Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional stories - Composition of traditional festival customs
Composition of traditional festival customs
Dragon Boat Festival is one of the four major festivals throughout the year. May is the poison month, the fifth day is the poison day, and the noon on the fifth day is the poison time, ranking at the bottom of the three poisons. The Dragon Boat Festival is also called "the end of May". May is the beginning of the whole hot weather. Five poisonous snakes are active and ghosts are rampant, which will bring disaster to people, especially to fearless and helpless children. At the end of May, we should concentrate on preventing disasters and drugs for children. Some people say that it is to commemorate the ancestor of mankind, Nu Wa, and "tile" is homophonic with "tile". Therefore, many people call the Dragon Boat Festival in May "Children's Day" or "Doll's Day".
Celebrating the Dragon Boat Festival has been a traditional habit of China people for more than 2,000 years, because China has a vast territory and many ethnic groups, including Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, North Korea, Dong, Yao, Bai, Tujia, Hani, She, Lahu, Shui, Naxi, Daur and Wa. Its contents mainly include: the daughter goes back to her mother's house, sets up a statue of Zhong Kui, greets the ghost boat, hides in the afternoon, sticks leaf symbols in the afternoon, hangs calamus and mugwort leaves, travels in all diseases, wears nose bags, prepares sacrificial bowls, races dragon boats, fights, hits the ball, swings, draws cockscomb stones for children, drinks cockscomb stone wine, calamus wine, eats five-poison cakes, salted eggs and corn. Some activities, such as dragon boat racing, have developed rapidly, breaking through the boundaries of time and region and becoming international sports events.
On June 24th, 2005, 165438+ Korea applied for "Dragon Boat Festival", which was officially recognized as "oral and intangible cultural heritage of mankind" by UNESCO. This is a profound lesson for China people to protect the Han cultural heritage.
The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is a traditional folk festival in China-Dragon Boat Festival, which is one of the ancient traditional festivals of the Chinese nation. The Dragon Boat Festival is also called Dragon Boat Festival and Duanyang. Besides, there are many other nicknames for the Dragon Boat Festival, such as: Noon Festival, Chongwu Festival, May Festival, Magnolia Festival, Daughter's Day, Tianzhong Festival, Dila Festival, Sao Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Doll Festival and so on. Although the names are different, on the whole, the customs of people everywhere are more similar than different.
Celebrating the Dragon Boat Festival has been a traditional habit of China people for more than two thousand years. Due to the vast territory, numerous nationalities and numerous stories and legends, not only many different festival names have been born, but also different customs exist in different places. Its contents mainly include: the daughter goes back to her mother's house, sets up a statue of Zhong Kui, greets the ghost boat, hides in the afternoon, sticks leaf symbols in the afternoon, hangs calamus and mugwort leaves, travels in all diseases, wears nose bags, prepares sacrificial bowls, races dragon boats, fights, hits the ball, swings, draws cockscomb stones for children, drinks cockscomb stone wine, calamus wine, eats five-poison cakes, salted eggs and corn. Some activities, such as dragon boat racing, have developed rapidly, breaking through the boundaries of time and region and becoming international sports events.
There are many opinions about the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival, such as: in memory of Qu Yuan; In memory of Wu Zixu's theory; In memory of Cao E; Summer solstice from summer, Shang and Zhou; The theory of exorcising evil days on the moon, the theory of national totem sacrifice in wuyue, the theory of commemorating Nu Wa and so on. Each of the above has its own source. According to more than 100 ancient books and professional archaeological studies listed in Wen Yiduo's Dragon Boat Festival Examination and Dragon Boat Festival History Education, the origin of Dragon Boat Festival is a totem festival held by Wuyue people in southern China in ancient times, which is earlier than Qu Yuan. However, for thousands of years, Qu Yuan's love for his national spirit and touching poems have been deeply rooted in people's hearts. Therefore, many people "cherish it and mourn it, and discuss its words to be handed down from generation to generation." Therefore, the commemoration of Qu Yuan has the widest and deepest influence and occupies the mainstream official position. In the field of folk culture, China Li Shu associated the dragon boat race and eating corn during the Dragon Boat Festival with the commemoration of Qu Yuan.
Until now, the Dragon Boat Festival is still a very popular grand festival among the people of China. Dragon Boat Festival is now a national legal holiday.
Dragon Boat Festival
Dragon Boat Festival is an ancient traditional festival, which has a history of more than two thousand years since the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Warring States Period. There are many origins and legends of the Dragon Boat Festival. Here are only four:
The fifth day of the fifth lunar month, commonly known as "Dragon Boat Festival". End means "preliminary" and "initial". The fifth day can be called Dragon Boat Festival. In the lunar calendar, the earth marks the moon, the first month is cloudy, the mid-spring is the base, and the sequence from May to May is noon, so May is called noon month, and "five" is connected with "noon", and "five" is also a positive number, so the Dragon Boat Festival is also called Dragon Boat Festival, Chongwu, Duanyang and Zhongtian. From the history books, the word "Dragon Boat Festival" was first seen in the local custom of Jin people and Zhou Dynasty: "Dragon Boat Festival in midsummer, cooking millet." Dragon Boat Festival is a traditional festival of Han nationality in China. The indispensable activities on this day gradually evolved into: eating horn millet, racing dragon boats, hanging calamus and wormwood leaves, smoking atractylodes and angelica dahurica, and drinking jiguanshi wine. It is said that eating corn for dragon boat racing is to commemorate Qu Yuan, so after liberation, the Dragon Boat Festival was named "Sao Ren Festival" to commemorate Qu Yuan. As for hanging Acorus calamus, Artemisia argyi, smoking Atractylodes macrocephala and Angelica dahurica, it is said that drinking Jiguanshi wine is to suppress evil spirits. Although the Dragon Boat Festival is over, its origin is not very clear. To sum up, there are generally the following statements.
First, in memory of Qu Yuan. This theory originated from the records of Wu Jun's Continued Harmony in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and Jing Chu Ji Nian in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. It is said that Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River on the fifth day of May, and was trapped by the dragon behind him. The world mourns it. He throws five-color millet into the water every day to drive away the dragon. It is also said that after Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River, the local people immediately rowed for help and went all the way to Dongting Lake, but Qu Yuan's body was never found. It was raining at that time, and all the boats on the lake were collected by the pavilion on the shore. When many people learned that it was to salvage Dr. Qu, a worthy minister, they went out in the rain and rushed into the vast Dongting Lake. In order to mourn, many people row boats on the river, and later it gradually developed into a dragon boat race. Eating corn and racing dragon boats on the Dragon Boat Festival seems to be related to commemorating Qu Yuan, as evidenced by Wen Xiu's poem "Dragon Boat Festival" in the Tang Dynasty: "The festival is divided into Dragon Boat Festival, which is said to be Qu Yuan. I can laugh at the empty space of the Chu River, but I can't wash it straight. "
Second, Ying Tao said. This sentence comes from Cao E tablet in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the age of, Wu Zixu, a loyal minister of Wu, died unjustly. Then, he became Shen Tao, and the world mourned it, so there was the Dragon Boat Festival.
Third, the Dragon Boat Festival said. This statement comes from Wen Yiduo's Dragon Boat Festival Examination and Dragon Boat Festival History Education. He believed that the fifth day of May was the day when the Dragon Society in ancient wuyue held totem sacrifices. The main reason is: (1) The two most important activities of the Dragon Boat Festival are eating corn and running, both of which are related to dragons. When corn is thrown into the water, it is often eaten by mosquitoes and dragons, and dragon boats are used during the games. (2) Du Jing has a deep relationship with ancient wuyue. In addition, Wuyue people have a custom of "dragon-like", that is, tattooing constantly. (3) The ancient folk custom of "five-colored silk tied arms", which came into effect on the fifth day of May, should be a relic of the tattoo custom of "like a dragon".
Fourth, the theory of evil day. In the pre-Qin period, it was generally believed that May was a poisonous month and the fifth was an evil day. A midsummer in the Lu era stipulated that many people should abstain from sex and fast in May. "Summer Zheng Xiao" records: "Store medicine this day to detoxify and regulate qi." It is recorded in "Da Dai Li" that "the livestock orchid takes a bath on May 5", and there are many legends that the heavy five is the extinction day for bathing to exorcise evil spirits. The famous "Twenty-four History" by Meng Changjun and Meng Changjun was born on May 5th. His father asked his mother not to give birth to him, thinking that "children in May will make their parents unlucky if they grow up in Hu Qi." "Biography of Fashion" was lost. "It is said that a child was born on May 5th, and the male harmed his father and the female harmed his mother". Wang Chong, the author of Lun Heng, also described: "The first month and May are taboos; Killing father and mother in May of the first month is not worth mentioning. " Wang Zhene, a general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was born on the fifth day of May. His grandfather named him "Zhen Xie". Evonne and Song Huizong were born on the fifth day of May, and were fostered outside the palace since childhood. It can be seen that in ancient times, the fifth day of May was regarded as an evil day, which was a common phenomenon. It can be seen that this day has been an unlucky day since the pre-Qin period. In this way, planting Acorus calamus and Folium Artemisiae Argyi to exorcise ghosts, smoking Rhizoma Atractylodis and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, and drinking Celosia cristata wine on this day will avoid epidemics, which is what happens when melons are ripe and rooted.
Fifth, the summer mentioned on the solstice. Liu Deqian, who holds this view, put forward three main reasons in Dragon Boat Festival and China Traditional Festival: (1) The powerful masterpiece Jingchu Sui Ji did not mention the holiday fashion of eating corn on the fifth day of May, but wrote it on the solstice festival in summer. As for Du Jing, Du Taiqing's Jade Candle Collection in Sui Dynasty listed it as an entertainment activity from summer to the sun, so it was definitely to salvage Qu Yuan, a great poet who threw himself into the river. (2) Some contents of the Dragon Boat Festival fashion, such as "stepping on a hundred herbs", "fighting a hundred herbs" and "picking miscellaneous medicines", have nothing to do with Qu Yuan. (3) The first explanation of the Dragon Boat Festival in "Beautiful Scenery at the Age of Years" is: "The sun is shining, and the Dragon Boat Festival is in midsummer, so it can also be called a midsummer festival. Therefore, the earliest origin of the noon festival is the summer solstice. There are many controversies, and the theory of commemorating Qu Yuan has the most extensive influence. Because of Qu Yuan's outstanding personality, many people are willing to attribute this anniversary to him.
Sixth, the memory of Nu Wa said. In Qingyang, Gansu, there is still a strong custom of Dragon Boat Festival. This day is a festival for women to play with threads and dress up dolls, so it is called Doll's Day or Daughter's Day. Is the doll facing a big blue embroidered by Su, or a snake? Coupled with the five poisons, wearing a tiger hat, covered with tiger shoes, decorated with double beards on the chest, and wearing a nasal spray bag filled with herbs on the chest, the paradigm is eight doors and five flowers (these are collectively called Qingyang nasal spray bags). Wrists and ankles are tied into flower ropes with five-color threads, all made by women who do things. When and where did this tradition of festivals and customs originate? There is no way and no data to verify. It is just an intangible cultural heritage (Qingyang nasal spray bag was listed as the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage in 2002). If these folk spoken words and dolls are verified with some historical records of Dongli Zhao Xi, it is not difficult to find that they are closely related to the humanities in the Central Plains. "Wa" is homophonic with "Wa", and "Nu Wa" is homophonic with "Nu Wa". There is a folk saying that the Dragon Boat Festival is a doll festival, called Nuwa Festival. Therefore, it is speculated that the custom of Dragon Boat Festival in Qingyang, the birthplace of the Central Plains, should be a way for local people to remember and commemorate human childhood, to commemorate Nu Wa and to report maternal love. The potential relationship between maternal love and childlike innocence has been mysteriously ignored from generation to generation. Call, accumulate into a kind of folk consciousness. Its origin in the annals of history has been a long time, even longer than the current textual research. This is the source of the Dragon Boat Festival, which laid the foundation for the formation of China's big cultural system with the word "five characters" in the past and became the thinking framework of the descendants of the Central Plains about the origin of nature.
[Originated in memory of Qu Yuan]
According to Twenty-four History and Biographies of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, Qu Yuan was a minister in Chu Huaiwang during the Warring States Period. He advocated recruiting talents, supporting rich countries, and urged them to unite against Qin, which was strongly influenced by others. Qu Yuan was expelled from the capital and exiled to the Yuan and Xiang river basins. During his exile, he wrote immortal poems such as Li Sao, Tian Wen and Jiu Ge, which have a unique style and far-reaching influence (therefore, the Dragon Boat Festival is also called the Sao Festival). In 278 BC, Qin Jun conquered Kyoto of Chu. Qu Yuan was heartbroken when he saw his motherland being invaded, but he couldn't bear to abandon his motherland from beginning to end. On May 5th, he wrote his last words "Huai Sha", then died in the Miluo River, and wrote a magnificent nationalist movement with his own life.
Legend has it that Chu people were so sad behind Qu Yuan that they flocked to the Miluo River to pay homage to Qu Yuan. The fisherman paddled the boat and fished for him back and forth on the river. A fisherman took out rice balls, eggs and other foods prepared for Qu Yuan and threw them into the river, saying that ichthyosaurs, shrimps and crabs were full and would not bite the doctor. Many people followed suit after seeing it. An old doctor brought an altar of cockscomb wine and poured it into the river, saying that he wanted to stun the dragon water beast with medicine to avoid danger, Dr. Qu. Later, for fear that rice balls would be eaten by dragons, many people thought of wrapping them with neem leaves and colored silk to develop brown seeds.
From then on, every year on the fifth day of May, there is a fashion of dragon boat racing, eating corn and drinking Jiguanshi wine. In memory of Qu Yuan, a national poet who loves himself.
[Excerpt from Commemorating Wu Zixu]
The second legend of the Dragon Boat Festival, which is widely circulated in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, commemorates the reign of Wu Zixu (770-476 BC). Wu Zixu, a famous Chu national, and his father and brother were all killed by the King of Chu. Later, Zixu abandoned the dark and went to Wu to help Wu to attack Chu, and entered the capital city of Chu in the Five Wars. At that time, King Chu Ping was already dead. Zixu dug a grave and whipped 300 bodies to avenge his father's murder. Fu Cha, the son of King Wu, succeeded him to the throne. Wu Jun's morale is high and on a roll. He went north, and Gou Jian, the king of Yue, invited him to make peace, and Fu Cha promised him. Zi Xu suggested the complete elimination of Yue State, but Fu Cha did not listen. Wu State slaughtered him, and he was bought by Yue State. Fu Cha believed him and gave him a sword. Zi Xu died. Zi Xu, a loyal man, gave his life. Before he died, he said to his neighbor, "Behind me, dig out my autumn water and hang it on the east gate of Jason Wu, watching the Vietnamese army enter the city to destroy Wu." He hanged himself. Hearing this, Fu Cha was furious, and ordered that the body of the traverse to the child be thrown into the river on May 5th to commemorate the day of Wu Zixu.
Memories from the dutiful daughter Cao E.
The third legend of Dragon Boat Festival is to commemorate the filial daughter Cao E who saved her drowning father in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 23-220). Cao E was a native of Shangyu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Her father drowned in the river, and her body was not seen for many days. At that time, Cao E, the filial daughter, was only fourteen years old, crying day and night by the river. 17 days later, he also threw himself into the river on May 5, and fished out his father's body five days later. This was handed down as a myth and then passed on to the governor of the county government, so that this degree was still a monument, and his favorite pupil Han Danchun made a eulogy to praise it.
The tomb of the filial daughter is in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province today, and there is a monument made by Jin. Later, in order to commemorate Cao E's filial piety, Cao E Temple was built where Cao E threw himself into the river. The town where she lived was renamed Cao E Town, and the place where Cao E died was named Cao E River.
"Totem Sacrifice from Guyue Nationality"
A large number of cultural relics excavated in modern times and archaeological studies have confirmed that there was a cultural relic with the characteristics of Tao and Wei in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the Neolithic Age. According to experts, the remaining tribe is Baiyue, a tribe that worships dragon totem in history. Decorative patterns and historical legends on unearthed porcelain show that they have the custom of continuous tattoos, live in a water town and are descendants of dragons. In its production, there are a large number of stone tools, as well as small bronzes such as shovels and chisels. Among the pots and pans used as daily necessities, the printed pottery ding used for cooking food is unique to them and is one of the symbols of their ethnic group. Until the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were still more than 100 Vietnamese people, and the Dragon Boat Festival was a festival for their ancestors. During thousands of years of historical development, most Baiyue people have integrated into the Han nationality, and the rest have evolved into many ethnic minorities in the south. Therefore, the Dragon Boat Festival has become a festival for the whole Chinese nation.
May 5th is an evil month and an evil day.
Yuan, president of Hebei Folk Culture Association, believes that the Dragon Boat Festival existed before Qu Yuan.
Yuan said that China people's thinking mode has always had the idea of superposition of numbers, such as the Lunar New Year, the Dragon Head Festival on the second day of mid-spring, and the Queen Mother Xiantao Festival on the third day of March. In addition, there are the Double Ninth Festival on Valentine's Day in China and Xuan Yue on July 7th. These festivals have their own connotations, and they are closely related to thousands of years of agricultural civilization in China. May 5th has been regarded as a festival in recent days, similar to the formation of these festivals mentioned above, which was formed seven or eight thousand years ago.
"In China, the historical tradition holds that May 5th is an evil month and an evil day. According to the Book of Changes and other documents, yin evil was born in May, and May 5th is just the time when the yang spirit runs to the end of Duanyang. On this day, many people insert mugwort leaves, hang calamus, drink cockscomb wine and spray nose bags to ward off evil spirits. Yuan Xue Jun said that Qu Yuan committed suicide by throwing himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, probably because he intended to express his loyalty to the country and the nation during the Dragon Boat Festival.
Yuan believes that eating corn and racing dragon boats on the Dragon Boat Festival, which has been handed down now, is a gradually evolving memorial way when Qu Yuan jumped into the river more than 2,000 years ago and later generations salvaged Qu Yuan's body. Many people scatter rice in the river after they are full to prevent fish from eating Qu Yuan's body. Fishing for Qu Yuan requires boats. With more boats, the competition will gradually begin. As for the dragon boat, it is even later.
Dragon boat festival custom
Dragon Boat Festival is a grand folk celebration in our country, and the activities of congratulations are also very rich, starting from the morning when gastrodia elata lights up and ending in Japan and China. Billie's activities are broadcast in various forms:
Other answer 2: Tomb-Sweeping Day and Tomb-Sweeping Day are important traditional folk festivals in China, and they are one of the eight important festivals (Shangyuan, Qingming, Long Summer, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Winter Solstice and New Year's Eve). Generally speaking, it is April 5 in the solar calendar, but its festival is very long. There are two kinds of sayings: ten days ago, eight days later, ten days ago and ten days later. These two sentences belong to Tomb-Sweeping Day in recent twenty days.
Qingming custom is rich and interesting. In addition to banning fire from sweeping graves, there are also a series of fashionable sports activities such as hiking, swinging, cuju, polo and willow planting. According to legend, this is because Tomb-Sweeping Day wants to ban cold food and fire. In order to prevent the harm of cold food and cold meal to the body, everyone takes part in some sports activities to exercise. Therefore, this festival is a distinctive festival, with both sad tears and laughter. Tomb-Sweeping Day's grave-sweeping is called "thinking about respecting time" for ancestors, and its custom has a long history. However, during the Qingming period, there are some taboos and taboos that you should stop.
At the end of the vernal equinox and the beginning of Qingming Festival, the sun is shining, the precipitation is increasing and the wind is gradually increasing. But at this time, "cold spring" will often patronize, which will definitely affect people's health. Therefore, it is of great significance to live a clean and healthy life.
The rain in the Qingming Festival is always thin and sudden, telling the breath of spring and seems to be telling it gently. April is special because it is very clear. It is the misty rain that moistens the empty mountain birds' voices and looks at the grass in the field deeply and shallowly. Thick colors and shades can't cover up the memories of the years and accompany us through such a nostalgic season.
Every time I go to Tomb-Sweeping Day, it always rains. Walking in the rain always reminds me of the heartbroken image in that ancient poem.
During the Qingming Festival, it rained a lot, and pedestrians on the road and on the mountain were fascinated.
Excuse me, is there one in the restaurant? The herding children pointed to Xinghua Village.
This poem, sung by Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, is still so hateful and cordial today, reminding people of their deceased relatives and friends. It can be seen that through the ages, some beautiful feelings in human nature are similar, both ancient and modern, and universal.
On this day, we express our thoughts for our loved ones, shed all tears, and never let memories become the promise of life again. Let's experience the love and warmth between human beings again, put broken hearts together, and raise the sailboat of life again with a smile. We often sigh that things are impermanent and life is short. As long as we really loved, there would be no regrets in life. As long as there is love in our hearts, we will always believe that our life is a beautiful spring.
Qingming, reading the words that once shocked and comforted our souls, will make a faint ripple in our sad hearts, imagining that the deceased listened attentively to the light rain, quietly looked at the pedestrians, thought about the screen of the soul, and their hearts would be touched. This quiet image will quietly make the dead reappear in their hearts. ...
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