Cultural phenomena reflected by Zhejiang literati

"Lanting", "Xiyuan" and "Yushan" express the cultural phenomena of three different dynasties. The figures gathered by them are all celebrities of the times, so they are concerned by the government and respected by the people. Among them, "Jade Mountain Elegant Collection" is a phenomenon with its specific conditions.

(A) the background of the times

From the eighth year of Zheng Zheng (1348) to the twentieth year of Zheng Zheng (1360), the Collection of Jade Mountain Elegant reached 50 times in 12. The gathering place of Jade Mountain Elegant Collection is Gu's manor, also known as "a good place for Jade Mountain". The Elegant Collection of Yushan Cottage contains: The affiliated buildings of Yushan Cottage include Taohuaxuan, Diaoyuexuan, Laiguixuan, Chunhui Building, Qiuhua Pavilion, Tang Zhiyun, Keshizhai, Reading Hall, Zhiyu Pavilion, Xiaopenglai, Xiaoyouxian, Baihuatan, Mingyudong, Wu Bi Cuizhu Hall, Huanhuaxi, Baishitan, Fishing Village, Chuncaochi and Jinsu. In addition, there are 36 painting and calligraphy workshops, Liutangchun, Baiyun Sea, Huguang Mountain Pavilion, Jiashuxuan, Hefangting, Chuo Mountain Pavilion, Dongting and Xiting. Among them, "Yushan Caotang" is the residence of family and the essence of architecture. The first Yushan Ya Ji was held on the fifth day of February 19 in Zheng Zhi. This year, Gu Aying was almost confused. In November of this year, painters Huang and Gu Aying wrote poems on Qian Xuan's "Floating Jade Mountain Residence Map", and Gu Aying said: "I have no official leisure, leaving me in the middle of the ravine. I want to build a hut with loose roots and pick chrysanthemums in clear autumn to see Nanshan. " In his poems, Gu Aying did not describe Qian Xuan's painting style, nor did he analyze Qian Xuan's nostalgia for the Song Dynasty, his dissatisfaction with alien rule and his contempt for conformity. Instead, he revealed Gu Aying's own inner world, that is, he was dissatisfied with the ethnic discrimination policy of Mongolian nobles and opposed peasant uprisings and wars.

Since the first poetry anthology came out in 1348, especially after 1352, the peasant uprising lasted for several months, and "Yushan Caotang" became a gathering place for scholars in Jiangsu, Songsong and Hangzhou, and also provided a place for leisure for scholars all over the country.

(2) Elegant spirit

The three elegant collections have left people with precious cultural heritage, and their elegant collection times, elegant collection locations, elegant collection cultural accumulation and elegant collection cultural dissemination have inspired people.

Lanting was praised by scholars of past dynasties, and "Shi Shuo Xin Yu" said: "There are many famous scenes in the meeting, and the peaks are long and steep, and they are tasted in the fog." "From the mountain road, the mountains and rivers are reflected, which is overwhelming. If it is autumn and winter, it is particularly difficult. " "Preface to Lanting" has a cloud: "There are mountains, forests and bamboo pruning, clear streams and turbulent streams, reflecting the left and right." But 1600 years later, with the excavation of Wang Xingzhi's epitaph in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Guo Moruo wrote the article "From the excavation of Xie Wang's epitaph to the authenticity of the Preface to Lanting", which caused a debate about the authenticity of the Preface to Lanting and the original appearance of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy. Later, it was published by the Cultural Relics Publishing House as a book "Lanting Debate". However, due to the interference of the "Cultural Revolution" thought, articles that disagreed with Guo Moruo did not earn much. However, with the development of society, the spirit of "Lanting Elegant Collection" is eternal, and holding Lanting Elegant Collection once a year in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province is a strong evidence. Are Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion and its authentic works reliable? It has always been the focus of attention in the book industry.

Lanting Ya Ji left us the wealth of "the best running script in the world", and Xiyuan Ya Ji left us a historical picture. Because of Su Dongpo's Wutai Poetry Case, Wang Shen was criticized, which added a strong political color to Ji Ya and also reflected the close relationship between politics and culture. At that time, the painter Li described the "Elegant Map of the West Garden" by literati such as, Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fei. In Li's paintings, literati ink flowers and birds and ink landscapes emerged. He infiltrated the interest of literati into the field of figure painting, and further transformed the traditional painting style popular in Wu Daozi, that is, from religious themes to secular life, from murals to painting axes, which greatly weakened the "missionary" function of figure painting, made it have the nature of "enjoying music" similar to landscapes, flowers and ink bamboo, and further developed "literati painting"

There are 50 episodes of Jade Mountain Elegant Collection, which is different from the above two elegant collections. Among them, on February 19th, the fifth son of Yongzheng in Yuan Dynasty was the champion of Yushan Yaji, and Zhang Wo wrote the map of Yushan Yaji, and Yang Weizhen wrote it down. Secondly, the collection of Yu Shan Cao Tang Ya Ji was compiled, with a total volume of 13 and 73 people with 2954 pieces, including Ke, Chen Ji, Yang Weizhen, Huang Cheng, Zheng, Zhang Qian, Zhang Qian, Yao, Zhang Wo, Tangyuan, Guo Yi, Lu Cheng and Xu Da.

(3) Representative

Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi's father and son in Preface to Lanting Collection have attracted worldwide attention. Wang Xizhi, who believes in Laozi and Zhuangzi and advocates nature, lives in Huiji, which is naturally enough for him to enjoy himself. Wang Xianzhi is the seventh son of Wang Xizhi. He was only ten years old when Lanting Gia was assembled. There are six brothers who are famous for their calligraphy, and they are outstanding. On the basis of inheriting Xihe River, he innovated techniques and changed his appearance. It can be said that his father and son have joined hands. Therefore, in the history of calligraphy, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi are both called "two kings".

Su Dongpo and Mi Fei are the representatives of "the elegant collection of the West Garden". In fact, except Cai Xiang, all three of the four great calligraphers of the Northern Song Dynasty participated in the "Elegant Collection of the West Garden". Su Dongpo occupies a prominent position in the field of literature, painting and calligraphy in the Song Dynasty, which can be described as an all-rounder. He has high attainments in prose, poetry, painting and calligraphy. Mi Fei was a doctor of painting and calligraphy in Hui Zong period. His calligraphy is naive and straightforward, and he has created a calligraphy style with his own characteristics. Another is Huang Tingjian. Huang Tingjian is brilliant and appreciated by Su Dongpo. He is one of the "Four Bachelor of Su Men". In poetry, he is the leader of Jiangxi Poetry School, and he has a high appreciation of ancient paintings. He is as famous as Su Dongpo in calligraphy and is called "Su Huang".

Yang Weizhen and Ni Yunlin are the representatives of "Jade Mountain Elegant Collection". Yang Weizhen, alias Tiedi Taoist. Proficient in literature and history, leader of Wumen Poetry School. His calligraphy has washed away old habits and is not elegant. Often broken by the combination of letters, lines and grass, the pen is imposing and the characters are vertical and horizontal, which breaks through the elegant calligraphy style of Athens, finds a new way and is unique in the Yuan Dynasty. Yang Weizhen is a frequent visitor to Gu Aying's Collection of Yushan Cottage, and has written many articles in Kunshan, such as Preface to Poems of Lv Jingfu, Preface to Poems of Guo, Preface to Elegant Collection of Yushan Cottage, etc.

Ni Yunlin and Gu Aying both live in Jiangnan. There are Qing Pavilion and Yunlin Hall at home, with rich paintings and calligraphy works, and they are also received by literati from all directions. Ni Yunlin is good at calligraphy and painting, and he also believes in Taoism. Because he lives a rich and superior life, he has developed a aloof character. By the end of Yuan Dynasty, because of the war, he no longer lived peacefully. Like Gu Aying, he ran away to Wuzhong, or spent twenty years in Buddhist temples and "Yushan Caotang", and didn't return to his hometown until the early Ming Dynasty. Ni Yunlin's paintings and calligraphy pay attention to the expression of subjective feelings, which embodies the characteristics of literati painting in Yuan Dynasty. In "Yuan Sijia" [3], there are also poems written by Huang and Wang Meng in "Elegant Collection of Yushan Cottage", but Zhenwu did not participate in Gu Aying's "Elegant Collection of Yushan".

Third, the conclusion

Jade Mountain Elegant Collection harmoniously sang with the world victory, which lasted 12 years, and the romantic literary talent was the best at one time.