How many families are there of ancient Chinese thinkers and cultures?

1. Laozi - the first great thinker in ancient China - the founder of Taoism Laozi (580 BC-500 BC), whose surname was Li Ming'er and whose courtesy name was Boyang, was a native of the Chu state in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The founder of the Taoist school.

In his later years, when the Zhou Dynasty was declining, Laozi abandoned his official position and went into seclusion, and wrote the "Tao Te Ching" to expound the meaning of morality.

It is believed that Tao exists innately and circulates in cycles; virtue is produced by Tao and is the specific manifestation of Tao, and its ideological discussion is full of mysticism.

He also used the dialectical relationship of morality to differentiate the existence of all things. Based on this understanding, he put forward the ideological point of view of "natural inaction" and "governing by inaction".

Representative works: "Tao Te Ching" 2. Confucius - the most famous thinker in ancient China - the founder of Confucianism Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), named Qiu and courtesy name Zhongni, was a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The founder of Confucianism.

He put forward the political idea of ??"ruling the country with virtue", but it was not accepted by the large and small countries that were in constant war at that time.

Therefore, he traveled around the country, recruited disciples, and formed the Confucian school.

Confucius' academic thoughts centered on "benevolence" and "propriety", and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." His ideological views were adopted by the later feudal ruling class and became an important part of ancient Chinese thought and culture.

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Representative works: "The Analects of Confucius" 3. Mencius - Mencius (372 BC - 289 BC), the founder of the Confucian school in ancient China, was named Ke, Zi Ziyu, and was a native of Lu during the Warring States Period.

The allusion of "Meng Mu moved three times" has become an educational allusion since ancient times.

In terms of academic thought, he elaborated on the "theory of human nature" and put forward the famous "theory of good nature", which emphasized cultivating the mind and maintaining one's own character.

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In politics, he put forward the doctrines of "kingly rule and benevolent government" and "the people are more important than the king", and advocated the use of "benevolence and righteousness" to govern the country.

Later generations believed that Mencius carried forward the thoughts and views of the Confucian school and was revered as "The Lesser Sage".

Representative works: "Mencius" 4. Zhuangzi - the founder of the ancient Chinese Taoist school Zhuangzi (369 BC - 286 BC), named Zhou Zixiu, was born in the Warring States and Song Dynasties.

Zhuangzi's thoughts are concentrated in the book "Zhuangzi". His academic thoughts inherited and carried forward Laozi's absolutism and mysticism about Tao. Later generations referred to him as "Laozi and Zhuangzi", and his academic thoughts were mainly relativistic views.

Representative works: "Zhuangzi" 5. Mozi - the founder of the Mohist school in ancient China Mozi (468 BC-376 BC), named Zhai, was a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The founder of Mohism.

Mozi's most important ethical and political proposition was "universal love", but this idea could not be supported by the ruling class and became a secret after the Qin and Han Dynasties.

Representative works: "Mozi" 6. Xunzi - the famous materialist in ancient China Xunzi (313 BC - 238 BC), named Kuang, Ziqing, was a native of Zhao during the Warring States Period.

Xunzi was a famous materialist in ancient my country.

In terms of ethics and moral concepts, his ideological views are different from Mencius' "benevolence". Xunzi pays more attention to the role of "propriety".

Advocates the "theory of evil nature".

In terms of political ideology, he advocates the combination of "rule by etiquette" and "rule of law", respecting gentlemen with respect and governing villains with law.

Representative works: "Xunzi" 7. Han Feizi - Han Feizi (280 BC - 233 BC), a great scholar of law in ancient China, was a native of the Warring States Period.

Han Feizi is the master of Legalist thought. His academic thought inherited Laozi's "Tao", but he understood Tao as the law of the development of things and developed Xunzi's "Theory of Evil Nature".

Politically, it advocates the combination of "magic and potential" with law as the mainstay.

Representative work: "Han Feizi", among which Han Feizi's works also have many idioms that we are familiar with: such as self-contradiction, hiding diseases and avoiding medical treatment, three people become tigers, etc.; 8. Yan Zi - Yan Zi, a famous "people-oriented" thinker in ancient China

(?--500 B.C.), named Ying, courtesy name Pingzhong, a native of Qi State in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Regarding the relationship between monarch and ministers, he put forward the view of harmony without uniformity, that is, monarch and ministers complement each other and learn from each other's strengths rather than blindly agree with each other.

He is an atheist who believes in the power of the people and believes that rulers should be close to the people and adopt a "people-oriented" approach to governing the country.

Representative works: "Yan Zi Chun Qiu" 9. Dong Zhongshu - Dong Zhongshu (176 BC-104 BC), a representative figure of the ancient Chinese Confucian school, was born in the Western Han Dynasty.

Dong Zhongshu proposed to Emperor Wu the idea of ??"respecting Confucianism alone and deposing hundreds of schools of thought" and the ideological viewpoint of "three cardinal principles and five constant principles", which is the "royal politics" and "benevolent government thought" of Confucianism.

It was he who developed Confucianism to a new height. His representative works are: "Spring and Autumn Fan Lu" 10. Zhu Xi - Zhu Xi (1130-1200), a famous Neo-Confucian scholar in ancient China, was born in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Zhu Xi's academic thoughts inherited and developed the thoughts of Er Cheng (Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi), and were called Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism by later generations.

On the issue of knowing and doing, it is proposed that "knowing comes first and then doing", and it is believed that only by understanding the principles can we make a difference.

Representative works: "Collected Notes on Chapters and Sentences of Four Books", "Four Books or Questions", "Explanation of Tai Chi Diagram", "Explanation of Tongshu", "Explanation of Western Inscriptions", "Original Meaning of Zhouyi", "Enlightenment of Yi Studies", etc.