How much do you know about China's classical musical instruments?

China's classical musical instruments are generally classified as "eight tones". "Eight Tones" is the earliest method in China to classify musical instruments according to manufacturing materials. It first appeared in Zhou Li and can be divided into eight categories: gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, wood, treasure and bamboo;

guzheng

"Gold" includes bells, bells and bells. (Bo), cymbals, cymbals (Nau), chimes, chimes, etc. ;

"Stone" includes green, green, and so on.

"Earth" includes Xun and Fu.

The category of "skin" includes Xuan drum, Tao drum, Ying drum, Bo drum and Fu drum.

"Silk" includes Qin, Qin, Zhu and Zheng.

The category of "wood" includes "jade" and? Chu) and so on.

"The category of" includes ",prosperity, spring and so on.

"Bamboo" includes Xiao, Xiao, Xiao, Xiao, Xiao and so on.

develop

The musical instruments in this "Eight Tones" are later called "Chinese ancient music" or "Chinese old instruments", which means pure Chinese musical instruments, mainly to distinguish them from foreign musical instruments.

After the opening of the Silk Road in the Western Han Dynasty, a large number of "Huyi Music" appeared in Chinese mainland, such as pipa, violin, violin, Jiegu and Qiangdi, because these musical instruments can also be classified according to the classification of "Eight Tones" without inventing a new classification.

Qin, also known as lyre and guqin, is an ancient plucked instrument with seven strings and no taste. Qin, as a special culture, summed up and

Represents the ancient and mysterious oriental thought.

Guqin was called "Qin" in ancient times, and there are other nicknames such as "Luqi" and "Stone". Legends such as "Fuxi made the piano", "Shennong made the piano" and "Shun made the banjo" are not credible, but their history is really quite long. The earliest appearance of Qin Dynasty in ancient books was recorded by China's first collection of poems, The Book of Songs. "My Fair Lady, Harp and Friends of Harp" in The Book of Songs, "Zhou Nanguan Luo" and "I have a guest, playing blowing sheng" and "Xiaoya Luming Literature" in The Book of Songs all reflect the close relationship between the harp and people's lives. It can be seen that the piano was popular more than 3,000 years ago.

Later, due to the advocacy of Confucius, the atmosphere of playing the piano among scholars was very prosperous, and gradually formed the tradition that ancient scholars must cultivate "piano, chess, calligraphy and painting" At the beginning of advocating Qin music, Confucius taught gentlemen not to be coke. A gentleman is better than Qin Bide, and only a gentleman can be happy. Playing the piano is the highest realm of gentleman's cultivation, and the unity of man and music shows a calm and sincere demeanor. In the era of Confucius, Qin music was not only the personal cultivation and enjoyment of later gentlemen, but also the sacred music to accommodate heaven and earth and educate the people. In Yu Qin's music, Confucius heard the voice of King Wen Sheng, and Shi Kuang heard the voice of the subjugation of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

The ancients believed that the weather of heaven and earth was contained in it, and people worshipped it and gave it moral belief. As a kind of "pronunciation", Qin Le embodies China's orthodoxy and culture for thousands of years. Guqin has accompanied people's lives and left us many touching stories: Boya played the piano and met a bosom friend; Zhuo Wenjun expressed his love with Qin; Ji Kang was facing death, and he also played a song "Guangling San"; Zhuge Liang cleverly set up an empty city plan, calmly played the piano, and cleverly retired hundreds of heroic soldiers of Sima Yi; There is also the story of Tao Yuanming playing the stringed piano. , are celebrated through the ages.

Idioms that are well-known to women and children, such as "high mountains and flowing water", "burning the piano to cook cranes" and "playing the piano for cows", all come from stories related to the piano.

Chinese name: Arthur

Attribute: Playing stringed instruments

Origin: Warring States Period

Number of strings: 25

origin

China ancient stringed instrument "Se"

The origin of musical instruments is very long, accounting for the largest proportion of stringed instruments discovered in archaeology. Its excavation sites are concentrated in Hubei, Hunan and Henan provinces, mostly from Chu tombs in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Other provinces, such as Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Liaoning, etc., have only a few sporadic discoveries. Literature records that "Dong" was used as a musical instrument.

Legend has it that in the Xia Dynasty, there was a harp. The word "le" on the Oracle Bone Inscriptions is "silk" above and "wood" below. If silk strings are used, they should be produced after the appearance of silk. The raw materials of stringed instruments must be at least able to be wound into wires to make stringed instruments. The stringed instruments around the pre-Qin period were Qin and Qin.

Another speculation is that musical instruments such as lyre and harp may be related to hunting bowstring. Of course, the raw material of bowstring can also be beef tendon or rubber band of other animals. 1984 We copied the harpsichord unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi, and the thickest bass string was the tendon string.

As one of the earliest stringed instruments in China, stringed instruments were very popular in pre-Qin and Han dynasties. Accompaniment of harmony songs was often used in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which was widely used in the Tang Dynasty, but it was less and less used in later generations.

Xiaoya in The Book of Songs says: "? Harp and harp beat drums to defend Tian's ancestors, pray for rain, introduce Xiaomi to me and help my indigenous women. " This is the earliest record found in ancient books, indicating that the plug has a history of at least 3000 years. Confucius was good at playing drums and musical instruments to accompany poems. At that time, Confucius was an independent family, known as the "Confucius' instrument" (The Analects of Confucius Advanced; "Through the instrument, Xi is at the gate of the hill")

According to the Records of Rites and Music, there are twenty-three strings of elegant vessels, and twenty-five strings of ode. Those decorated with precious stones are called "precious colors", and those painted with brocade are called "jinse".

"Hanshu Jiaosi" said: "Taizu ordered the drum to be fifty strings, but the mourning for the emperor could not stop, and it was broken into twenty-five strings." Later, the production of musical instruments became more elaborate and more widely used. A guzheng in Zhou Wenwang Temple is tied with vermilion-dyed silk thread, and has a smooth sound hole at the bottom, which can make a soothing sound when playing.

Ethnicity

The earliest harpist had fifty strings, so it was also called "fifty strings". In the Book of Songs, it is recorded that "My Fair Lady is a friend of harps and harps" and "I have a guest, playing the piano and drums". The piano has disappeared for thousands of years, and now "You Lan Han Yue" presents a legendary voice on the stage. Piano and piano sing together. Music is like running water, like Feng Ming, like the south wind, like the moon, which leads us into the fragrance of nature.

Ancient stringed instruments. It has a long history. Le Shu quoted Ishimoto as saying: "Sacrifice is a tool". According to Yili, in ancient rural drinking ceremony, rural shooting ceremony and banquet ceremony, the harp was used to accompany singing. From the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties, "the music of playing musical instruments" prevailed. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, this instrument was a common harmony accompaniment instrument. Used in Qing music in Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the future, it will only be used for court music and Ding Festival music.

During the Zhou and Han Dynasties, many ancient utensils were found in archaeological excavations. Unearthed from Chu Tomb No.1 in Liuchengqiao, Changsha, Hunan Province (about the late Spring and Autumn Period or the early Warring States Period), it is the earliest known physical object. Harps have been unearthed from Chu Tomb in Xinyang, Henan Province, Jiangling, Hubei Province, Zeng Houyi Tomb in Sui County, Hubei Province, and No.1 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, with the number ranging from 23 to 25 strings, most of which are 25 strings.

Dozens of ancient musical instruments were unearthed from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, but most of them were incomplete or their names were unknown. However, the bronzes unearthed from the No.1 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha are well preserved.

Although the strings have decayed and deteriorated, they still remain in their original positions, and the positions of the columns are relatively clear, which provides direct material evidence for us to understand Gusel's string stretching and tuning. The twenty-five strings of this instrument are divided into three groups according to the three-tailed yue, including the inner nine, the middle seven and the outer nine. The inner and outer nine-chord columns are arranged regularly, and the pitch of the chord is the same; The column position of the middle seven strings is rather chaotic, but it is also vaguely seen that they are connected with the inner nine strings in a progressive way. From the ratio of the effective chord length of each column, we can know that it is five tones.

The above Guser was lost in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the musical instruments recorded in documents and used in the courts of past dynasties are quite different from ancient musical instruments in shape, plucking and tuning. Xiong Penglai (1246 ——1323) compiled six volumes of Thule's Spectrum in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty. The book describes the shape and playing method of the instrument, and includes 12 old scores that sang the Book of Songs, 20 new scores that he created, and Music Score for Sacrifice in Confucius Temple. At that time, there was a long moon mountain at the head and tail, and there were a corresponding number of chord holes on the outside of the moon mountain, which were strung together in turn. * * * Twenty-five strings, with pitches arranged in twelve rhythms.

The middle string (thirteen strings) does not play, and the other twenty-four strings can play twenty-four notes of two octaves. Play "alto" with your right hand (low octave area); Play "Qing Sheng" (high octave zone) with your left hand. The left and right hands can also play both high octaves and low octaves. The basic fingering is that the big, eating, middle and nameless fingers dial inward and outward respectively. There are eight names: breaking, supporting, wiping, picking, hooking, picking, hitting and picking. The method of tuning strings changed slightly in later generations. You can also play the middle chord and adjust the chord according to the pentatonic scale or the heptatonic scale. When necessary, the left hand can take tone sandhi according to the left chord segment of the suppression column.

Six-hole oval ceramic wind instrument

Rhyme is a unique closed-mouthed musical instrument of Han nationality, which occupies an important position in the history of primitive art in the world. The origin of Xun is related to the labor and production activities of Han ancestors. At first, it may be that ancestors imitated the sounds of birds and animals to trap prey. Later, with the progress of society, it evolved into a simple musical instrument, and gradually increased the sound hole, and developed into a melodic instrument that can play tunes.

Ancient wind instruments made of clay, round or oval, with six holes (now there are eight holes, nine holes, ten holes, double octaves and so on. , and six holes are not common in the market at present). Also known as Tao Yu. Pottery is the most common, along with stones and bones.

It's the same sound. From the soil, there was the sound of smoke. Original meaning: an ancient wind instrument made of clay, the size of a goose egg, with six holes and a mouthpiece at the top. Also known as "Tao Xun") has the same original meaning [an egg-shaped building with holes]. It is also made of stones, bones and ivory.

origin

Hey, so are musical instruments. Take soil for it, six holes. -"Shuo Wen". This word is also awkward.

Flute. -"A Brief History of Zhou Li". Note: "As big as a goose egg."

Turn it up? . -"The Book of Rites and the Moon Order"

Bert blows, the clock blows? . -"Poetry Xiaoya Who"

Like what? . -"Poetry, Elegance and Board". Note: "Its sound level, and? Harmony. "

Rites and music are also embarrassing. -Biography of the White Tiger

Every six holes, one, three, two. -"New Three Rites, Dumping Pot and Ku"

Another example is: Hey? The forest is an earthen instrument, and the pool is a bamboo instrument. The sound of the forest pool ensemble is very harmonious. Later used to express harmony between brothers, also refers to brothers.

The structure of the ten-hole urn is a main body similar to a hollow ball. There is a water spray hole and nine sound holes. The upper end of the main body is provided with a blowing hole, the front face is provided with seven sound holes, and the back face is provided with two sound holes.

Inkstone is one of the oldest wind instruments in China, with a history of about 7,000 years.

According to legend, Yun Qi originated from a hunting tool called "Stone Meteor". In ancient times, people often tied a stone ball or clay ball with a rope and threw it out to shoot birds and animals. Some spheres are empty in the middle, and you can make a sound by swinging around. Later, people thought it was fun, so they blew it, and this stone meteor slowly evolved into a trap.

At first, most shackles were made of stones and bones, and later they developed into pottery with different shapes, such as oblate,

Zimuxiang

Oval, spherical, fish-shaped, pear-shaped, of which pear-shaped is the most common.

There are water spray holes at the upper end, flat bottom and sound holes on the side wall.

It has gone through a long period. About four or five thousand years ago, from one sound hole to two sound holes, you can play three notes. After entering the slave society, Yan got further development. A few years ago, Yan from the late patriarchal society to the early slave society was unearthed in Huoshaogou, Yumen, Gansu Province. It has three sound holes and can play four kinds of sounds. By the late Shang Dynasty, more than 0/000 years before BC, Yu had developed into five sound holes and could play six sounds. By the Spring and Autumn Period more than 700 years before BC, there were already six sound holes, which could blow out complete pentatonic and heptatonic scales. It took more than 3000 years to develop from one sound hole to six sound holes.

history

Cloud is a unique closed-mouthed musical instrument of Han nationality in China, which occupies an important position in the history of primitive art in the world. The origin of Xun is related to the labor and production activities of Han ancestors. At first, it may be that ancestors imitated the sounds of birds and animals to trap prey. Later, with the progress of society, it evolved into a simple musical instrument, and gradually increased the sound hole, and developed into a melodic instrument that can play tunes. In primitive society, the urn had various shapes, such as the pottery urn unearthed from Hemudu site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province, which was oval, with only blowing holes and no sound holes, about 7000 years ago.

Tao Di in Yangshao Cultural Site, banpo village, Xi, Shaanxi, looks like an olive with only one air hole. It is made of fine mud, which is one of the original forms of graves about 6000 years ago.

Compared with the primitive period and Xia Dynasty, tombs in Shang Dynasty have developed greatly, including pottery tombs, stone tombs and bone tombs, among which pottery tombs are the most common, and their shapes are mostly flat-bottomed ellipses. During the Warring States period, the pottery casket was flat-bottomed oval, but it also had other shapes.

After Qin and Han Dynasties, rhyme was mainly used in the court music in China music history. There are two kinds of court music: ode music and elegant music. Odes are small, like eggs, and their voices are slightly higher; He has a huge figure and a deep voice, and often plays with bamboo wind instruments "Qi". In China's earliest collection of poems, The Book of Songs, there is a saying that "Bo Shi whistles and Zhong Shi whistles", which means that two brothers, one whistling and the other whistling, express the brotherhood of harmony and goodwill.

In archaeological excavations and handed down from generation to generation, we occasionally see some pottery or porcelain with special shapes.

In the Qing Dynasty, the inheritance of rhyme has been traced back to ancient times. Wu Xunyuan, a native of Zhili, accidentally got rhyme and copied the pear-shaped pottery rhyme with five-tone holes in the Yin Dynasty to explain the mystery of the ancient sound. Tanghu Music Score is the earliest and only professional music score officially published so far, which is of great value to the study of Gu Xun's production method, performance method and music score, and is a rare and precious historical material.

Music Research of the Palace Museum and the Chinese Academy of Art All the red painted Yunlong urns used by the Qing court are 8.5 cm high and 7 cm in diameter. There are six sound holes on the body: the first four and the second, all painted in red, depicting golden dragons and moire patterns. Modern people developed a nine-hole pottery urn, which was based on the ancient six-hole urn, and then its shoulder and inner cylinder were enlarged to increase its volume, and the number of sound holes was increased to eight: the first six and the last two, plus blowing holes, making * * * nine holes.

In order to facilitate fingering and minimize complicated cross fingering, the arrangement order of sound holes is similar to that of flutes. Professional players can play 26 notes, including all semitones and one overtone within two octaves.