverse reactions in clinical application. It is a more effective tumor-killing effector cell in the treatment of tumor overt rabbit epidemic.

As a new type of immunoreactive cells, CIK cells are a group of heterogeneous cells obtained by culturing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro with a variety of cytokines for a certain period of time, which have the advantages of strong anti-tumor activity of T lymphocytes and non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The advantages of restricted tumor killing, CD3+, CD56+, T lymphocytes are the main effector cells in the CIK population, and have the advantages of faster proliferation, higher tumor killing activity, and broader tumor killing spectrum compared with other permissive immunotherapeutic cells.

DC+CIK cell immunotherapy

DC+CIK (or DC/CIK) refers to CIK cells cultured with DC cells***. Cytokine-induced killers (CIK) are a class of antitumor and antiviral effector cells that can be induced and proliferate in large numbers in vitro. Dendritic cells (DCs) are effective specialized antigen-presenting cells, and mature DCs can present tumor antigens via MHC-II and other pathways, effectively counteracting the immune escape mechanism of tumor cells.CIK cells and DCs are two important components of cellular immunotherapy, and the combination of the two ensures an efficient immune response.

DC-CIK cells can be obtained by culturing CIK cells with homologous DC cells***. It can promote the maturation of DC cells and the proliferation of ClK cells, and enhance their anti-tumor activity.DC cells are the initiator of the body's immune response, and can induce a long-lasting and potent specific anti-tumor immune response; CIK cells can clear the tiny residual foci of the body of the tumor patients through non-specific immunocidal effects, so the organic combination of DC loaded with tumor antigens and CIK (i.e., DC-CIK cells) can produce a specific immune response. CIK cells) can produce both specific and non-specific anti-tumor effects. On the basis of CIK cellular immunotherapy, the specificity and effectiveness of the treatment are further improved.

DC+CIK cell immunotherapy technology advantages

1, various immunogenic tumor patients (including and melanoma, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, bladder cancer, gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, etc.) and patients with chronic hematologic malignant diseases;

2, after the removal of primary foci (surgery, radiotherapy), cellular immunotherapy can be applied to prevent recurrence and metastasis.

3, the tumor is widely metastatic, can not be operated, can be used in conjunction with chemotherapy; in the chemotherapy interval application of cellular immunotherapy can be restored as soon as possible to the body's damaged immune function, and some chemotherapeutic drugs can be combined with the application of chemotherapy and immunotherapy can be increased at the same time the effect of the chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Certain immune cells, such as NK cells and T cells, still have a killing effect on tumor cells that produce drug-resistant genes.

4. Patients who are not sensitive to radiotherapy or those who cannot tolerate the tumor; some patients with advanced tumors who are not suitable for surgery, interventional therapy and other treatments can have cellular immunotherapy to improve the immune function of patients, improve the quality of life, and prolong the period of survival with tumors; some patients can reduce the volume of tumors significantly through high-dose comprehensive cellular immunotherapy to strive for surgery or other therapeutic opportunities. A few patients with advanced tumors can also achieve partial or complete remission after cellular immunotherapy.

LAK cell immunotherapy

LAK cells are lymphokine-activated killer cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes are activated by the lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) for 3 to 5 days in vitro and expanded into killer cells with broad-spectrum anti-tumor effects. Experiments have confirmed that infusion of LAK into tumor-bearing mice not only led to the regression of primary tumors but also to the disappearance of established metastatic tumors.LAK has a broad-spectrum anti-tumor effect, and the combination of LAK and IL-2 is more effective than IL-2 alone, because IL-2-activated LAK still requires IL-2 to maintain its killing activity after being introduced into the human body.

Strictly speaking, LAK cells are not a separate lymphoid population or subpopulation, but NK cells or T cells in vitro cultured with high doses of cytokines, such as IL-2, induced to become killer cells capable of killing NK-insensitive tumor cells, which are called lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK). In 1982, Grimm et al. first reported that the addition of IL-2 to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured in vitro for 4-6 days induced a kind of non-specific killer cells, which could kill a variety of tumor cells insensitive to CTL and NK. No surface markers specific to LAK cells have been identified, and many experiments have shown that the precursor cells of LAK cells are NK cells and T cells.

Due to the high dosage of IL-2, toxic side effects can occur during the treatment process. The most common and serious toxic side effect is the development of capillary leak syndrome (CLS), which is mainly manifested as generalized edema and multi-organ dysfunction, and can cause pleural and abdominal effusion, interstitial pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure. The mechanism causing CLS may be related to endothelial cell injury and production of vasoactive substances.

TIL cell immunotherapy

TIL cells are a type of lymphocytes called tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), which are a new type of anti-tumor effector cells with the advantages of high efficiency, specificity, and few side effects. The anti-tumor effect of TIL cells is tested to be 50-100 times that of LAK, and if TIL cells are infused back into the body, they can be retained in the blood and tumors for up to two months, so they have a huge potential therapeutic value.TIL has been used in the clinic for the treatment of primary or secondary tumors in the areas of the skin, kidneys, lungs, head and neck, liver, and ovaries.

Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) was first reported by Rosenberg's group in 1986.TIL cell phenotype is heterogeneous, and in general, the majority of cells in TIL are CD3 positive. The proportion of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells varies among TIL cells from different tumor sources, with CD8+ T cells predominating in most cases. The percentage of CD25+ cells was low in freshly isolated TIL, and gradually increased with the prolongation of in vitro plus IL-2 culture time.The markers of NK cells (CD16, CD56) tended to increase and then decrease during the in vitro plus IL-2 culture of TIL.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated locally from tumors by mechanical treatment and enzymatic digestion, and cultured in vitro by adding a high dose of IL-2, and all residual tumor cells died in 7-13 days. Comparison of TIL activated by IL-2 with LAK cells from PBMC is characterized by:

(1) 50-100-fold, so that the dosage of effector cells and IL-2 can be reduced in treatment, and it still has some therapeutic effect on advanced tumors for which LAK treatment is ineffective;

(2) it is mainly induced by CD8-positive cells, and it was found that in animal experiments The tumor-killing effect of TIL is specific;

(3) The inhibitory state of the host is conducive to the tumor-killing effect of TIL, therefore, the addition of cyclophosphamide (Cy) 100mg/kg to the treatment can significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy, which may be related to the fact that the immunosuppressive drugs can eliminate the inhibitory cells or factors, and enhance the effect of the treatment of the overdose immunotherapy, and thus reduce the dosage of IL-2 and reduce the side-effects;

(4) It is mainly induced by CD8-positive cells. p>

(4) Lymphocytes can be obtained from surgically excised tumor tissues, tumor-draining lymph nodes, and cancerous pleural and abdominal fluid, and after being cultured with added IL-2, their growth and expansion ability is stronger than that of LAK cells. The application of TIL has been reported to treat 14 patients with metastatic lung cancer and other advanced tumors, of which 4 cases had more than 50% tumor shrinkage, with significantly lower side effects than IL-2/LAK therapy.

EAAL cellular immunotherapy

EAAL, which stands for Expanding Activated Autologous Lymphocytes, is a new tumor cellular immunotherapy method developed on the basis of the traditional method of expanding activated lymphocytes with anti-CD3 antibody and IL-2 in vitro. cellular immunotherapy. The cells expanded by this method are mainly killer lymphocytes, of which the main components are CD8+ killer T-lymphocytes and NK cells, CD8+ T-lymphocytes are the most important anti-tumor lymphocyte population of the body, which contain specific killer T-cells recognizing tumor antigens, and specifically kill the tumor cells; and the NK cells have a direct killing effect.

EAAL cell technology is one of the cellular immunotherapies for the treatment of tumors and chronic infectious viral infections.The effectiveness of EAAL therapy is related to the number of refill times, patient's condition and individual differences. In a randomized clinical trial in Japan for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, immunotherapy with EAAL improved the recurrence-free survival rate of patients, and the postoperative recurrence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma in the EAAL treatment group was reduced by 18%, and the risk rate of recurrence was reduced by 41%, compared with that of patients without this treatment. In Japan and Korea, 2,134 patients with tumors of different systems have participated in this treatment as of 2004, with 5% in complete remission, 17% in partial remission, and 16% in long-term stable disease. The overall clinical benefit to patients is approximately 38%.EAAL treatment may control tumor growth, prolong patients' lives, and improve their quality of life. Treatment side effects are minimal.

There have been no cases of significant adverse reactions or deaths due to EAAL therapy. The infused cells are the patient's own lymphocytes, so there is no immune rejection.

5 Advantages

Among various tumor immunotherapy methods, cellular immunotherapy has been valued for the following advantages, and has been a very active research field in tumor immunotherapy in the last decade or so:

(1) Immune cells are processed in vitro, which can bypass the mechanisms of tumor immune disorders in vivo, and thus selectively exert anti-tumor immune responses. For example, freshly isolated tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) often lack anti-tumor effects, while specific anti-tumor effects can be restored after being cultured for a period of time under certain conditions in vitro; immune cells that are specifically resistant to tumor antigens can be reversed under in vitro culture conditions.

(2) The activation and effector processes of immune cells are often mediated by some cytokines, and genetic engineering can clone a large number of different cytokines, as well as a large number of tumor antigens or peptides, which makes it more feasible and convenient to activate and expand a large number of antitumor immune cells in vitro.

(3) The in vitro activation and expansion of immune cells can avoid the serious toxic side effects brought by the mass application of some agents in vivo, such as: IL-2, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-7, IL-12 and so on have anti-tumor effects, and the in vivo application of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MabCD3) can activate the T-lymphocytes, but due to the complexity of the multiple roles of these agents, the mass application in vivo can lead to serious and even severe effects. In vivo application of large quantities of these agents can lead to serious or even lethal side effects, which is an important reason why these factors are difficult to be approved for clinical use, while in vitro operation can avoid these side effects.

(4) It has been possible to expand in vitro a large number of autologous or heterogeneous anti-tumor immune cells, which are larger than the number of effector cells activated by the tumor vaccine in vivo, and some in vitro-cultured immune cells have been introduced into clinical treatment. Experiments have shown that tumor vaccines applied in vivo can increase the number of tumor-specific CTLs in vivo, but at a certain point, the CTLs in vivo reach a plateau and no longer increase, which is mainly due to the existence of specific and non-specific immune regulatory networks in vivo that limit the expansion of CTL clones. This is mainly due to the existence of specific and non-specific immunoregulatory networks in vivo, which limit the expansion of CTL clones.

6 Adaptation periods

Three golden periods of DC-CIK cell therapy

I. When the tumor is diagnosed and not metastasized, DC-CIK tumor biotherapy alone or with surgical treatment can better and systematically kill tumor cells.

II. When metastasis occurs after surgery, DC-CIK tumor biotherapy combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy can comprehensively remove residual cells and establish immune barrier to prevent metastasis!

Three. In the middle and late stages when the condition is more serious and cannot tolerate radiotherapy and chemotherapy, DC-CIK tumor biotherapy can alleviate all kinds of pain and ensure the patients' long-term survival with tumor. Radiotherapy kills cancer cells systemically, but the beneficial cells in the whole body are also being killed at the same time of treatment. The toxic side effects of chemotherapy are large, and the symptoms produced such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, etc. will instead aggravate the patient's condition and cause damage to the body's immune function.

7Indications

Because the function of DC-CIK cells in recognizing and killing tumor cells is not restricted by factors such as MHC, it has a broad-spectrum anti-tumor effect, and it can be clinically applied to the treatment of various tumors at different stages.

Respiratory system: lung cancer (small cell lung cancer, squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), etc.

Gastrointestinal system: liver cancer, gastric cancer, intestinal cancer, etc.

Urological system: renal cancer, adrenal cancer and its metastases, etc.

Hematological system: acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma (except T-cell lymphoma) and its metastases, etc.

Other tumors: malignant melanoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, lymphoma and its metastases. melanoma, nasopharyngeal tumor, breast cancer, prostate cancer, tongue cancer, etc.

It also includes the treatment of tumor metastasis, as well as malignant pleural fluid and malignant ascites.

8Suitable people

Early-stage tumor patients

Early-stage tumor patients' local tumor lesions need to be surgically resected firstly, and then overcellular immunotherapy should be adopted immediately after that to kill the cancer cells in the residual tiny lesions and lymph in the blood vessels at night, and the colleagues should improve the patients' autoimmunity to restore the patients' body's natural immune ability of recognizing and killing the cancer cells.

From the root, it can comprehensively prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis, thus improving the cure rate. The effect of overcellular immunotherapy against recurrence and metastasis is better than that of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and it has no toxicity and side effects on patients.

Middle and late-stage patients

Middle and late-stage patients are suitable for middle and late-stage patients who are inoperable or unwilling to operate. Minimally invasive targeted therapy with argon helium knife can be used first. The effect of minimally invasive targeted therapy is equivalent to palliative surgery and is less traumatic with low side effects. It can quickly kill larger tumor lesions and reduce tumor load. Then preventive chemotherapy and DC-CIK biological therapy are used to kill the cancer cells in the residual lesions and blood vessel night lymph, and at the same time improve the immunity, restore the patient's body to recognize the natural larger and kill the cancer cells' immune function, so as to prevent and control the tumor recurrence and metastasis fundamentally.

9 Dietary care

Increase appetite

Replacement of recipes, change of cooking methods: a new kind of food can promote appetite, for example, patients who often eat pork food can replace to eat fish, shrimp, crab, chicken, etc., and if there are conditions, they can eat some turtles and turtle. Change the cooking method so that the food has a different color and flavor, can also increase appetite. But no matter which kind of food, cooking must be to achieve the degree of food is more cooked, can be successfully digested and absorbed.

Medicinal diet appetizer spleen: hawthorn meat: hawthorn 100 grams, lean pork (or cattle) 1000 grams of meat, 250 grams of vegetable oil, and mushrooms, ginger, green onions, pepper,

Therapeutic

Materials wine, monosodium glutamate (MSG), sugar, each appropriate amount. First lean meat cut into slices, oil burst over, and then use hawthorn seasoning and other fontanel through the burn dry, can be eaten. Both appetizing and anti-cancer;

Astragalus yam soup: 30 grams of astragalus, add water and cook for half an hour, remove slag, add 60 grams of sliced yam, and then cook for 30 minutes, add sugar (constipation plus honey) that is to become. Daily morning and evening service 1 time. It has the effect of benefiting qi and activating blood circulation, increasing appetite and improving gastrointestinal absorption function;

Exchanging dietary experience among patients: exchanging dietary experience among patients can not only complement each other's strengths, but also help to increase appetite, which is very necessary for cancer patients;

Eating more vitamin content of fresh vegetables and fruits: this kind of food can not only increase the resistance, but also increase the appetite. Some patients think that they should avoid eating raw and cold food, but the fruits and vegetables should be treated according to the situation. In the early postoperative period, you can eat vegetable juice and a small amount of easy-to-digest fruits, each time the amount should not be too much, should be a small number of meals. After the basic recovery of gastrointestinal function can eat some light and refreshing raw gazpacho and fruits, especially chemotherapy, radiotherapy period, with obvious appetizing effect.

Increase nutrition

Tumor is a chronic consumptive disease, unbalanced nutrition and malnutrition are common among tumor patients. Therefore, it is very important to improve appetite and nutrition for the recovery of tumor patients. In daily life, we should pay attention to the nutritional reasonableness, try to do food sampling, eat more high protein, multi-vitamin, low animal fat, easy to digest food and fresh fruits and vegetables, do not eat old and spoiled or stimulating things, eat less aromatherapy, baking, pickling, deep-frying, salty food, and the staple food is coarse and fine grains with, in order to ensure the balance of nutrients.

There are many kinds of nutritious food, except rice, wheat, millet, soybean, etc., chicken, sheep, beef is a food to replenish qi, which can be eaten by tumor patients who are weak. Duck, turtle, soft-shelled turtle, crucian carp, whore is a food with tonic spleen, sea cucumber, jellyfish, abalone, kelp, water chestnuts, rhododendron can soften and disperse the knot, you can eliminate the "plaque", fungus, monkey mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, enoki mushrooms and other edible mushrooms have a certain anticancer effect. In particular, the nutritional value of shiitake mushrooms exceeds that of all mushrooms, containing seven kinds of essential amino acids, calcium, copper, iron, manganese and other emblematic elements, but also contains a variety of sugars and enzymes, which can improve and enhance the body's immune system.

The five flavors of sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty, each has its special effect. Sour can astringent, generate fluids and open the stomach; sweet can tonify the spleen and stomach; bitter can drain, dry dampness, a small amount of appetizing; spicy can also open the stomach; salty can pass down, soften the nut. Foods are basically the above five flavors, or several flavors mixed together. Patients recovering from tumors should choose foods that have certain anticancer ingredients and have the effect of softening and dispersing knots.

Vegetables, fruits and beans are rich in many kinds of vitamins and trace elements, which have certain anti-cancer and anti-cancer effects. Such as soybeans, cabbage, cabbage are rich in trace elements of molybdenum, tomatoes, carrots, cabbage, jujubes are rich in vitamin A, C and B people, of which cabbage nutrition is the best, it contains a variety of vitamins, more than tomatoes several times. Garlic moss, leeks, cauliflower, cabbage in addition to rich in vitamins, but also contains can increase the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of indigo substrate, can resist the carcinogenic effect of chemical carcinogens. [3]

10 Side effects

Biological immunotherapy also has some drawbacks and shortcomings, and some of the following side effects may occur:

① Artificial proliferation of immune cells in vitro can increase the risk of infections and cell mutations if the laboratory link is not well manipulated. Cells cultured in vitro have the possibility of contaminating viruses, mycoplasma and other pathogenic microorganisms, which will increase the risk of infection in patients with esophageal cancer.

②Biological immunotherapy for esophageal cancer can also cause esophageal cancer patients to have adverse reactions such as low-grade fever, chills, skin flushing, myalgia, arthralgia, and rash.

3) The immune cells cultivated in vitro are easily rejected by autoimmune cells after being infused back into human body.

④The immune cells after infusion also have a life cycle, and after a period of time, they themselves will wither away, and need to be done every few days, the treatment cost is higher. In addition, the cultured immune cells have not yet reached the stage of being able to accurately kill cancer cells.

11Summary

The basis of cellular immunotherapy for tumors is the ability of the body's immune system to monitor and kill tumor cells. Compared with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, cellular immunotherapy is characterized by high specificity and few side effects. Theoretically, every tumor patient can benefit from immunotherapy, and early-stage patients, whose immune system has not yet been seriously affected by tumors, respond better to immunotherapy and its efficacy will be relatively enhanced. Immunotherapy, however, tends to target patients who are too advanced for other treatments. Even in these patient groups, immunotherapy has shown enough efficacy to become the fourth treatment for tumors after surgery and radiotherapy.

It should be noted that cellular immunotherapy is not the so-called "best" treatment, but a new means of tumor treatment, which is developed by medical researchers to meet clinical needs and fill clinical gaps, and it has some advantages that other therapies do not have, but it can't completely replace other treatments. It has some advantages that other therapies do not have, but it cannot completely replace other therapies. In the treatment of malignant tumors, a comprehensive and three-dimensional treatment approach should be advocated, and it is hoped that tumor patients and their families will not be misled by some exaggerated propaganda and enter the wrong zone of treatment.