Characteristics of Zhejiang Folk Houses in Homework Help

Zhejiang Folk Houses Zhejiang traditional folk houses are mostly built by mountains and rivers, which not only adapts to the complex natural terrain, saves cultivated land, but also creates a good living environment. According to the climate characteristics and the needs of production and life, courtyards, open halls, patios, corridors and other forms are widely used, so that the internal and external spaces are both connected and separated, forming an open and transparent layout. The rational use of materials, structures and some artistic techniques in form gives people a simple and natural feeling. Patriarchal system and traditional folk house patriarchal system are important pillars of feudal society in China. Patriarchal relationship is a social relationship based on consanguinity, which evolved from patriarchal system. For a long time, the patriarchal clan system gradually penetrated into all fields of feudal society in China, and the resulting patriarchal ideology and concepts influenced the state power, from the formation of social organizations, the establishment of life fields to people's ideology, which were deeply branded with the patriarchal clan system. "Cohabitation" in traditional villages in Zhejiang is a typical combination of blood clan cohabitation. The concept of respecting teachers and valuing morality is also directly reflected in residential buildings. "The History of Song Dynasty" records that "the sound of string chanting is more familiar than the house, and there is no difference between urban and rural areas. It is salty and polite, like Zou Lu in those days." Therefore, Shaoxing traditional residential buildings under the spirit of materialization follow the rules and dare not cross the border. Clan organizations generally appeared in the south of the Yangtze River in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was marked by the massive construction of clan ancestral halls. Zhejiang ancestral hall generally adopts a strict axisymmetric layout, and the courtyard space consists of several buildings, including the gate, instrument door, main hall, back bedroom and so on. Some ancestral temples also have gardens behind them. The main hall of the ancestral hall, also known as the enjoyment hall and the sacrifice hall, is the place where ancestors worship gods, hold sacrificial ceremonies and clan discussions, and the back bedroom is the place where ancestral tablets are placed and portraits of ancestors are hung. According to the concept of patriarchal clan system, ancestor worship is a very sacred and serious matter, involving the types, vessels, contents, responsibilities of relevant personnel, procedures and banquets after the sacrifice. The types of sacrificial ceremonies in Jinhua and Quzhou sometimes include sacrificial ceremonies, festival ceremonies, New Year ceremonies, house ceremonies and temple ceremonies, among which temple ceremonies are mostly held in the spring and autumn, and are held in the middle of February and August of the lunar calendar respectively. Sacrifice three kinds of animals: whole pig, whole sheep and whole goose; The ceremony was presided over by a venerable elder. When offering sacrifices, we should read the eulogy and have a grand ceremony. After offering sacrifices, we should hold a banquet in the temple and share the meat, so that future generations can get the favor of their ancestors. Through the grand sacrificial activities, we can realize the spiritual communication between the younger generation and the ancestors, pray for the blessing of the ancestors, and unite the clan members under the inspiration of the ancestors. This is exactly what Wan Sida, a Ningbo scholar in the early Qing Dynasty, said in his book "Learning Rites and Questioning Patriarchal Law": "All ethnic groups should worship their ancestors, and now see their families." According to different sacrificial functions, there are general ancestral halls, branch ancestral halls and private ancestral halls. In the heyday of Changle Village in Lanxi, there were 6 ancestral halls 16. Up to now, there are still many branch ancestral halls and private ancestral halls such as Jinshi Grand Ancestral Hall, Jia Ancestral Hall, Zishutang Hall, Ancestral Hall and Wu Ancestral Hall. Baoshi Ancestral Hall in Yuyan Village, Sixi, Taishun is the Baoshi Ancestral Hall in Yuyan, covering an area of more than 3,400 square meters and surrounded by mountains. The eight-character gate is in the form of a wooden archway, with an arc-shaped wall outside and a small wall inside. After passing through a grove of unlined upper garment trees and a winding ramp about 100 meters long, the main building of the ancestral hall, including the moon gate, the half moon pool, the main entrance, the main hall and the sleeping hall. In the main hall, a plaque with "unclear soil" was hung high, which was made by the Bao family to respect their ancestor Bao Shichang's integrity in the Qing court. This ancestral temple is a large-scale ancestral temple in southern Zhejiang. The buildings are laid out along the mountain, patchwork and well-preserved. A village is a place where people live together and live here. The most basic part of the village is the house. Building houses not only satisfies people's comfort and convenience in life and production, but also embodies people's pursuit of spiritual life. "The husband who lives in a home is the hub of Yin and Yang, and the scale of human relations is beyond the reach of the husband and sage." In the traditional Neo-Confucianism, the principles of "Three Cardinals and Five Permits", "Respect for the Inferiors" and "Differences between Men and Women" are the guidelines followed by villagers, which regulate the scale and form of housing construction. In the feudal society of China, the status of individuals in the family was divided according to gender, seniority and age, and father and son, husband and wife and brothers all had compulsory rights, thus achieving an orderly pecking order. This feudal patriarchal relationship is reflected in the order of living space, and also stipulates the location of everyone's housing. Residential buildings in Jin-Qu area mostly adopt three-in-one courtyard style, just to meet the order requirements of "orderly aging" and "gender difference". In this well-defined space, special attention is paid to the differences between men and women. "Men and women are different and educated. Although it is close to the door, it is very common, and internal and external prevention is not a trivial matter. The tutor is the first idle. " (Xi Jiang's Genealogy Zongyue in Lanxi Xijiang, Volume 1) In a family, the husband is the master and the wife is the master, which is exactly the family etiquette norm of Zhu's "male master is the master and female master is the master". Lanxi custom, "women do textiles and don't go out of the boudoir." There is a strict regulation in Sima Guang's Surabaya Instrument: "Every palace must be divided into inside and outside, and the palace door must be fixed." A rich family with a large population has all kinds of supervisors, servants and employees. For internal and external precautions, there is a high wall behind the main hall of the mansion with three entrances and two halls. The door is small and the courtyard is deep. Ladies and gentlemen live on the back floor. Usually, ladies go out with their parents and brothers. Only a few important festivals, such as the Spring Festival and theatrical performances, can ladies go out to watch. All the necessities of life are sent by servants. Servants must take the side and back doors, not the main entrance. In an independent house, there must be a large space as the center of family life, which is called "front of the hall". Ancestor tablets are usually enshrined in front of the hall, and parents have absolute authority in places where ancestors are worshipped, feasted and gathered on weekdays. The feudal hierarchy of "hierarchy of master and servant" and "fixed hierarchy" is also very clear in many places. For example, in the back of a residential building, a passage is built between the room and the back wall, and a small door is set as a passage for communication and external contact, so that servants don't have to go in and out through the gate, and they can also serve the host. Ancient villages in Zhejiang are settlements based on traditional agriculture, and their wealth mainly comes from land. Therefore, most houses are small in scale, and it is common for one family to have a small courtyard. And those who become officials or get rich in business often have medium and large buildings at home, which obviously have their social status and economic ability. Such as Luzhai in Dongyang, Lvfu in Shaoxing and Shi Yu's former residence in Longshan, Cixi. As early as 7000 years ago, Hemudu people, the ancestors of Zhejiang Province, had dry-column wood structures. They also eat rice. All this is no different from us. Like residential buildings in other areas, the emergence and style of residential buildings in Zhejiang not only stems from its unique geography and climate, but also from the cultural creation of people living in it. Clothing is the product of civilization, and architecture is the "clothes" of civilization. A civilized country and society will always condense its spirit on its strongest and greatest creation-architecture. The solidified music of agricultural civilization Zhejiang folk houses are the solidified music of a group of mature agricultural civilization. All its melodies echo a fading pastoral dream-beautiful and warm, full of natural interest, full of secular spiritual satisfaction, beauty and kindness. However, from the big pattern to the small decoration, it reflects the patriarchal clan system and ritual atmosphere of China culture. The ancients called choosing a place to live and building a house "Buju". Some people say that China people have no special religious life, but in many aspects of their secular life, they are religious. Building a house depends on geomantic omen, and it is believed that the topography, orientation, height and the relationship with the surrounding mountains and rivers may affect the good or ill luck of the future owners and the rise and fall of the family. In short, divination is a major event in a person's life, so there is still a saying in rural Zhejiang that "you will never build a house, buy land, and never be a man". Weddings and funerals, building a house and buying land, are lifelong things. Building a house marks the success of life. This success is hard-won, and it takes ten years of hard work and frugality in life. In fact, a farmer in China has only four major events in his life: weddings and funerals, building a house and buying land. Now that the land is public and cannot be bought or sold, there are actually only three things left. Without a house, Hongxi has no hope at all, so building a house has become a prerequisite, a necessary prerequisite for maintaining family order, the ultimate goal of life. Perhaps it is this pursuit of spiritual value beyond mere existence that makes the architectural ceremony particularly grand. Not only the host, but also the whole village and the whole nation felt the difficulty of life and the sacredness of entrepreneurship in this grand atmosphere. Just like choosing a good date for marriage, you should choose a good date for building a house. One is to build a good house smoothly, and the other is to have security when you are old. Of course, it is a hidden ambition that the smiling face of the master can shadow his children and grandchildren and produce several respectable people in the future. The beam time is carefully calculated, and the curve is the key. The house stands firmly, upright, in the right direction, near the corner. Therefore, when the wall is erected, important people should be present. Mr. Feng Shui holds a compass in his hand, his expression is serious, his eyes are focused, and his mouth is full of words, which casts a mysterious color on this moment. The time of the beam is carefully calculated, and the birthday of everyone in the family is the parameter of this time. Perhaps it is because the luck of everyone in the family is entrusted to this beam that supports the foundation of a family? The most terrible thing is that the traditional houses in most parts of Zhejiang are wooden structures, so the protection and fire prevention of wooden structures have become a big problem. From the day the house was built, people expected that the house would be strong in the future, free from insects and fires. On the beam, the owner hangs a laundry basket on the beam and puts a chicken in the basket to make the chicken auspicious. Secondly, it is considered that chickens can eat centipedes and termites, which can keep the wood structure firm. In order to prevent fire, Zhejiang folk houses generally adopt horse-head wall to prevent the fire from spreading; Some large-scale houses are equipped with pools to facilitate fire fighting. Symbolism is widely used on the roof, decorated with aquatic animals and plants such as fish and grass; The beams were carved into rolling waves, as if the whole house were flooded. The fire left a deep impression on people. A single spark can crush a family that has lived for generations, and a big fire can destroy half a city. Therefore, the most terrible disaster of brick-wood architecture is the fire known as "Zhu Rong Jun". All eye-catching parts and components of Zhejiang folk houses are decorated with water, in order to remind residents to be careful of fire at all times. Fire prevention has become the basic common sense of life. The singer who sang Lotus Falls in Shaoxing reminded people of three major events in his opening remarks. The first one is "beware of fire".